医院内获得性肺炎及防治对策

医院内获得性肺炎（hospital acquired pneumonia，HAP）亦称医院内肺炎（nosocomical pneumonia，NP），是指患者入院时不存在也不处于感染潜伏期，而于入院48h后在医院（包括老年护理院、康复院）内发生的肺炎。如患者出院时正处于感染潜伏期，出院后发生的肺炎，仍考虑为HAP。国际上多数报道HAP发病率0．5％-1．0％，在西方国家居医院感染的第2—4位；     

老年人呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及其防治策略

医院获得性肺炎(hospital acquired pneumoma，HAP)是指入院48小时后发生的肺炎。呼吸机相关性肺炎ventilator-associated pneumonia，VAP)是指应用呼吸机辅助机械通气48小时后发生的肺炎，是机械通气的常见并发症，也是医院获得性肺炎的一个重要组成部分。     

医院获得性肺炎病因学研究进展

<正>医院获得性肺炎(Hospital acquired pneumonia,HAP)是指入院时不存在、也不处于感染潜伏期,而于入院48 h后发生的肺炎,包括在院内获得感染而出院后48 h发病的肺炎。呼吸机相关性肺炎(Ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)是HAP中最常见的一种类型,指经气管插管或气管切开进行机械通气48~72 h后发生的肺炎[1]。HAP是美国所     

医院获得性肺炎的治疗及预防进展

医院获得性肺炎(hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP)是一种下呼吸道感染性肺炎,未接受有创机械通气的患者在入院后48 h以上发生[1]。呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是气管插管或气管切开患者在接受机械通气48 h后,或撤机、或拔管后48 h内出现的肺炎[2]。2018年,我国发布了《中国成人医院获得性肺炎与呼吸机相关性肺炎诊断和治疗指南(2018年版)》,明确规定VAP属于HAP的特殊类型,HAP和VAP的关键区别在于是医院获得性感染和机械通气的应用。HAP是我国最常见的医院获得性感染,HAP延长患者住院时间,导致患者病死率升高,加重了国家和家庭的医疗经济负担。HAP的全球发病率为每1000例住院患者中有5~20例[3]。在我国,住院患者中HAP的发生率为3.22%~5.22%。HAP患者占ICU患者近25%,非ICU患者HAP患病率也在增加[3-6]。目前HAP致死率仍旧很高,尚且没有明确的临床诊断和特别有效的治疗方法。本文对HAP的治疗、预防进行综述。     

高龄脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎发病机制研究进展

<正>医院获得性肺炎(hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP)是指患者入院时未患有也不处于感染潜伏期,而是在入院48 h后或更长时间罹患的由细菌、真菌、支原体、病毒或原虫等病原体引起的肺实质炎症。HAP特指与机械通气无关的肺炎,与呼吸机相关肺炎是两个不同的群体[1]。美国统计数据表明,HAP是最常见的医院内感染,占所有医院获得性感染的22%,病死率     

医院内获得性肺炎及其防治

医院内获得性肺炎(HAP)是指患者人院(包括老人护理院和康复医院)时未患有、也不处于感染潜伏期，而是人院48h后罹患的由病原体引起的肺实质性炎症。凡病原体来自院外的肺炎，如入院后24h内出现的流感病毒性肺炎等，均不能诊断为HAP。而患者出院时正值感染潜伏期，出院后发病的肺炎，仍应考虑为HAP。因此，了解下呼吸道感染     

老年肺炎相关生物标志物的研究进展

肺炎是老年患者重要的致死原因之一,包括社区获得性肺炎（community—acquired pneumonia,CAP）,医院获得性肺炎（hospital—acquired pneumonia,HAP）,呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator—associatedpneu—monia,VAP）及护理机构获得性肺炎（nursinghome—associated pneumonia,NHAP）。随着社会人口老龄化的到来,老年肺炎患者日趋增多。     

肿瘤科老年患者医院获得性肺炎的影响因素及护理对策

医院获得性肺炎(hospital acquired pneumonia,HAP)是指由真菌、细菌、病毒、支原体或原虫等病原体引起的肺实质炎症\[1-2\]。我国医院获得性肺炎的发生率较高,约占院内感染的23.0%~42.0%,尤其对老年患者,由于基础疾病多,病程长,免疫功能低下等,医院获得性肺炎的发生率更高,病死率也较高\[3-5\]。近年来,随着医护患对医院获得性感染的重     

对医院获得性肺炎定义的一点补充

目前国内医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的定义是指患者入院时不存在，也不处于感染潜伏期，而于入院48h后在医院(包括老年护理院，康复院)内发生的肺炎，与国外有关HAP定义是一致的。     

医院获得性肺炎研究进展

医院获得性肺炎（HAP）亦称医院内肺炎,是指患者人院时不存在、也不处感染潜伏期,而于入院48小时后在医院（包括老年护理院、康复院）内发生的肺炎。HAP在世界范围内总体发病率为0．5％～1．0％,在西方国家居医院感染的第2～4位;     

State of knowledge of helminth fauna of freshwater fishes of Poland

A total 89 fish and lamprey species has been recorded from Polish freshwater habitats. Twenty-seven of them (30.3%) have not been surveyed for parasitic helminthes. Some of the latter fishes are either rare or not easily accessible. Other live only in specific habitats in scattered localities. An important obstacle for studying parasite faunas of some fishes may be their status on an endangered species. Among the non-surveyed fishes, are those which have been relatively recently introduced to Poland or migrated there on their own. The present paper attempts to review all hitherto not studied helminthologically fish species, their habitats, localities and current protection status.     

高血压降压治疗目标的再认识

根据传统的高血压水平的定义,1993年WHO高血压治疗指南提出血压控制目标为<140/90mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),但是并非所有患者都必须将血压降至同一水平,而应根据患者情况进行个体化治疗。Framingham进行的一项长达10～12年的心血管事件研究发现,第5年后,正常上限血压[收缩压(SBP     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.