Arteriovenous malformations of the colon.

Arteriovenous malformations have become recognized as a major cause of massive bleeding of the colonic origin. Although an arteriographic unit capable of serial magnification is ideal for detecting arteriovenous malformations in the bowel, the diagnosis may still be made by a combined approach of conventional arteriography, colonoscopy and operative juddment. the final diagnosis rests on gross and histologic demostration of vascular malformations in the excised specimen.     

Embolization in high-flow arteriovenous malformations of the face.

Five patients with arteriovenous malformations of the face (4 males and 1 woman; age range, 11-38 years) were treated by selective embolization through the feeding arteries with polyvinyl alcohol particles. Immediate gross angiographical obliteration was obtained in 4 patients, with pronounced reduction of the arteriovenous shunt in the fifth. Clinical symptoms including bleeding, swelling, pulsations, bruit, and disfigurement improved in all the patients followed up for a period of 6 to 21 months. Polyvinyl alcohol particle embolization, without surgical resection, though palliative could be useful in select patients. The classification and diagnosis of congenital vascular malformations is briefly reviewed and treatment discussed.     

Arteriovenous malformation in chronic gastrointestinal bleeding.

Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract are uncommon and treatment is problematic because routine barium contrast studies and endoscopy fail to demonstrate the lesion. Diagnosis is by selective mesenteric arteriography, demonstrating a characteristic vascular tuft and very early venous phase. Two cases of arteriovenous malformation are presented and 47 other reported cases are reviewed. Forty-five per cent were found in the cecum; 37, or 80%, involved the distal ileum, cecum ascending colon, or hepatic flexure. Seventy-five per cent of all patients fall into the 50--80 year age range. The literature reveals a recurring pattern of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss, anemia, and delay (even negative abdominal explorations) before the diagnosis is finally made. A more aggressive approach to chronic gastrointestinal bleeding is suggested through the use of selective mesenteric arteriography.     

Giant arteriovenous malformation located on the chest wall — Diagnosis and endovascular treatment: Report of a case

Congenital arteriovenous malformations are usually found in the lower extremities, but a chest wall location is extremely rare. Extensive vascular malformations present difficulties for patients because of severe unsightliness and life-threatening bleeding. Surgical planning and therapeutic indications in vascular malformations are still a difficult problem. This report describes the case of a 27-year-old woman with a congenital giant arteriovenous malformation of the left chest wall. Preoperative embolization was planned prior to surgical intervention because of the increased risk of massive bleeding, and the malformation was completely embolized with absolute alcohol.     

Jejunal telangiectasias as a cause of massive bleeding in a patient with scleroderma

Telengiectasias (arteriovenous malformations) can be seen in scleroderma throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small bowel and colon. Massive gastrointestinal bleeding rarely results from these malformations in scleroderma. The case of a patient presenting with severe jejunal bleeding secondary to telangiectasias with special regard to the management is discussed. This case emphasizes the importance of endoscopic examination combined with mesenteric angiography in patients with scleroderma who present with a high index of suspicion of telangiectasias as a source of bleeding.     

Perinidal dilated capillary networks in cerebral arteriovenous malformations

OBJECTIVE: The perinidal vascular structures of cerebral arteriovenous malformations were examined, to clarify their pathomorphological features. METHODS: Twenty-two resected specimens of human brain structures adjacent to the nidus were examined. The vessels surrounding the nidus were three-dimensionally reconstructed with a computer graphics system. RESULTS: In all cases, the analysis of serial sections revealed that perinidal dilated capillaries were located in brain tissue 1 to 7 mm from the nidal border. The vessels surrounding the nidus demonstrated markedly dilated capillary networks (perinidal dilated capillary network [PDCN]). The diameters of the vessels forming the PDCN were 10 to 25 times those of normal capillaries. The PDCN connected not only to the nidus, feeding arteries, and draining veins, via arterioles and venules, but also to the normal capillary network, arterioles, and venules. CONCLUSION: Without exception, each nidus was accompanied by a PDCN, which connected not only to the nidus, feeding arteries, and draining veins, via arterioles and venules, but also to normal capillaries, arterioles, and venules. The PDCN should be considered in studies aimed at gaining an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, growth, and recurrence of surgically treated cerebral arteriovenous malformations.     

Spontaneous nontraumatic hemoperitoneum due to a bleeding arteriovenous malformation on the serosal surface of the transverse colon: a case report

Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract are a very common entity and a frequently cited cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in adults. They are characteristically found in the mucosa or submucosa of the bowel wall, and the vast majority do not cause any symptoms. We discuss the rare case of an extraluminal arteriovenous malformation of the transverse colon in an elderly woman who presented to the emergency department in hypovolemic shock after collapsing at home. An exploratory laparotomy was performed after a diagnostic peritoneal lavage yielded gross blood. The patient was found to have a spontaneously bleeding lesion confined to the serosal surface of the right transverse colon, which histological examination revealed to be an arteriovenous malformation. The lesion was excised and the patient recovered without sequelae. To date there have been no other documented cases of an arteriovenous malformation on the serosal surface of a visceral abdominal organ.     

影像检查对小肠肿瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨影像检查在小肠肿瘤的诊断价值。方法收集经手术后病理证实的平滑肌(肉)瘤9例,血管瘤8例,腺癌6例。其中17例行小肠钡餐造影,12例行肠系膜上动脉造影。结果小肠钡餐造影检查。9例小肠平滑肌肿瘤;表现为肠腔充盈缺损,小肠局部受压移位,肠壁不光滑或/和小肠围绕征,肠系膜上动脉造影显示肿瘤血管增生和肿瘤染色。6例小肠腺癌;表现为小肠管腔狭窄或不规则狭窄,充盈缺损。8例血管瘤小肠血管瘤显示供血动脉及分支增粗,血池,回流静脉增粗。结论小肠钡餐造影应为首选方法。下消化道出血则可行肠系膜上动脉造影。     

Angiography in chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding: a nine year study.

Undiagnosed chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, as defined, is a severe problem to those afflicted, both physically and psychologically as well as socioeconomically. During the past nine years, 60 such patients received aortography and panvisceral arteriography (that is, celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteriography) in a search for the lesions that may be responsible for the bleeding. Results of angiography were "positive" in 26 patients for a diagnostic yield of 43 per cent. Fifteen of the 26 patients with positive angiographic findings demonstrated arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. Two separate lesions were identified in three patients. This series is compared with other published series of angiography for chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. One difference from the other series is the demonstration of three patients with arteriovenous malformation of the gastric antrum. The diagnostic angiographic features of this condition are presented, along with the interestng finding of état mammelonné in two of the three patients. Another difference from the other series is the demonstration of four arteriovenous malformations involving the left side of the colon, whereas other series report none in this location. One possible explanation for this descrepancy is our routine use of inferior mesenteric arteriography in all cases of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Ten arteriovenous malformations of the colon are reported along with a review of the angiographic diagnostic features in this condition. The precise incidence of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses is unknown since surgery was not performed on all patients. However, each patient studied represented a total failure, by traditional diagnostic studies, to determine the cause of bleeding. The incidence of positive findings with angiography (43 per cent) in patients with undiagnosed chronic/recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding is sufficient to encourage the continued use of panvisceral arteriography in this condition.     

Bidirectional endoscopy in patients with fecal occult blood

BACKGROUND: Current screening protocols for colorectal cancer depend primarily on fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). However, positive test results do not always indicate the presence of a colonic neoplasm. METHODS: We reviewed the results of 100 consecutive bidirectional (upper and lower) endoscopic procedures performed to evaluate positive FOBT results. Patients were excluded if they presented with gross bleeding, a history of bowel lesions, or previous intestinal operations. There were 31 women and 69 men whose mean age was 51 years. RESULTS: Major abnormalities were found on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (n = 24), colonoscopy (n = 13), or both studies (n = 2). Active bleeding was manifested in two patients, (Barrett's ulcer, duodenal arteriovenous malformation). Two other patients had malignancy: One had a cecal adenocarcinoma and the other a gastric adenocarcinoma. Various benign lesions also were identified in the stomach including esophagitis (n = 8), ulcers/erosions (n = 8) varices (n = 5), and arteriovenous malformations (n = 2). Colonic pathology included polyps (n = 8), arteriovenous malformations (n = 3), and rectal varices (n = 1). Diverticulosis and hemorrhoidal disease were present in 29 and 16 patients, respectively, but were not considered to be likely sources of a positive FOBT. CONCLUSION: Positive FOBT results may indicate the presence of either upper or lower intestinal pathology, and bidirectional endoscopy is an efficient and accurate technique for the comprehensive evaluation of occult bleeding.     

Case report: gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by a pancreas transplant arteriovenous fistula with large psuedoanuerysm 9 years after transplantation

Reported cases of arteriovenous fistulae in transplant recipients are uncommon. We present a case of an arteriovenous fistula associated with a large pseudoaneurysm in the root of the small bowel mesentery of a pancreas transplant. Uniquely, in our case, the arteriovenous fistula presented with an episode of gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage 9 years postoperatively. Radiographic imaging including coronal computed tomography angiogram and conventional angiogram demonstrated an arteriovenous fistula in the patient's pancreas transplant between the distal superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) with 6 cm aneurysmal dilatation. The tremendous flow in the fistula in the root of the graft small intestine mesentery led to graft duodenal mucosal congestion and lower GI hemorrhage. After successful embolization of the SMA–SMV fistula and pseudoaneurysm using interventional radiographic techniques, the arteriovenous fistula remained thrombosed. The patient had no further episodes of GI bleeding and her endoscopic evaluation was otherwise negative. The presence of arteriovenous fistulae and pseudoaneurysms in pancreas transplant recipients is uncommon, but has been previously documented. This case is further distinguished from previous reports by the notable 9-year interval between transplantation and the onset of hemorrhage. Historically, symptomatic vascular malformations have been associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality. Successful patient management involves timely and accurate diagnosis and intervention.     

小肠出血的诊断和治疗(附76例报告)

目的探讨小肠出血的病因、诊断和治疗措施。方法对我院近8年收治的病因明确的76例小肠出血病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组小肠出血病人肿瘤占首位(37/76),其中包括小肠间质瘤32例,其余依次为美克尔憩室(21/76)、血管病变(15/76)及异位胰腺(3/76)。经数字减影血管造影诊断21例,小肠气钡双重对比造影诊断13例,腹腔核素扫描诊断11例,小肠镜检查诊断6例,腹腔镜探查诊断21例,剖腹探查诊断4例。全组病人均经手术治疗,手术方式以包括病变在内的小肠部分切除术为主(68/76)。随访时间6月～5年,临床疗效满意。结论气钡双重对比造影、核素扫描、数字减影血管造影、腹腔镜探查及剖腹探查是诊断小肠出血的主要手段。包括病变在内的小肠部分切除术是治疗小肠出血最有效方法。     

Equine Endotoxemia: Pathomorphological Aspects of Endotoxin‐induced Damage in Equine Mesenteric Arteries

To evaluate the effects of endotoxin on the morphology of the equine mesenteric vasculature, each of two thoroughbred horses were given two intravenous injections (24 h apart) of a sublethal dose of endotoxin (10 μg/kg). Each injection produced results similar to those of clinical cases of equine colic with obstructive nature of the loop of bowel: diarrhoea within 2 h after administration, followed by cessation of both faecal excretion and sounds of intestinal peristalsis. The most prominent morphological change was the development of moniliform appearance of small mesenteric arteries, in which there were contracted and dilated segments of the small mesenteric arteries. This was accompanied by parietal hyalinization and intramural and extramural haemorrhage. These mesenteric vascular changes appear to reflect dynamic vasoconstriction in the living animal, resulting in reduction of mesenteric and intestinal blood flow and possibly inducing alterations of gastrointestinal function such as cessation of intestinal peristalsis.     

小肠出血的病因及诊断方法分析

目的探讨小肠出血的病因和诊断方法。方法回顾性分析32例确诊的小肠出血病例的临床资料。结果病因以小肠肿瘤最为多见（46．8％），其他依次为憩室（25．0％）、炎性疾病（15．6％）及血管畸形（12．5％）。检查方法以小肠气钡双重造影开展较普遍。小肠气钡双重造影、血管造影、核素扫描和小肠镜在小肠出血病人中阳性检查率的比较无显著性差异（X^2=3．796，P=0．284）。结论 小肠出血病例中，小肠肿瘤为最常见病因．合理应用小肠气钡双重对比造影等检查方法，是提高小肠出血诊断率的主要手段。     

小肠出血性疾病32例分析

目的：探讨小肠出血性疾病的病因,寻求最可行、有效的诊疗手段。方法：总结２１年间收治并经手术治疗和病理学诊断的小肠出血性疾病３２例,就其临床表现、诊断方法、手术治疗及疾病分类进行分析。结果：本组病人仍以肿瘤为多见,其次为血管畸形、憩室炎和炎症性疾病。临床表现分别以大出血、间歇性出血和程度不等的腹痛为多见。肿瘤病人兼有明显的消耗症状。结论：在多种诊断方法中,选择性肠系膜血管造影在诊断上有决定性意义。手术为最合适的治疗手段,可达到去除病灶、彻底止血之目的,但应严格掌握指征。     

下消化道出血118例诊治分析

目的分析下消化道出血病因,总结诊治经验。方法对1999年1月至2009年12月诊治的118例下消化道出血的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果下消化道出血发生原因依次为肿瘤(69.5%)、血管畸形(13.6%)、炎症性肠病(5.9%)、肠憩室(5.9%),均经手术或病理证实。结论肿瘤及血管畸形是引起下消化道出血的主要原因。增强螺旋CT扫描、内镜、选择性肠系膜血管造影、核素扫描是下消化道出血的主要诊断方法。     

急性原发性肠系膜上静脉血栓形成17例临床诊治分析

目的:探讨急性原发性肠系膜上静脉血栓形成(APSMVT)的临床诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析我院1998年至2007年收治的17例APSMVT的临床资料。结果:17例病人(100%)均有持续性渐行加重的腹痛,常见伴随症状有恶心呕吐(82%)、消化道出血(53%)、肠梗阻(53%)、发热(59%)等。11例(65%)腹腔穿刺获血性腹水。17例均行超声检查,1例术前明确诊断;14例CT检查中2例增强扫描后得以确诊,12例平扫可见间接征象。16例行坏死肠段切除手术及抗凝治疗,其中3例首次剖腹探查未见异常,在症状未缓解或加重后再次手术发现肠坏死并行肠切除。2例病人行经皮肝穿刺肠系膜上静脉导管溶栓治疗,1例血栓复发者行肠系膜上动脉导管溶栓后治愈。3例术后因脓毒症死亡。结论:APSMVT术前诊断困难,对不明原因急性剧烈腹痛者应及时怀疑本症,早期发现、早期治疗方能提高本病的治愈效果。病程早期可采用介入溶栓疗法,后期出现肠坏死征象者应及时手术,并予以抗凝治疗。     

气钡双重造影在结肠癌诊断中的应用价值

为探讨气钡双重造影在结肠癌诊断中的应用价值,回顾经气钡双重造影检查诊断为结肠癌的40例患者X线征象资料,并与手术及病理检查结果进行对比分析。结果显示,术后病理检查诊断,结肠癌39例,肠结核1例,气钡双重造影X线摄片诊断准确率为97．5％（39／40）;39例经病理检查证实为结肠癌的患者气钡双重造影X线摄片显示,肿瘤位于升结肠6例,肝曲8例,横结肠4例,脾曲2例,乙状结肠19例,与手术所见完全一致,准确率为100％。结肠癌气钡双重造影主要X线表现为软组织肿块、充盈缺损、腔内龛影、肠壁增厚、肠管狭窄、边缘僵硬、肠黏膜破坏中断。结果表明,气钡双重造影诊断结肠癌准确率高,而且操作简单、易于掌握,在基层医院具有较高的应用价值。     

Massive lower gastro-intestinal bleeding due to small bowel diverticula. A report of two cases

Gastro-intestinal bleeding from the small bowel is a rare entity. It is difficult to determine the source of bleeding because of the unavailability of routine small bowel endoscopy. The most common reasons for bleeding from the small bowel are tumours, arteriovenous malformations and inflammatory bowel diseases. Diverticula of the small bowel are very uncommon. We present two cases of gastro-intestinal bleeding due to small bowel diverticula. Both of them were diagnosed on laparotomy. One had a short segment of small bowel, with six diverticula, which was resected. The second case had a long segment of small bowel with multiple diverticula. This patient was treated by isolating and excising the bleeding diverticulum. Haemodynamically unstable lower gastro-intestinal bleeding mandates exploratory laparotomy. Mesenteric angiography and Tc 99 labelled erythrocyte scintigraphy can detect the bleeding site. Intra-operative endoscopy can be performed safely via an enterotomy and can localize the bleeding site.