易漏诊的胆脂瘤型中耳炎

目的　探索和提高对无明显临床症状的胆脂瘤型中耳炎诊断水平 ,避免误诊和漏诊。方法　对 31例经手术和病理证实的无明显临床症状的胆脂瘤型中耳炎病史资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 31例 (31耳 )中 2 1例 (6 7 7% )无明显耳漏史 ,2 2例有鼓膜独特部位 (松弛部 ,紧张部后上方 )轻微变化 ,如内陷、隆起、小肉芽、盯聍样覆盖和针尖样穿孔 ,有 9例看不到穿孔。听力损失以中、轻度传导性聋为主。鼓室功能曲线呈B型变化为特征 ;X线诊断符合率为 4 1 9% (13/31) ,CT检查诊断符合率为 80 6 % (2 5 /31) ;胆脂瘤侵犯部位范围是上鼓室、听骨链、鼓窦、乳突和中鼓室 ;约 35 5 % (11例 )病例分别有面神经骨管受损、脑膜暴露、迷路瘘管或 (和 ) 2种以上损害。结论　易漏诊的胆脂瘤型中耳炎由于无明显临床症状 ,往往容易漏诊和误诊 ,而其病变则呈隐蔽性发展 ,只是发展过程相对缓慢。如不能及时诊断和治疗 ,危害甚大 ,须引起临床医师的警惕     

无明显耳漏症状的胆脂瘤型中耳炎17例临床分析

目的 探讨无明显耳漏症状的胆脂瘤型中耳炎临床特征，提高诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析17例(17耳)经手术及病理证实的本病临床资料。结果 17例中12例无耳漏史，3例幼年时及2例发病早期曾有短时耳漏。鼓膜看不到穿孔4例，松弛部及紧张部后上方有轻微体征13例，其中瘢痕及内陷囊袋各3例，上皮痂、耵聍覆盖5例，针尖样穿孔2例。听力下降以轻、中度传导性聋为主。鼓室导抗图为B型。CT诊断符合率为76．5％(13／17)。结论 无明显耳漏症状的胆脂型中耳炎常以无明显耳漏，轻、中度听力下降及鼓膜体征轻微为主要临床特征．易发生漏诊、误诊。轻、中度听力下降可为其唯一症状，也是诊断的重要线索。仔细检查鼓膜并结合影像学资料综合分析才可减少漏诊，防止耳源性并发症。     

颞骨CT在胆脂瘤型中耳炎中的诊断价值

目的：探讨颞骨高分辨率CT（HRCT）在胆脂瘤型中耳炎中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性总结1995年1月至1999年12月本院收治的胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者316例（330耳）。术前均按常规进行颞骨HRCT扫描，再经术中显微镜下探查，记录病变结果与HRCT表现进行对比分析，以探讨HRCT的诊断价值。结果：盾板、鼓室及彭窦天盖骨质缺损、乙状窦骨板骨质缺损等的术前HRCT与手术符合率100％。而神经骨管骨质缺损，水平半规管骨壁破坏的符合率分别为66．7％和78．9％。软组织占位符合率为100％，但是90％为胆脂瘤与肉芽混合型；听小骨受侵符合率为95％。结论：颞骨高分辨率CT对胆脂瘤型中耳炎的诊断，尤其对判定骨质缺损的范围与部位，制定手术方案和预估治疗效果，具有重要的指导意义。但CT诊断仍有其局限性，不能取代临床检查。     

颞骨CT和咽鼓管功能检查对胆脂瘤型中耳炎咽鼓管鼓室口病变的诊断意义

目的：探讨颞骨高分辨率CT（HRCT）和咽鼓管功能检查对胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者术前咽鼓管鼓室口病变的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析38例（41耳）胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者术前颞骨HRCT扫描和咽鼓管功能综合测试仪检查结果，并与术中显微镜下探查咽鼓管鼓室口处病变情况进行对比分析。结果：颞骨HRCT发现咽鼓管鼓室口软组织占位影34耳；术中发现鼓室口病变32耳，其中为肉芽组织22耳和胆脂瘤4耳，脓团堵塞3耳，鼓室口周围黏膜肥厚肿胀2耳，黏膜粘连闭锁1耳。咽鼓管功能障碍37耳，其中为阻塞型32耳，闭锁不全型5耳。结论：对胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者术前进行颞骨HRCT扫描和咽鼓管功能检查，对术中有目的地处理咽鼓管鼓室口的病变，制定手术方案和预估治疗效果具有重要意义。     

颞骨CT在胆脂瘤型中耳炎中的诊断价值

目的：探讨颞骨高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）在胆脂瘤型中耳炎中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性总结１９９５年１月至１９９９年１２月本院收治的胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者３１６例（３３０耳）。术前均按常规进行颞骨ＨＲＣＴ扫描，再经术中显微镜下探查，记录病变结果与ＨＲＣＴ表现进行对比分析，以探讨ＨＲＣＴ的诊断价值。结果：盾板、鼓室及鼓窦天盖骨质缺损、乙状窦骨板骨质缺损等的术前ＨＲＣＴ与手术符合率１００％。而神经骨管骨质缺损，水平半规管骨壁破坏的符合率分别为６６．７％和７８．９％。软组织占位符合率为１００％，但是９０％为胆脂瘤与肉芽混合型；听小骨受侵符合率为９５％。结论：颞骨高分辨率ＣＴ对胆脂瘤型中耳炎的诊断，尤其对判定骨质缺损的范围与部位，制定手术方案和预估治疗效果，具有重要的指导意义。但ＣＴ诊断仍有其局限性，不能取代临床检查。     

耳内镜下双侧同期鼓室成形术的临床观察

目的　探讨耳内镜下双侧同期鼓室成形术的临床疗效及应用价值。方法　回顾分析在我科行耳内镜下双侧同期鼓室成形术的14例患者临床资料，共28耳，其中单 纯型慢性化脓性中耳炎16耳，慢性化脓性中耳炎伴鼓室硬化症8耳，中耳胆脂瘤4耳；共完成鼓室成形术I型20耳，鼓室成形术II型7耳，鼓室成形术III型1耳；术后观察分析鼓膜愈合及听力改善情况。结果　术后复查12～24个月，14例（28耳）患者鼓膜移植物均成活，27耳穿孔鼓膜完全愈合，愈合率96.4%；1耳遗留小穿孔，于二次局麻下手术处理后愈合。28耳术前气导听阈为（55.4±21.6）dB HL，术后气导听阈为（35.5±16.4）dB HL（t =11.234，P＜0.05）；术前气骨导差为（29.3±10.3）dB HL，术后气骨导差为（11.3±3.9）dB HL（t =10.752，P＜0.05）。结论　耳内镜下鼓室成形术可获得较高的手术成功率，取得良好的听力改善效果，双侧同期手术可节省医患人力、物力资源。     

胆脂瘤中耳炎与咽鼓管上隐窝

目的探讨咽鼓管上隐窝及其与上鼓室空气通道的状态在胆脂瘤中耳炎发病过程中的意义。方法观察胆脂瘤中耳炎52例（52耳，观察组）及乳突气化良好无慢性中耳炎病史的外伤性面神经麻痹患者16例（16耳，对照组）术中咽鼓管上隐窝及其与上鼓室通道开放状态。结果对照组16耳均呈清晰的咽鼓管上隐窝结构，呈膜性闭锁4耳（25．0％）。观察组52耳（100％）咽鼓管上隐窝与上鼓室前方呈完全闭锁，无相通病例。与对照组差异有统计学意义（Х^2=46．421，P=0．000）。其中骨性闭锁34耳（65．4％），膜性闭锁18耳（34．6％）；上鼓室空间狭小。全组均为硬化或气化不良型乳突。结论咽鼓管上隐窝与上鼓室的气流通道闭塞更容易造成上鼓室和乳突负压状态，可能是形成胆脂瘤的原因之一；咽鼓管上隐窝与上鼓室通道的解剖学变异可能是胆脂瘤中耳炎的易患因素。提示胆脂瘤中耳炎行完壁式鼓室成形术时开放该通道可能有助于防止术后复发。     

鼓室导抗图与颞骨 CT 对分泌性中耳炎的诊断价值比较

目的分析鼓室导抗图和颞骨CT检查对分泌性中耳炎鼓室积液的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析150例（260耳）慢性分泌性中耳炎患者的临床资料,以术中发现鼓室积液为金标准,分别计算各种类型异常鼓室导抗图和颞骨CT对分泌性中耳炎的诊断符合率。结果 B、C、As型鼓室导抗图对分泌性中耳炎中耳积液的诊断符合率分别为94．52％（138/146耳）、86．49％（64/74耳）、80．0％（4/5耳）,异常鼓室导抗图综合诊断符合率为91．56％（206/225耳）,而颞骨C T的诊断符合率为99．15％（117/118耳）,高于异常鼓室导抗图的综合诊断符合率,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。结论颞骨CT和鼓室导抗图检查在分泌性中耳炎诊断中的价值均很高,在出现非B型鼓室导抗图时,前者可作为后者的补充。     

小儿鼓室成形术

对于小儿慢性中耳炎的治疗争论较多。该作者对５０例（５９耳）１５岁以下患者的慢性中耳炎施行了鼓室成形术，男３４耳，女２５耳，８岁～１３岁４５耳（７６.２７％）。术后均随访６个月以上。非胆脂瘤型中耳炎２８耳，胆脂瘤型中耳炎３１耳。非胆脂瘤型中耳炎均采用完壁法鼓室成形术，其中Ｉ型２７耳，单纯鼓膜修补１耳，３耳凿开乳突，开放前、后鼓室，改善乳突和鼓室之间的通路，二次手术４耳。对于胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行分阶段手术，先行一期手术，然后进行二期手术以检查胆脂瘤是否残留或复发以及含气腔是否存在。胆脂瘤型中耳炎中开放…     

粘连型胆脂瘤中耳炎的临床特点

目的探讨粘连型胆脂瘤中耳炎的临床特点.方法以52耳粘连型胆脂瘤中耳炎为对象,其中男30耳,女22耳;左侧24耳,右侧28耳.年龄8～70岁,平均34.72±14.06岁.全部病例均行鼓室成形术治疗,其中开放式37耳(71.2%),完壁式10耳(19.2%),其他5耳(9.6%).9耳因合并感音性聋未做听骨链重建,行O型鼓室成形术.其余Ⅰ型1耳,改良Ⅲ型16耳,改良Ⅳ型26耳.结果粘连型胆脂瘤中耳炎占胆脂瘤中耳炎的34.67% .镫骨上部结构消失25耳(48.1%),明显高于上鼓室型胆脂瘤(P<0.05).总听力改善率为69.8%,其中开放式75.9% ,完壁式55.6% ,其他60.0% .术后穿孔3耳,鼓膜紧张部重新粘连4耳.结论粘连型胆脂瘤型中耳炎并不少见;咽鼓管功能障碍可能是发病的直接原因;开放式乳突充填鼓室成形术疗效优于完壁式,粘连型胆脂瘤中耳炎选择完壁式应慎重.     

Bilateral cholesteatoma and habitual sniffing

OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical findings of acquired bilateral cholesteatoma with special reference to incidence of habitual sniffing and sniff-related negative middle ear pressure. METHODS: Eighty-eight fresh cases of unilateral cholesteatoma and 33 fresh cases of bilateral cholesteatoma, which were operated on at Department of Otolaryngology, Hyogo College of Medicine, were examined in this study. Responses to a detailed questionnaire were obtained from the patients concerning about the habit of habitual sniffing to relieve aural symptoms such as aural fullness, autophonia or hyperacusis. The same questionnaire was obtained from unilateral cholesteatoma patients to compare the incidence of habitual sniffing with that of patients with bilateral cholesteatoma. We measured the negative middle ear pressure at the time of sniffing by using TTAG (tubo-tympano aerodynamic graphy, Nagashima Co. Ltd, Tokyo). We also compared the positive percentage of the sniff test in bilateral cholesteatoma with in unilateral cholesteatoma and normal controls. Sniff test was performed in 30 patients with bilateral cholesteatoma, 20 patients with unilateral cholesteatoma and 20 normal controls. RESULTS: In 33 patients with bilateral cholesteatoma (66 ears), 57 ears had the pars flaccida type (86.4%) and 9 ears had the pars tensa type (13.6%). Cholesteatoma of pars flaccida type were predominant in bilateral cholesteatoma. The rate of habitual sniffing of bilateral cholesteatoma (23/33, 69.7%) was significantly higher than that of unilateral cholesteatoma (21/88, 23.9%). The incidence of positive sniff test in bilateral cholesteatoma (19/30, 63.3%) was significantly higher than in unilateral one (6/20, 30%) and normal control (3/20, 15%). CONCLUSIONS: Habitual sniffing was closely related to the pathogenesis of bilateral cholesteatoma, especially in cases with bilateral pars flaccida type.     

Nationwide survey of middle ear cholesteatoma surgery cases in Japan: Results from the Japan Otological society registry using the JOS staging and classification system

ObjectiveThis study was aimed to determine the characteristics of middle ear cholesteatoma and to investigate short-term outcomes regarding the rates of residual and recurrent cholesteatoma and the postoperative hearing results in Japan, via a nationwide survey using staging and classification criteria for middle ear cholesteatoma, as proposed by the Japan Otological Society (JOS).MethodsThe first-round survey was conducted in 2016. The target was patients with middle ear cholesteatoma who were surgically treated in Japan between January and December 2015. Medical information on the patients was anonymized. The questionnaire entries were age, sex, cholesteatoma classification and stage, preoperative hearing level, mastoid development, status of the stapes, and surgical method. There were a total of 1,787 registered patients from 74 facilities from all over Japan. The second survey was conducted in January 2018 and received 1,456 responses from 49 facilities in Japan. Of the 1,456 cases, 1,060 were conducted in the postoperative hearing survey and 1,084 in the residual recurrence survey.ResultsThe most common cholesteatoma type was pars flaccida cholesteatoma (63.3%), followed by pars tensa cholesteatoma (13.0%), congenital cholesteatoma (12.9%), and cholesteatoma secondary to chronic tensa perforation (5.6%). Cholesteatoma of uncertain origin accounted for 5.0% (90 cases). Stage II was predominant in pars flaccida and pars tensa cholesteatoma, which frequently involves the mastoid, whereas about half of cases of cholesteatoma secondary to chronic tensa perforation and congenital cholesteatoma were classified as stage I. One hundred fifty-two of 1,084 cases (14.0%) had recurrent cholesteatoma, residual cholesteatoma, or both following first surgeries. The postoperative rates of hearing success rate was 63.3%.ConclusionWe were able to clarify not only the current epidemiological status of middle ear cholesteatoma but also the current trends of cholesteatoma surgery in Japan. The development of a staging system by the JOS Committee serving an epidemiological database for international or time-dependent comparison. It is possible to use this staging system with reasonable reliability.     

先天性中耳胆脂瘤临床诊治及误诊分析

目的　探讨先天性中耳胆脂瘤的诊断、治疗方法以及误诊原因,减少漏诊、误诊。方法　对我院收治的9例先天性中耳胆脂瘤患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果  9例均行手术治疗,病理确诊,其中6例行听力重建,随访3个月～2年半,气骨导差为20 dB左右,术后1年者复查颞骨CT均未发现胆脂瘤残留及复发。所有患者均有误诊病史,误诊率100%。结论　先天性中耳胆脂瘤临床少见,起病隐匿,易漏诊、误诊,诊断可根据Levenson诊断标准和影像学检查,早期手术治疗可获得较好听力重建效果。提高对本病的认识,影像学检查和仔细的局部检查可提高诊疗水平,避免误诊、误治,避免严重并发症发生。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的回顾性分析

目的 探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿并发胆脂瘤的病因、发病机制及二者间的相互关系,并就该病的诊断及治疗方法进行讨论。方法 采用回顾性研究,总结分析我院1988年3月－2000年5月经手术和病理诊断证实的63例中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者中并发胆脂瘤15例患者的临床资料。结果 15例患者均有较长时间的病史,除不同的程度的听力下降外,皆有耳溢然,其中脓血性及血性耳溢液8例;均有鼓膜穿孔,其中松弛部穿孔10例。11例颞骨CT扫描者均报告为胆脂瘤型中耳炎。15例皆行手术治疗,术中发现胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤交错存在,胆固醇肉芽肿多好发于鼓窦、上鼓室及乳突腔,6例乳突气化良好者气房内有咖啡色粘液蓄积,并有闪烁发亮的点状胆固醇结晶。12例出现鼓窦扩大、上鼓室外侧壁破坏、听骨链侵蚀、鼓室天盖及面神经水平段暴露等骨质破坏。6例咽鼓管鼓口、15例鼓峡阻塞。所有病例术后均干耳,12例行鼓室成形术者11例术后听力有不同程度的提高。结论 中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与胆脂瘤的病理生理改变有共同之处,即均有通气受阻、引流障碍,二者可能为同一致病因素引起的两个不同且相互作用的病理过程。对慢性中耳炎患者出现不 明原因的血性耳溢液者应想到本病可能,应结合CT、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)提高术前诊断率。治疗应根据病变部位、范围和程度不同采取不同的术式,其原则是彻底清除病变、通畅引流。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎形成的局部炎性浸润和刺激的病理机理研究

目的研究胆脂瘤型中耳炎形成的病理机理。方法对12例(12耳)人鼓膜内陷囊袋颞骨连续切片进行光镜组织病理学观察，重点对内陷囊袋的部位及其内侧面局部中耳腔炎性病变情况进行观察；对11例(11耳)人胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行颞骨连续切片组织病理学观察；对33耳胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行术中观察。结果12耳鼓膜内陷囊袋发生于鼓膜松弛部或(和)紧张部后上象限，囊袋内观察到不同程度的鳞状上皮增生、角化、脱落，其内侧面局部中耳腔有黏膜下炎性细胞浸润、炎性渗出液、粘连和肉芽组织等炎性病变，而其未内陷部分的鼓膜内侧面未见炎性病变。11例胆脂瘤型中耳炎的颞骨连续切片组织病理学和33例胆脂瘤型中耳炎术中观察都显示胆脂瘤全部侵占听骨链区，侵入前半中耳腔者分别为3耳和5耳，对听骨有不同程度的吸收破坏。结论中耳炎时，中耳听骨链区域局部炎性病变向内粘连鼓膜后上象限或松弛部形成内陷囊袋，并长期炎性浸润和刺激，囊袋内鳞状上皮过度增生、角化、脱落、堆积而导致胆脂瘤型中耳炎。     

Management of chronic otitis media in the only hearing ear

OBJECTIVE: Chronic ear surgery is difficult. The management of such a disease either with or without cholesteatoma and in an only hearing ear is particularly challenging. Consequences of disease or unintended outcomes of therapy can both result in patient lifestyle alterations of major proportion. This report offers a diagnostic and treatment plan for chronic otitis media with and without cholesteatoma in the only hearing ear. METHODS: More than 10,000 charts of patients with chronic otitis media were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-seven charts of patients with chronic otitis media in an only hearing ear who underwent surgical treatment were identified. The patients were followed for an average time of 43 months. RESULTS: Overall, the chronic otitis media was well controlled, and there was no change in the average discrimination or hearing thresholds when comparing preoperative and postoperative results. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic otitis media with and without cholesteatoma in an only hearing ear can be treated successfully with hearing preservation. Canal wall down tympanomastoidectomy is performed in most cases. Manipulation of the ossicular chain is avoided, and cholesteatoma that lies over a potential fistula is exteriorized.     

Comparative study on adhesive otitis media and pars tensa cholesteatoma in children

Objective: Recurrent otitis media and persistent otitis media with effusion in early childhood may cause an atelectatic eardrum and adhesive otitis media, which sometimes progress to pars tensa cholesteatoma. When and how children with adhesive otitis media should be operated on remain controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of children with adhesive otitis media and pars tensa cholesteatoma, and to determine the risk factors of progression to cholesteatoma.Methods: Seventeen ears of 15 children with adhesive otitis media (adhesive group) and 14 ears of 13 children with pars tensa cholesteatoma (tensa cholesteatoma group) who underwent tympanoplasty were included in this study. We analyzed the following clinical characteristics of children in both groups: medical and life history, associated diseases, sites of the adhesion, and development and aeration of mastoid air cells as shown by temporal bone computed tomography.Results: Most of the children in both groups had a history of recurrent otitis media and/or persistent otitis media with effusion. They showed a male predominance and a frequent association of allergic rhinitis. The number of ears showing undeveloped mastoid air cells in the tensa cholesteatoma group was significantly larger than that in the adhesive otitis media group (P=0.0068). A lack of aeration of the middle ear, including the eustachian tube, was more frequently found in ears with pars tensa cholesteatoma than in ears with adhesive otitis media (P=0.0012). Using multivariate logistic regression, the presence of otorrhea (odds ratio [OR], 14.847; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.834–264.184), total adhesion (OR, 28.550; 95% CI, 0.962–847.508), and undeveloped mastoid air cells (OR, 19.357; 95% CI, 1.022–366.589) were related to pars tensa cholesteatoma.Conclusion: Children with adhesive otitis media should be carefully followed up in the outpatient setting. Ears with poor mastoid development may develop pars tensa cholesteatoma. Additionally, ears with middle ear effusion, total adhesion, and the presence of otorrhea tend to be at risk of pars tensa cholesteatoma. Tympanoplasty or tympanostomy tube insertion should be considered for children with adhesive otitis media who have these risk factors to prevent progression to pars tensa cholesteatoma.     

Quantitative analysis of cholesteatoma using high resolution computed tomography]

Seventy-three cases of adult cholesteatoma, including 52 cases with pars flaccida type cholesteatoma and 21 with pars tensa type cholesteatoma, were examined using high resolution computed tomography, in both axial (lateral semicircular canal plane) and coronal sections (cochlear, vestibular and antral plane). These cases were classified into two subtypes according with the presence of extension of cholesteatoma into the antrum. Sixty cases with chronic otitis media with central perforation (COM) were also examined as controls. The various locations of the middle ear cavity were measured in term of size with comparisons among pars flaccida type cholesteatoma, pars tensa type cholesteatoma and COM. The results were as follows: 1) The width of the attic was significantly larger in both pars flaccida type and pars tensa type cholesteatoma than in COM. 2) With pars flaccida type cholesteatoma there was a significantly larger distance between the malleus and lateral wall of the attic than with COM. In contrast, the distance between the malleus and medial wall of the attic was significantly larger with pars tensa type cholesteatoma than with COM. 3) With cholesteatoma extending into the antrum, regardless of the type of cholesteatoma, there were significantly larger distances than with COM at the following sites; the width and height of the aditus ad antrum, and the width, height and anterior-posterior diameter of the antrum. However, these distances were not significantly different between cholesteatoma without extension into the antrum and COM. The hitherto demonstrated qualitative impressions of bone destruction in cholesteatoma were quantitatively verified in detail using high resolution computed tomography.