家猪心脏三尖瓣复合体的形态学观测

目的　观测家猪心脏三尖瓣复合体 ,为家猪心脏研究和心脏移植积累资料。方法　甲醛固定的家猪心脏 35例 ,大体解剖并观测三尖瓣复合体。结果　家猪心脏三尖瓣复合体由瓣环、瓣膜、腱索和乳头肌构成 ,瓣环周长为 70 75± 8 4 5mm ,前瓣、后瓣、隔侧瓣、前隔连合、前后连合、后隔连合的高度分别为 14 5 8±2 6 4、14 16± 2 5 0、12 84± 2 37、6 2 9± 1 97、6 86± 1 0 1、6 5 1± 1 36mm。前隔连合、前后连合、后隔连合的宽度分别为 6 4 0± 1 5 4、6 78± 1 2 3、6 4 3± 1 4 6 ;前乳头肌起始 ,腱索附着于前瓣、后瓣和前后连合的条数分别为 3 0 0± 0 97、3 0 9± 1 0 9、2 4 4± 1 16 ;后乳肌起始 ,腱索附着于后瓣、隔侧瓣和后隔连合的条数分别为 2 6 0± 0 6 9、3 0 9± 1 6 3、1 14± 0 4 3。隔侧乳头肌起始 ,附着于前瓣、隔侧瓣、前隔连合的腱索条数分别为1 71± 0 6 7、2 37± 1 2 6、0 94± 0 4 2。结论　家猪心脏三尖瓣复合体中各结构与人类相似 ,但大小有一定差异。     

山羊心脏房间隔、室间隔的观测及解剖学特征

目的　观测山羊心脏房间隔、室间隔的形态及其位置关系,为心脏研究提供比较解剖学资料。方 法　用大体解剖法观测山羊房间隔的卵圆窝、室间隔膜部和肌部。结果　卵圆窝纵轴长9.63±2.18mm,横 轴长6.85±1.54mm,卵圆窝中心点距冠状窦口中心点9.09±2.10mm,距三尖瓣隔侧瓣中点12.81±2.34 mm,距二尖瓣前瓣中点8.94±2.65mm。卵圆窝上缘厚1.26±0.50mm,下缘厚1.80±0.40mm,前缘厚2.39 ±1.78mm,后缘厚2.29±0.89mm。室间隔膜前部宽2.94±1.13mm,中部宽4.66±1.15mm,后部长6.13 ±1.41mm,后部宽9.62±1.83mm,下缘长15.06±2.63mm。室间隔肌部上缘长37.63±4.48mm,前缘长 52.84±6.22mm,后缘长33.77±2.96mm,厚度9.34±1.69mm。结论　山羊心脏房间隔和室间隔与成人相 似,是心外科房间隔、室间隔修复的良好材料。     

心脏室上嵴形态观察

观察了102例中国人心脏室上嵴,室上嵴由漏斗隔、隔带和壁带组成.漏斗隔长3.09±0.51cm;隔带呈Y形.其主干长2.14±0.58cm,宽1.38±0.33cm.主动脉右窦最高点位于肺动脉右瓣下方,主动脉右窦下缘,在漏斗隔的上方.锥状乳头肌有1～3个,隔缘肉柱可终止于前乳头肌根部、右室前壁或两者.     

山羊心脏二尖瓣复合体的应用解剖学研究

目的观测山羊心脏二尖瓣复合体的解剖结构,为比较解剖学积累资料。方法利用大体解剖方法观测山羊二尖瓣复合体的形态结构。结果山羊心脏二尖瓣复合体由二尖瓣瓣环、瓣膜、腱索和乳头肌构成,二尖瓣瓣环周长为47.00±7.39mm,前瓣的高度为7.93±2.03mm,宽度为21.58±4.17mm,后瓣的高度为9.89±1.90mm;宽度分别为20.61±4.22mm;前乳头肌起始点至前瓣、后瓣和后内侧连合的腱索条数分别为5.06±1.71,3.19±1.11,1.25±0.48;后乳头肌起始点附着于前瓣、后瓣和前外侧连合的腱索条数分别为4.50±1.88,4.16±1.84,1.32±0.54。结论山羊心脏二尖瓣复合体的结构与人类相似,但形态有特异性。     

正常人二尖瓣装置的应用解剖研究——Ⅳ.心脏各瓣膜纤维环的测量

取脑死亡后25分钟～2小时内31例成年男性(20～40岁)的新鲜心脏,剖开展平心脏,用图像处理系统分别测量了二尖瓣纤维环、三尖瓣纤维环、主动脉瓣纤维环和肺动脉瓣纤维环的长度,其平均值分别为97.41±7.38、117.38±19.19、69.12±6.81和73.67±8.47mm.它们之间的比值依次为1∶1.2∶0.63∶0.76.经直线回归相关分析显示二尖瓣纤维环长度与其它三瓣纤维环,主动脉瓣纤维环与三尖瓣和肺动脉瓣之间存在密切相关.同时对二尖瓣前叶、后叶及交界区纤维环的长度进行了测量.     

家猪心脏二尖瓣复合体的形态学观测

目的　观测家猪心脏二尖瓣复合体 ,为家猪心脏研究和心脏移植积累资料。方法　甲醛固定的家猪心脏 3 5例 ,解剖并观测二尖瓣复合体。结果　家猪心脏二尖瓣复合体由瓣环、瓣膜、腱索和乳突肌构成 ,瓣环周长为 73 0 0± 9 71mm ;前瓣、后瓣、前外侧连合、后外侧连合的高度分别为 17 45± 1 99mm、16 3 3±2 2 2mm、5 68± 1 3 7mm、5 3 5± 1 11mm ,前外侧连合、后内侧连合的宽度分别为 4 3 1± 0 80mm、4 40±0 63mm ,前乳头肌起始 ,腱索附着于前瓣、后瓣和后内侧连合的条数为 4 0 0± 1 3 0、5 2 1± 1 84、2 44±1 16,后乳头肌起始 ,腱索附着于前瓣、后瓣和前外侧连合的条数为 3 76± 1 78、5 3 8± 2 2 0、2 12± 0 91。结论　家猪心脏二尖瓣复合体中各结构与人类相似 ,但大小有一定差异     

山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体的解剖学特征

目的　观测山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体形态特征 ,为心脏研究和比较解剖学积累资料。方法　 1 0 %甲醛固定的山羊心脏 1 0 5例 ,解剖并观测三尖瓣复合体 ,保留隔缘肉柱和羊心腔特有结构。结果　山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体前瓣、后瓣 ,隔侧瓣的高度分别为 :8 4 3± 2 0 0mm、8 1 3± 1 90mm、7 6 8± 2 .1 0mm ;宽度分别为 :1 4 0 3± 3 1 6mm、1 4 35± 2 70mm、1 6 78± 3 4 6mm。前乳头肌腱索总条数为 :7 79± 1 72。后群乳头肌腱索条数为 :7 4 2± 2 1 7,后群乳头肌的个数为 2 36± 0 92。隔侧群乳头肌腱索总条数为 :1 0 4 2± 2 4 9,隔侧群乳头肌的个数为 4 0 5± 1 4 4。隔缘肉柱的长度为 9 5 3± 3 4 6mm。结论　山羊心脏三尖瓣复合体和人类心相似 ,但其心腔结构有其特异性     

软腭的应用解剖

目的:为临床软腭整形术提供形态学基础.材料和方法:在42个成人尸体(男28,女14)头颅软腭的口腔面上,使用双脚规观察测量了软腭及口咽上界的有关数据.结果:软腭的长、宽、前缘厚和后缘厚:男性分别为 3.60±0.47 cm、4.18±0.26 cm、1.38±0.27 cm和0.44±0.26 cm,女性分别为3.00±0.40cm、3.33±0.45cm、1.11±0.23ccm和0.19±0.04cm.口咽上界的前后径男性为1.11±0.26cm,女性为1.07±0.19cm;左右径男性为2.04±0.25cm,女性为1.80±0.11cm.结论:因以前缺乏该方面的解剖学数据,结果对临床实施软腭整形术有一定参考价值.     

心脏二尖瓣环立体形态的研究

三维超声心动图的最近研究表明,二尖瓣环在收缩末期为非平面的“马鞍”形.为探索二尖瓣环立体形态的解剖学基础.作者对15个固定心脏标本和12个新鲜心脏标本的二尖瓣环的立体形态进行了定性和定量的观察.结果发现固定心脏的二尖瓣环为非平面的“马鞍”形,前瓣环距心尖部较远,前、后瓣环平面之间的夹角为130.93±8.46度.纵形剖开新鲜心脏的左心室,发现二尖瓣环不成一直线,两纤维体之间的瓣环呈一弧形凸向主动脉,该弧形的高度为0.43±0.15cm.     

小儿正常心脏解剖测量与B型超声心动图对比研究

<正> 作者对611例12岁以内无心脏病的尸体心脏进行了测量并计算出回归方程,左室后壁为0.76+0.026(cm)×年龄(岁),二尖瓣瓣环直径为1.38+0.06(cm)×年龄(岁),三尖瓣瓣环直径为1.65+0.08(cm)×年龄(岁),主动脉瓣瓣环直径为1.02+0.038(cm)×年龄(岁),肺     

The Development of Septation in the Four‐Chambered Heart

The past decades have seen immense progress in the understanding of cardiac development. Appreciation of precise details of cardiac anatomy, however, has yet to be fully translated into the more general understanding of the changing structure of the developing heart, particularly with regard to formation of the septal structures. In this review, using images obtained with episcopic microscopy together with scanning electron microscopy, we show that the newly acquired information concerning the anatomic changes occurring during separation of the cardiac chambers in the mouse is able to provide a basis for understanding the morphogenesis of septal defects in the human heart. It is now established that as part of the changes seen when the heart tube changes from a short linear structure to the looped arrangement presaging formation of the ventricles, new material is added at both its venous and arterial poles. The details of these early changes, however, are beyond the scope of our current review. It is during E10.5 in the mouse that the first anatomic features of septation are seen, with formation of the primary atrial septum. This muscular structure grows toward the cushions formed within the atrioventricular canal, carrying on its leading edge a mesenchymal cap. Its cranial attachment breaks down to form the secondary foramen by the time the mesenchymal cap has used with the atrioventricular endocardial cushions, the latter fusion obliterating the primary foramen. Then the cap, along with a mesenchymal protrusion that grows from the mediastinal mesenchyme, muscularizes to form the base of the definitive atrial septum, the primary septum itself forming the floor of the oval foramen. The cranial margin of the foramen is a fold between the attachments of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and the roof of the right atrium. The apical muscular ventricular septum develops concomitant with the ballooning of the apical components from the inlet and outlet of the ventricular loop. Its apical part is initially trabeculated. The membranous part of the septum is derived from the rightward margins of the atrioventricular cushions, with the muscularizing proximal outflow cushions fusing with the muscular septum and becoming the subpulmonary infundibulum as the aorta is committed to the left ventricle. Perturbations of these processes explain well the phenotypic variants of deficient atrial and ventricular septation. Anat Rec, 297:1414–1429, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Does the precommissural fornix excite neurons in the cat dorsal septum which project to the medial preoptic region?

Summary The possibility that effects of fornix stimulation on units in the medial preoptic region (MPO) may be via an interposed neuron in the dorsal septum was investigated using electrophysiological techniques. We found a reciprocal monosynaptic linkage between the MPO and the dorsal, medial and fimbrial septal nuclei. When recording in the MPO, stimulation of the dorsal septum affected 59% of spontaneously active units. Of all MPO units synaptically excited by stimulation of the dorsal septum 33% also had an input from the fornix. When recording in the dorsal septum during stimulation of the MPO and fornix, units synaptically driven by, or antidromically invaded following MPO stimulation, were found in caudal regions of the DS and units excited by stimulation of the fornix were located in more rostral regions. Units excited by stimulation of the fornix were never antidromically invaded following stimulation in the MPO, so there was no direct pathway for fornix excitation in the dorsal septum to reach the MPO.     

Surgical treatment using an allograft dermal matrix for nasal septal perforation

PURPOSE: Numerous methods have been utilized to repair nasal septal perforation with varying degrees of success; however, no consensus has been reached on nasoseptal perforation repair. Here, the authors describe a surgical method based on human dermal allograft (Surederm, Hans Biomed Corp. Korea) for the repair of nasal septal perforations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with a nasal septal perforation were included in this study. The causes of these septal perforations included previous nasal surgery, trauma, foreign body (button battery), and idiopathy. There were several sites of perforation: 9 in the central area, 1 in the posterior-central area, and 1 in the anterior area. An interpositional graft incorporating Surederm was positioned between bilateral mucoperichondrial flaps using an intranasal approach. A silastic sheet was then left in the nasal septum bilaterally until complete healing had occurred through new nasal mucosa, which took a mean duration of 6 weeks. RESULTS: Outcomes in ten of the eleven patients were successful, with complete septal perforation closure. The remaining perforation, which was caused by a button battery, closed incompletely; however, its initial size of 2 cm was reduced to 5 mm. CONCLUSION: The described technique has a high success rate and can be performed under local anesthesia without external scarring. In the absence of donor site morbidity, this technique can also be utilized to repair posterior or multiple septal perforations without difficulty.     

Population-based study of facial morphology and excessive daytime somnolence

Studies in patients seeking attention for nasal obstruction or pharyngeal disorders suggest that craniofacial abnormalities correlate with obstructive sleep apnea, but there is little information on the relevance of this association in the population at large. We aimed to determine whether characteristics of facial morphology correlate with excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) in a population-based, door-to-door survey. Residents of a village in rural Ecuador were screened with the Epworth sleepiness scale to assess EDS and underwent physical examination with attention to nasal septum deflection, mandibular retrognathia and presence of Friedman's palate position type IV. From 665 participants aged ≥40 years, 155 had EDS, 98 had nasal septum deflection, 47 had mandibular retrognathia and 528 had a Friedman's palate position type IV. In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and nightly sleep hours, persons with nasal septum deflection were twice as likely to have EDS (p = 0.009). The other two variables were not associated with EDS. Identification of nasal septum deflection may be a cost-effective method of detecting persons at risk for obstructive sleep apnea in remote areas where sophisticated technology is not readily available.     

The septal area, site for the central regulation of penile erection during waking and rapid eye movement sleep in rats: a stimulation study

The effects of electrical stimulation to the septum on penile erections in rats were examined to clarify the mechanisms for regulation of erectile responses during different states of vigilance. Penile responses were assessed by changes in pressure in the corpus spongiosum of penis (CSP) and electromyography (EMG) of the bulbospongiosus (BS) muscle. In anesthetized and un-anesthetized rats, stimulation in and around the septum induced three erectile patterns; 1) a Normal type response, which was indistinguishable from a spontaneous erection, characterized by a slow increase in CSP pressure with sharp CSP pressure peaks associated with BS muscle bursts, 2) Mixed type response, in which high frequency CSP pressure peaks were followed by a Normal type response, and 3) a Prolonged type response, evoked only in the anesthetized rat, consisting of a single sharp CSP peak followed by a slow increase in CSP pressure and a return to baseline with multiple subsequent events repeated for up to 960 s. In addition, a Micturition type response was also observed involving high frequency CSP pressure oscillations similar to the pressure pattern seen during spontaneous micturition. We found that erections were induced after stimulation to the lateral septum (LS), but not from the medial septum (MS). In anesthetized rats, a few responses were also obtained following stimulation of the horizontal limb of diagonal band (HDB). In un-anesthetized rats, responses were also induced from the HDB and the ventral limb of diagonal band (VDB) and the adjoining areas. The effective sites for eliciting erection during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were located in the dorsal and intermediate parts of the LS, whereas the ventral part of the LS was the most effective site for eliciting erections during wakefulness. These results suggest a functional role for penile erection in the septum, and further suggest that subdivisions of the LS may have different roles in the regulation of penile erection during wakefulness and REM sleep.     

胆囊隔膜的观测

对110例尸体的胆囊进行观测,其中7例在胆囊体内有横隔,横隔将胆囊体分为前大后小的二个明显腔,二腔通过隔膜上的一个孔相通,胆囊内未发现结石、胆囊外形正常。胆囊隔膜是一种先天性异常,有时可引起临床症状和机能障碍。     

鼻中隔偏曲与硬腭高度的关系

本文观察和测量1766人的鼻中隔形态和硬腭高度,采用统计相关分析和 X~2检验方法分析,初步得出一些有意义的结果,为探讨鼻中隔偏曲的病因提供了依据。     

Anatomic study of tongue architecture based on fetal histological sections

Tongue muscles are difficult to study by dissection and imaging methods because of the intermeshing of the muscular fibers. The study of the architecture of the tongue was based on 853 tongue sections of a fetus aged 32 weeks after conception. The analysis of the sections allowed demonstration of the different intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, to determine their situation from the palatoglossus arch to the apex of the tongue. The tongue muscles are organized in different layers from cranial to caudal and from lateral to medial, one medial for the genioglossus muscle, one paramedial for the hyoglossus, the styloglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscles. In the anterior third of the tongue, the muscles presented a concentric organization.