儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的检测及其临床意义

尽管目前儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病诱导缓解率已明显提高,但仍有部分患儿完全缓解后复发.微小残留病(MRD)的存在是导致其复发的主要原因.研究表明MRD的有无及其高低不但反映了个体对治疗的反应情况,还能用于临床危险度分型及移植后复发风险的评估.该文对MRD的检测方法及临床意义作一综述.     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的检测及其临床意义

现代联合化疗方案使儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的治愈率得到了显著提高，但复发是阻碍长期无病生存的主要原因。个体化治疗可极大地提高ALL患儿的预后及长期生活质量。近年来，随着免疫学及分子生物学技术的发展，作为制定个体化治疗重要依据的微小残留病检测大规模用于临床已成为可能。该文总结分析了目前检测微小残留病的常用技术，特别是聚合酶链反应的原理、优缺点及微小残留病检测的临床意义。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的监测意义

微小残留病(MRD)是指白血病患者获得完全缓解后,体内残存用常规方法检测不到的微量白血病细胞的状态.MRD的存在是导致白血病复发、影响白血病患者长期存活的主要因素.本文将从MRD检测的肿瘤标记物、MRD检测技术和质量控制及MRD检测的临床应用进展等几个方面作简要介绍.     

儿童B系急性淋巴细胞性白血病微小残留病的相关因素及预后分析

目的：了解检测儿童B系急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)微小残留病(MRD)在临床上的意义,探讨其相关因素及预后的关系。方法：用一种胞浆与胞膜、特异与敏感的标志相结合,CD45/SSC双参数图设门的三色流式细胞术(FCM)对67例儿童B系ALL在诱导治疗结束时(诱导第28～37d)进行MRD监测。结果：67例随访病人低危组为18例,中危组为35例,高危组为14例,MRD在3组之间差异有显著性(P<0.005),高危组的MRD(+)率明显较低、中危组高(P<0.005)。MRD与起病时的性别、年龄、白细胞数之间无相关性(P>0.05)。MRD在早期治疗反应上也无明显的统计学差异(P>0.05)。而MRD与复发及中位无事生存期密切相关,MRD(+)组复发率明显较MRD()组高(P<0.05),MRD(+)组中位无事生存期也短于MRD()组(P<0.005)。结论：检测MRD有助于了解疗效以及初步判断其预后以便调整治疗策略,是目前随访儿童ALL的有效方法。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病的检测及其与临床和预后的关系

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ＡＬＬ)是儿童最常见的白血病 ,绝大多数经诱导治疗后可获得完全缓解 (ＣＲ) ,但最终仍有 30 %的儿童复发。而治疗后体内白血病微小残留病(ＭＲＤ)是复发的主要根源。目前普遍认为 ,治疗白血病的关键是控制ＭＲＤ。我们对 45例儿童ＡＬＬ的微小残留病进行检测 ,试图探讨其与临床及预后关系。1 .病例来源 :(1 )病例组 :共 45例。取ＡＬＬ患儿初诊骨髓标本进行ＩｇＨＣＤＲⅢ及ＴＣＲＶδ2 Ｄδ3基因重排的定性检测。(2 )阳性病例组 :对ＴＣＲδ克隆性重排阳性的 1 9例作进一步研究。取其诱导缓解治疗结束ＣＲ时以及…     

微小残留病阳性儿童B系急性淋巴细胞白血病的追踪分析

目的探讨儿童B系急性淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)患儿骨髓微小残留病(MRD)及检测,预测预后的可能性。方法应用四色荧光抗体标记法通过流式细胞仪检测儿童B-ALL的MRD。对41例MRD阳性患儿加强化疗强度,多次连续监测,进行追踪分析。结果41例MRD阳性患儿中复发6例,复发患儿的MRD均>0.1%,MRD出现阳性的时间均>3个月,临床分型都属高危型。MRD阳性患儿经1个疗程强烈化疗转阴27例,其中1例复发,其他均在随访中,中位随访时间24.8个月;MRD阳性2个疗程转阴14例,复发5例,缓解患儿中位随访时间22.8个月。结论MRD对B-ALL预后监测有重要意义,MRD阳性时间越长对预后越不利,加强对MRD阳性患儿的治疗对改善预后有积极作用。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗失败相关因素分析

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗失败的相关因素。方法 随访2013年1月至2017年12月收治的初诊ALL患儿,对124例治疗失败患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较不同临床特征与复发时间及部位的关系,以及治疗失败的可能危险因素。结果 124例治疗失败患儿中男82例、女42例,初诊时中位年龄为8.0(3.3～13.0)岁,中位随访时间24.0(14.0～43.5)月。治疗失败原因包括复发(104例)、非复发性死亡(19例)及第二肿瘤(1例)。104例复发患儿的中位复发时间为17.7(3.0～57.2)月,其中复发时间以极早期复发为主(52例),复发部位以单纯骨髓复发为主(84例)。复发时间与初诊白细胞计数、免疫分型、不同融合基因及危险度分层相关(P<0.05);复发部位与初诊白细胞计数、免疫分型有关(P<0.05)。第33天的MRD水平是影响治疗失败生存(TFS)率和总生存(OS)率的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 复发是儿童ALL治疗失败的最主要原因,密切监测早期治疗反应,积极预防、治疗极早期复发可降低治疗失败发生率,提高患儿OS率。     

巢式PCR法检测急性淋巴细胞白血病微小残留病

目的探讨巢式PCR法检测急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）微小残留细胞（MRD）在评价疗效、预测复发、判断预后的意义。方法对28例ALL的患儿采用巢式PCR法扩增T细胞受体TCR的Vδ2─Dδ3重排片段，检测急淋患儿的骨髓（BM）及外周血（PB）标本。结果在完全缓解（CR）后一段时间内仍有MRD存在，随访8例中，CR后MRD存在但渐少者呈持续缓解，而CR后MRD持续阳性或由阴转阳，提示复发机会增大。结论巢式PCR检测急淋缓解期MRD对预测复发、指导治疗有重要意义。     

不同遗传学异常的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿微小残留病变化

目的 探讨不同遗传学异常的儿童B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病（B-ALL）患儿在诱导化疗期间微小残留病（MRD）的变化。方法 以2004年2月至2013年4月收住院的271例初治B-ALL患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析不同遗传学异常患儿在诱导化疗第15天和诱导化疗结束时MRD的变化特点。结果 诱导化疗第15天,具有超二倍体患儿在MRD的3个检测界值上（分别MRD≥0.1%、1%和10%）的检出比例均明显高于非超二倍体患儿（均PP>0.05）。诱导化疗结束时,超二倍体患儿和BCR-ABL1阳性患儿在MRD的3个检测界值上（分别MRD≥0.01%、0.1%和1%）的检出比例分别与非超二倍体和BCR-ABL1阴性患儿比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;而TEL-AML1融合基因阴性患儿在上述3个检测界值上的检出比例均高于TEL-AML1融合基因阳性患儿（均PP结论 具有不同遗传学异常的B-ALL患儿在诱导化疗中及诱导化疗结束时的MRD水平是不同的,MRD的预后意义可能与不同遗传学异常相关。     

急性淋巴细胞性白血病微小残留病与中枢神经系统白血病的相关分析

目的 探讨急性淋巴细胞性白血病（简称急淋）缓解时和缓解期微小残留病（MRD）的水平和变化以及与发生中枢神经系统白血病（CNSL）的关系。方法 用改良一步煮沸法提取脑脊液DNA，酚／氯方法提取骨髓DNA，巢式聚合酶链反应（PCR）法和极限稀释定量PCR法追踪检测微小残留病，数据处理用Kaplan-Meier方法及COX回归模型等。结果 46例急淋患儿缓解时骨髓MRD定量值与中枢神经系统白血病的发生呈正相关（COX回归模型，γ＝0．3496，P＜0．05），脑脊液MRD阳性可预示发生CNSL的相对危险度（P＜0．05）；缓解期脑脊液MRD持续阳性或由阴性转为阳性，发生中枢神经系统白血病的相对危险度明显增高（P＜0．05）。结论 缓解时骨髓MRD定量值和脑脊液MRD定性结果以及缓解期间脑脊液MRD的变化可以预示CNSL的危险度，MRD检测对判断急性淋巴细胞性白血病的预后和指导治疗有重要意义。     

Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia After Termination of Therapy

Using 1gH and TCRy gene rearrangements as gene markers, we detected minimal residual disease (MRD) by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis. Of 18 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), MRDs were detected in 9 patients after termination of therapy. All 18 patients had been followed for 1.5 to 102 months after detection. Three of the nine MRD-positive patients relapsed within 3 to 6 months; none of the nine MRD-negative patients relapsed. We suggest that MRD negativity at the end of therapy might be an important factor for long-term disease-free survival, because the negative cases had a very low risk of relapse. Because the outcome for MRD-positive cases is more difficult to evaluate, patients with MRD after termination of therapy should be monitored.     

Prognosis after Relapse in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood

This is a survey of all the 265 relapses occurring in 515 children with ALL diagnosed in Sweden in the years 1973-1980. Two hundred and nineteen relapses occurred on therapy, and 46 after discontinuation of therapy. Bone marrow was involved in the relapse in 71% and 67% of the two groups, respectively. Only 38/265 (14%) children with relapse were still alive at follow-up in January 1985. Of these, 16/219 (7%) had relapsed during therapy (median survival time after relapse 9 months) compared to 22/46 children (48%) with a relapse after cessation of therapy (median 43 months). The prognosis was better if relapse occurred after cessation of therapy and in children with isolated testicular relapse. Thirteen children were bone marrow transplanted, and 6 of these were alive at follow-up. It is concluded that children with ALL relapse have very bad prognosis with cytostatic regimens used today, especially if the bone marrow is involved.     

两种不同方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病疗效分析

目的：比较两种治疗方案对小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗的近期完全缓解率(CR)与持续完全缓解(CCR),探讨影响小儿ALL长期生存的有关因素。方法：根据化疗方案所用药物不同将44例患儿分为2组：一般化疗组(A组),诱导治疗采用VCP(长春新碱、环磷酰胺、强的松),庇护所预防使用二联鞘注(甲氨喋呤、地塞米松),维持治疗使用6 巯嘌呤与甲氨喋呤,加强强化用VCP及COAP(长春新碱、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、强的松)交替;强烈化疗组(B组),按照1993年广西北海会议制定的小儿急性白血病诊疗建议进行序贯治疗,其中大剂量甲氨喋呤(HD-MTX)采用每次 1.5～2.0 g/m2及三联鞘注(甲氨喋呤、阿糖胞苷、地塞米松)。结果：两种方案经过4周治疗44例患儿均获CR,但达到CR的时间A组为(3.83±0.41)周,长于B组(3.00±0.82)周(P0.05)。结论：强烈化疗组不仅近期完全缓解所用时间短,而且在CCR及预防疾病复发上明显优于一般化疗组,虽然强烈化疗后合并各种感染的机会增多,但只要积极采取相应的预防措施,取得家长的密切配合可以使其发生率降低。     

Immunohistochemical Detection of Post-Therapy Residual Testicular Lymphoblasts in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (All)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) in detecting residual blast cells in testicular biopsies from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In a prospective study of 26 patients, testicular biopsies were performed after completion of therapy, and the average follow-up after biopsies was 29 months. After immunostaining, seven patients with negative biopsies on routine histology showed scattered, strongly calla-positive cells as well as cells reacting with anti-B (CD22) MoAb. Among these seven patients with residual blast cells, four had relapsed either in testes (n = 1), bone marrow and testes (n = 1), or in the bone marrow (n = 2). In contrast, among the 15 patients without residual blast cells, all but 1 remained in complete remission. In four other cases no definite conclusion was possible after immunohistochemical study. Four testicular biopsies from patients with occult infiltration were used as positive controls. Negative controls consisted of testicular biopsies from children with testicular ectopia and postmortem testicular tissue specimens. Results suggest that the risk of relapse is significantly higher in patients with positive immunohistochemical findings indicating persistent residual blast cells. However, the predictive value of these findings requires confirmation on a larger number of cases to have therapeutic implications.     

Immunohistochemical Detection of Post-Therapy Residual Testicular Lymphoblasts in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (All)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) in detecting residual blast cells in testicular biopsies from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In a prospective study of 26 patients, testicular biopsies were performed after completion of therapy, and the average follow-up after biopsies was 29 months. After immunostaining, seven patients with negative biopsies on routine histology showed scattered, strongly calla-positive cells as well as cells reacting with anti-B (CD22) MoAb. Among these seven patients with residual blast cells, four had relapsed either in testes (n = 1), bone marrow and testes (n = 1), or in the bone marrow (n = 2). In contrast, among the 15 patients without residual blast cells, all but 1 remained in complete remission. In four other cases no definite conclusion was possible after immunohistochemical study. Four testicular biopsies from patients with occult infiltration were used as positive controls. Negative controls consisted of testicular biopsies from children with testicular ectopia and postmortem testicular tissue specimens. Results suggest that the risk of relapse is significantly higher in patients with positive immunohistochemical findings indicating persistent residual blast cells. However, the predictive value of these findings requires confirmation on a larger number of cases to have therapeutic implications.     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病DNA倍性与体内白血病细胞凋亡

目的：探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(急淋)肿瘤细胞DNA倍性与凋亡间的关系。方法：检测22例初治急淋患儿的DNA倍性及化疗前后体内白血病细胞的凋亡情况。结果：化疗前所有患儿体内白血病细胞均无明显凋亡,化疗后DNA指数为 1.16～1.6 的高二倍体组凋亡细胞比例为(22.06±8.98)%,较非高二倍体组(9.38±10.27)%显著升高(P<0.01)。结论：儿童高二倍体急性淋巴细胞白血病预后优于其它DNA倍性的病人与此类白血病细胞易凋亡、对化疗敏感有关。     

Minimal Residual Disease and Childhood Leukemia: Standard of Care Recommendations From the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario MRD Working Group

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is an independent predictor of relapse risk in children with leukemia and is widely used for risk‐adapted treatment. This article summarizes current evidence supporting the use of MRD, including clinical significance, current international clinical practice, impact statement, and recommended indications. The proposed MRD recommendations have been endorsed by the MRD Working Group of the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario and provide the foundation for a strategy that aims at equitable access to MRD evaluation for children with leukemia.