长沙市综合医院门诊就诊者焦虑与抑郁障碍的调查

目的：通过对综合医院神经内科、消化内科、心血管内科和妇产科普通门诊患者进行焦虑抑郁障碍的调查，了解综合医院门诊焦虑抑郁障碍的患病率。方法：采用医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）、患者健康问卷（PHQ-15）、国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷（MINI）、快速抑郁症状学量表-抑郁症自评量表（QIDS—SR16）和Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）．于2007年4月至5月对长沙市三所综合医院的1628例就诊者进行调查。结果：HADS量表评分≥8分的共有829例，进入精神科访谈的有366例。以MINI为诊断标准，抑郁障碍的检出率为7．13％，焦虑障碍的检出率为4．42％。结论：长沙市综合医院普通门诊就诊者抑郁焦虑障碍患病率高，但其识别及接受治疗的比率很低。     

广州地区综合医院门诊抑郁/焦虑障碍流行病学调查

目的:对广州地区综合医院门诊就诊病人进行抑郁、焦虑障碍的流行病学调查.方法:通过随机抽样从广州市卫生局抽取15家综合医院,对门诊就诊病人随机抽样调查;首先采用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)作为筛查工具,然后对筛查阳性者进一步用贝克抑郁量表(BDI)及焦虑自评量表自评(SAS),同时由精神心理科医生用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对筛查为阳性的调查对象进行评定,最后由精神心理科医生作出明确诊断.结果:1842例研究对象中,筛查为阳性的人数为701人(占38.1%),其中240人(34.2%)愿意接受进一步的精神心理科检查;抑郁,焦虑筛查阳性率者平均年龄(41.0±17.8)比阴性者年龄(52.9±18.7)年轻(P<0.05);女性就诊者中,筛查为阳性人群的比例为66.3%(P<0.01).结论:广州地区综合医院门诊就诊病人较多存在抑郁,焦虑障碍情绪,同时,中青年患者和女性患者是抑郁,焦虑障碍情绪出现的高发人群.     

综合医院就诊者中焦虑障碍的检出率

目的:了解综合性医疗机构中门诊就诊者焦虑障碍的检出率及其分布特点,为提高临床诊疗中以人为整体的诊治理念,强化非精神专科诊疗中对焦虑障碍的识别和治疗提供依据。方法:多中心横断面设计,以分别代表中国北部、东部、南部、西部和中部的5个城市(北京、上海、广州、成都和长沙),每个城市各3家,共15家三级甲等综合医院的心血管科、消化科、神经科和妇科的门诊为研究点。有8487例综合医院门诊就诊者完成调查。采用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)筛查,同时完成Sheehan失能量表(SDS),记录主诉和就诊医生的诊疗意见。筛查≥8分的阳性者用简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)作诊断评估,按DSM-IV标准做出各种焦虑障碍的诊断。诊断阳性者做抑郁自评量表(QIDS-SR16)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)评估症状严重程度。结果:经失访校正后,MINI诊断的焦虑障碍的检出率8.6%,抑郁和焦虑共病的检出率4.1%;亚型中以广泛性焦虑障碍检出率最高(4.2%)。焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍之间的共病比例(49.4%)以及焦虑障碍亚型间共病比例(56.0%)较高。有共病者的SAS和QIDS-SR16评分均高于单一焦虑诊断者(P0.001),且SDS的3个条目分均高于单一焦虑诊断者(均P0.05)。神经内科的焦虑障碍检出率最高(11.7%),其次是消化内科(9.4%)和心血管内科(7.8%),妇科最低(5.4%)。女性焦虑障碍的现患和终身检出率均高于男性。结论:焦虑障碍是综合医院就诊者中的常见问题,各种焦虑障碍亚型之间,以及焦虑与抑郁障碍的共病非常普遍且共病者病情更重。     

综合医院内科与中医科门诊抑郁障碍患病率比较

目的调查沈阳市不同级别综合医院内科和中医科门诊病人抑郁障碍的患病率。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法抽取沈阳市23家综合医院进行调查,共调查7448例年龄?15岁的内科和中医科门诊病人。调查员在门诊于病人就诊前使用扩展的一般健康问卷(GHQ-12)为筛查工具,将病人分为精神疾病高、中、低危险组,然后由精神科医生使用DSM-Ⅳ定式临床检查(SCID-I/P)对高、中、低危险组100%、40%、10%的调查对象进行SCID诊断。结果沈阳市综合医院内科门诊任何抑郁障碍的总现患率为11.01%(95%CI10.05%-12.06%),中医科抑郁障碍患病率为16.22%(95%CI13.23%-19.87%),高于内科门诊抑郁障碍患病率,RR值为0.68。结论沈阳市综合医院中医科门诊抑郁障碍患病率高于内科门诊,应该更加关注中医科就诊患者的抑郁障碍问题。     

综合医院精神科门诊就诊者心理健康状况调查分析

目的探讨综合医院精神科门诊就诊者心理健康状况。方法首先就664例就诊者的职业性别构成和病种构成进行分析;使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对就诊者进行评定,将就诊者分为有诊断有问题组、有诊断无问题组、无诊断有问题组和无诊断无问题组,并将就诊者的SCL-90得分情况与中国成人常模比较。结果综合医院精神科门诊就诊者女性多于男性,就诊比例较多的依次为退休人员、待业人员、学生、工人和教师。疾病分布以抑郁障碍、焦虑障碍、精神分裂症、躯体化障碍、双向情感障碍为多见。就诊者的SCL-90评分总分、总均分、阳性项目数和各因子分均高于常模(P0.05)。68.37%就诊前有诊断者SCL-90各条目均高于常模,尽管31.63%就诊前有诊断者各因子分均在正常范围内,但他们的量表总分和阳性项目数均高于常模;62.61%的就诊前无诊断者SCL-90总分、总均分、阳性项目数和各因子分均高于常模。就诊者中心理健康状况异常与正常者分别为73.64%与26.36%。结论综合医院精神科门诊就诊者多数为心理健康状况异常者,超过1/4的就诊者心理健康状况正常。     

门诊抑郁障碍患者的性功能状况

目的:了解抑郁障碍、抗抑郁治疗对抑郁障碍患者性功能的影响以及精神科医生对抑郁障碍患者性功能状况的认识和处理。方法:本研究为多中心回顾性调查,选择9所大学附属医院精神专科或综合医院精神科门诊精神科医生200名和符合美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)抑郁障碍诊断标准的患者171例,采用自编调查问卷分别调查精神科医生对抑郁障碍患者性功能状况的认识和处理,以及回顾性研究患者在正常状态、未治疗抑郁状态和抗抑郁药治疗后的性功能状况。结果:共有147例患者进入分析。患抑郁障碍后,患者性反应周期的各环节(除男性射精不适)均表现出功能明显下降,包括性渴望障碍(性欲低下、性厌恶),女性性唤醒障碍和男性的勃起功能障碍,高潮抑制、性交不适(女性)以及性关系满足感下降。经过抗抑郁治疗后,患者自评疾病严重度改善53.7%,但是性功能水平持续处于低功能状态,仅女性"性关系满足感"改善有统计学意义。男性患者抑郁障碍的发作次数≥2是正常状态下射精困难的危险因素(B=1.983,P=0.043),患病后思考能力下降是射精困难的保护性因素(B=-1.878,P=0.027);女性患者抑郁障碍的发作次数≥2是正常状态下阴道润滑障碍的危险因素(B=0.864,P=0.011),患病后入睡困难是性交满意度下降的危险因素(B=-0.965,P=0.007)。未发现不同治疗之间性功能的差异。79.5%的医生认为性功能方面的问题对抑郁障碍的治疗有重要的影响,分别有73.8%或77.5%的医生从不或偶尔询问患者的性功能状况或性功能方面的要求。结论:抑郁障碍患者的性功能问题常见,多数医生对这一问题的认识和处理远远不足,可能会影响到医生对患者的治疗选择以及患者对治疗依从性。     

妇科门诊患者的精神障碍患病率调查

目的：调查综合医院妇科门诊精神障碍的患病率情况。方法：在一所综合医院的妇科门诊连续收集1626名就诊者，应用《问题导向的患者报告》进行筛查。按筛查阳性阴性各半收集其中198名就诊者，由两名精神科医师采用《简明国际神经精神检查》进行精神状况检查，并根据标准DSM-IV做出精神科诊断。结果：妇科门诊就诊患者精神障碍患病率为38％，符合两种精神障碍者为6％。各精神疾病障碍中的患病率较高的为：广泛性焦虑障碍7．38％，抑郁障碍8．76％，躯体化障碍8．40％，心境恶劣7．64％。依据DSM-IV附录条目发现的经前情绪障碍为2．85％，自杀问题（包括自杀意念或自杀未遂）5．71％。结论：妇科门诊患者的精神障碍患病率高，并且以抑郁、焦虑、躯体化等障碍和自杀问题多见。     

综合医院非精神/心理科门诊焦虑障碍现况调查

目的:调查综合医院非精神/心理科门诊患者焦虑障碍的检出率及其危险因素。方法:采用分层抽样方法,应用复合性国际诊断交谈表(CIDI-3.0)对北京、西安、广州3城市3级别的9家综合医院非精神科门诊≥15岁的1083例患者进行筛查与诊断,调查综合医院非精神科门诊焦虑障碍的检出率,并分析焦虑障碍发生的危险因素。结果:共检出焦虑障碍患者82例,检出率为7.6%,其中合并特殊恐惧症(3.2%)和强迫症(2.8%)较多见。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示内科就诊(OR=1.93)、年龄15～39岁(OR=2.56)、受教育年限≤6年(OR=3.38)的患者更易患焦虑障碍。结论:综合医院非精神科门诊患者中合并焦虑障碍多见,年轻、受教育程度低可能为焦虑障碍的危险因素,内科患者较多合并有焦虑障碍。     

门诊焦虑障碍患者的成人依恋类型研究

目的:探索精神科门诊焦虑障碍患者的成人依恋类型特点.方法:对符合简要国际神经精神科访谈工具(MINI)中文版诊断的123名焦虑障碍患者和123名健康人予以亲密关系体验问卷中文版修订版(ECR-R)、状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)测试.结果:①焦虑障碍组不安全依恋类型比例(57％)、ECR-R焦虑维度、回避维度及STAI分值显著高于正常对照组.②不安全依恋类型者罹患焦虑障碍的风险是安全型的4.88倍,其中恐惧型风险最大,是安全型的15.02倍,迷恋型者是4.38倍,淡漠型是3.76倍.③不同依恋类型的焦虑障碍患者STAI分值差异显著,其中恐惧型患者的焦虑水平最高.病例组安全型被试的STAI分值显著高于对照组安全型.结论:焦虑障碍患者中不安全依恋类型占多数,不安全依恋类型是罹患焦虑障碍的重要危险因素,其中恐惧型的风险最大.     

河北省抑郁症患者药物治疗的现况调查

目的了解河北省抑郁障碍患者精神药物的治疗现状。方法使用自制调查问卷,按一定的抽样比例,选择河北省37家专科医院或综合医院精神科进行调查。结果1共调查住院和门诊抑郁障碍病人223例;单一药物治疗97例(43.5%),联合2种及其以上药物治疗124例(55.6%),未用药2例(0.9%);2门诊患者帕罗西汀的使用频度明显高于住院患者(P0.01),其它药物在门诊与住院患者的使用中没有明显差异;三环类抗抑郁剂多虑平、阿米替林住院患者用药剂量明显高于门诊患者(P0.05,P0.01);3合并使用苯二氮类药113例(50.7%),使用频率依次为阿普唑仑、氯硝西泮、劳拉西泮、艾司唑仑;使用剂量在正常范围,持续时间超过60天者占30.8%(43/140);4伴精神病性症状的抑郁症37例(16.6%),伴精神病性症状者治疗多合并精神药物73.0%(27/37)。结论河北省抑郁障碍治疗基本合理,但应注意减少合并用药及缩短苯二氮卓类药物使用时间。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.