电焊烟尘及噪声联合致作业工人听力损伤作用

目的 评价电焊烟尘与噪声联合作用致作业工人听力损伤的情况.方法 分别对电焊烟尘与噪声联合暴露组、单纯噪声暴露组和对照组作业工人气导听力进行测试.结果 联合组听力损伤总检出率为61.54%,其中高频、语频、Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及以上听力损伤率分别为60.00%,35.38%,16.92%,23.08%和20.00%.联合组听力异常率明显高于单纯噪声组和对照组(P<0.05),高频、语频、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级及Ⅲ级以上听力损伤率均较噪声组、对照组明显升高(P<0.05).各组不同频率的听阈均值比较,联合组的0.5,1,2,3,4和6 kHz听阈值分别为(22.98±6.28),(21.38±7.88),(22.04±10.19),(26.55±16.69),(31.52±18.86)和(33.75±19.71)dB(A),均高于噪声组、对照组(P<0.05).结论 电焊烟尘与噪声联合暴露可加重作业工人听力损伤.     

听力损伤的累积噪声暴露阈值研究

目的根据不同累积噪声暴露量与工人语频听力损伤发生率间的关系,探讨和评价引起职业性听力损失的临界累积噪声暴露阈值.方法应用Logistic回归模型分析1 435名不同累积噪声暴露强度的听阈数据.结果语频损伤和高频损失发生率随暴露水平而增高;累积噪声暴露量与语频损伤发生率的Logistic回归分析显示,听阈水平随累积噪声暴露量增高而上升并有明显相关性;预测模型显示语频损伤的临界累积噪声暴露阈值为100dB(A).结论听力损伤的临界累积噪声暴露阈值100dB(A)与我国现执行的噪声卫生标准具有一致性,可探讨作为对个体职业噪声暴露危害程度警告的阈值指标.     

噪声作业场所环境危险因素对噪声性听力损失的影响

目的 探讨噪声作业场所除噪声外其他环境危险因素对个体听力损失的影响,从环境因素出发寻找噪声性听力损失(NIHL)的高危易感人群.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选择南方某市某大型空调生产企业连续性噪声暴露强度在75～120 dB范围内2400名作业工人为研究对象,比较同一噪声暴露组内噪声作业人员的左耳3000 Hz频段听阈位移情况,筛选出听阈位移最大的10%个体作为本研究的易感人群组,共202例;听阈位移最小的10%个体作为耐受人群组,共204例.并对两组人群进行作业场所职业卫生调查和问卷调查,通过单因素和多因素分析环境因素对噪声性听力损失的影响.结果 单因素logistic回归分析发现,噪声作业人员中吸烟、饮酒、工作接触有机溶剂、接触重金属、接触高温、接触粉尘人群是NIHL的高危易感人群.进一步的多因素分析发现,仅工作过程中接触高温是NIHL的高危因素,噪声暴露中同时接触高温的NIHL危险度是单纯噪声暴露的1.804倍(95%CI:1.101～2.958).结论 噪声作业同时有高温暴露的人群是NIHL的高危易感人群.     

强噪声环境下作业工人听力状况分析

目的为了解某集装箱厂环境噪声强度和作业工人的听力状况。方法对该厂噪声环境进行监测。用纯音听力计检查接触组100名工人和对照组103名工人的听力并分析检查结果。结果2007年所有环境噪声监测点均超标。接触组工人的双耳听力损伤基本一致，从听阈提高耳数的检出率、听阈的平均值与对照组比较，明显高于对照组（2000～6000Hz）（P〈0．01），左右耳在4kHz的听阈平均值最高[左耳（31．80±1．12）dB，右耳（32．05±1．17）dB]。结论该集装箱厂生产过程的噪声对工人听力有影响，作业工人双耳在4kHz范围的听力损伤最大。厂方应加强改善噪声环境和对工人耳部的防护。     

噪声联合金属粉尘暴露对听力损伤的影响分析

目的为了解噪声联合金属粉尘暴露对作业工人听力损伤的影响,特对噪声作业工人和噪声联合金属粉尘作业工人听力损伤情况进行调查分析。方法选择某大型汽车制造企业冲压车间噪声作业人员105人为噪声接触组,噪声和金属粉尘作业人员135人为联合接触组,另选择从无有毒有害接触史的普通体检工人108人为对照组,对不同组纯音听阈测试异常检出率进行比较。结果噪声接触组、联合接触组纯音听阈测试异常检出率、高频4 000 Hz异常检出率均高于对照组(P0. 05),联合接触组纯音听阈测试高频4 000 Hz异常率高于噪声接触组(P0. 05)。结论噪声联合金属粉尘暴露会增加听力损伤程度,尤其是对高频4 000 Hz的损伤,在对噪声作业工人健康监护过程中应加强对噪声联合粉尘暴露人员的健康监护,以减轻噪声联合金属粉尘对人体造成的损害。     

职业性噪声暴露对新入职工人听力及心血管系统的影响

目的探讨职业性噪声暴露对新入职工人的听力、血压及心电图的影响。方法采用横断面研究方法,以2011—2014年南通市参加职业健康检查并合格的764名新入职工人为调查对象,跟踪分析该职业人群入职前和入职后2年内,先后3次职业健康检查的结果,对听力损伤、血压及心电图情况进行对比分析。结果 (1)职业性噪声暴露工人1年后双耳高频平均听阈损失[25 dB(A)]的检出率为3.40%,筛查检出4名职业禁忌证,其中1名为噪声敏感者[上岗前职业健康体检纯音听力检查各频率听力损失均≤25 dB(A),但噪声作业1年之内,高频段3 000Hz、4 000 Hz和6 000 Hz中任一耳,任一频率听阈≥65 dB(A)];职业性噪声暴露2年后双耳高频平均听阈损失[25 dB(A)]的检出率为4.87%,筛查检出1名职业禁忌证工人,1名疑似职业病工人。职业性噪声暴露工人入职后1年和2年的听力损失检出率均较入职前明显升高,其差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)职业性噪声暴露工人入职前后收缩压、舒张压以及高血压现患率在全体人群及性别分层中的变化均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)职业性噪声暴露工人入职2年后心电图检查较入职前,窦性心律失常(窦性心动过速、窦性心动过缓、窦性心律不齐)和其他异常心电图(束支传导阻滞、ST-T段改变等)检出率显著上升,其中女性工人心电图变化差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论职业性噪声暴露对新入职工人的听力损失和心血管系统有一定影响。     

沙漠油田作业工人听力损失分析

目的掌握沙漠油田作业工人听力损失状况,为采取预防措施提供依据。方法按噪声暴露分组,噪声观察组256人,对照组188人为非接触噪声人员。用常规方法测量每个工人的左右耳高频气导听阈,按GBZ 49-2007标准对听阈作年龄和性别修正,并诊断是否为听力损失,比较两组工人听力状况。结果作业现场共监测19个噪声点,其中有3个点超过国家卫生标准,超标率为15.79%;噪声强度为78~97 dB,平均（85.0±2.0）dB;噪声组中单耳听力损失罹患率为17.77%,明显高于对照组（11.44%）（χ2=6.795,P〈0.01）,且噪声组随接噪工龄延长,听力损失罹患率有增高趋势,工龄10年以上的高频听力损失明显增高,噪声组和非噪声组中,男性听力损失罹患率显著高于女性（P〈0.05）。结论提示泵工、锅炉工等工种高强度噪声引起作业人员听力损失。     

工业噪声性听力损失动物模型的构建与应用

目的构建工业噪声性听力损失动物模型。方法将50只雄性豚鼠随机分为5组,除对照组外其余4组分别予以85 dB(SPL)、95 dB(SPL)、105 dB(SPL)和115 dB(SPL)的模拟稳态工业噪声暴露28 d(6 h/d),于暴露前及暴露后7 d分别进行听性脑干反应(ABR)检测,以评价各组豚鼠噪声暴露后的听阈位移水平,暴露后取豚鼠耳蜗观察毛细胞的病理学变化。结果对照组及各噪声暴露组豚鼠听阈位移水平变化均表现出明显不同,平均听阈位移水平对照组为0.00 dB、85 dB(SPL)暴露组为6.75 dB、95 dB(SPL)暴露组为13.25 dB、105 dB(SPL)暴露组为21.50 dB、115 dB(SPL)暴露组为28.00 dB,听阈位移水平变化随着噪声暴露强度的增强而增加,不同组间差别有统计学意义(F=319.995,P=0.00);病理学观察发现耳蜗毛细胞结构随着噪声暴露强度的增加而损伤程度加重。结论模拟工业噪声性听力损失的豚鼠模型构建成功,它将为职业噪声性听力损失的发生机制及干预提供良好的研究平台。 更多还原     

个体噪声防护的职业接触人群听力损失的剂量-反应关系研究

目的准确评价工作场所中使用个体听力防护的噪声接触人群的听力损失。方法对50家企业的3 432名接触噪声工人进行纯音听力测试并对50家接触噪声企业进行职业卫生调查。结果50家噪声接触企业进行职业流行病调查显示噪声强度(92.1±4.9)dB,累积噪声暴露量(CNE)为(103.43±6.66)dB(A).年;在3 432名接触噪声作业人员的听阈检查中,高频损失1 272人(37.06%),语频损失133人(3.88%);高频和语频损失的发生率随累积噪声强度的增大而增大,其发生率与CNE存在剂量-反应关系(P<0.01)。结论高频和语频的发生率随累积噪声强度的增大而增大,呈剂量-反应关系。     

噪声暴露致听力损失评估的对比分析

目的 分析ISO 1999:2013(E)方法听力损失预测值与实际测定值相关关系,为更好的开展听力损失监测提供参考。方法 对2009—2020年十堰市某汽车生产集团7个工种1 501名男性作业工人,采用ISO 1999:2013(E)规定的方法进行听力损失预测,并按ISO 8253—1规定的测量方法对其开展纯音听阈测定。结果 研究的工种作业岗位8 h等效声级(L_{EX,8 h})平均值均超过80 dB(A),其中6个工种的作业岗位噪声强度超过国家噪声职业接触限制;预测噪声暴露12年后,研究对象不同频率会出现0～18.4 dB的听力损失;研究对象噪声暴露12年后,不同频率听力损失实际为12.3～36.5 dB;预测研究对象的高频听阈偏移值为2.8～15.2 dB,实际测定的高频听阈偏移值为26.4～32.3 dB;预测噪声聋评估值为0.5～3.7 dB,实际测定值达到了16.9～18.6 dB。随着噪声强度升高,高频听阈偏移和噪声聋预测结果和实际测定结果均逐渐增大,其预测结果及实际测定结果之间均存在显著正相关。结论 ISO 1999:2013(E)方法在预测听力损失时预...     

Gender focus of target groups for alcohol health promotion strategies in New Zealand

This paper examines issues of gender equity in relation to choice of target groups for alcohol health promotion strategies. Previous research had established a segment of male drinkers, labelled' Young Heavy-drinking men', who were an appropriate target group for alcohol health promotion activities, such as mass-media advertising. The current study used multivariate cluster analysis to identify a segment of female drinkers who might also have been considered an appropriate target group. The analysis was based on the responses of 754 New Zealand women aged 14-65 years. The identified segment, labelled 'Young Heavy-drinking Women', accounted for 12% of the female drinkers, 30% of female consumption and 54% of the problems resulting from women's own drinking. In determining whether limited resources should focus on the male or female target group, a number of issues were considered. The men's segment contained more drinker, and accounted for considerably more of the total alcohol consumption and the alcohol-related problems. They also accounted for a greater proportion of those who were interested in drinking less, and who might therefore be supported by media campaigns encouraging moderate drinking. There were some data from the survey to suggest that considerably more women were experiencing harmful effects from men's drinking, than men were from women's drinking; thus there would be some benefit to women from a focus on male drinking. It was concluded that this benefit to women, on top of the other evidence supporting a male target group, would make it difficult, on the basis of the available data, to argue for a change away from the male target group.     

手传振动与噪声联合暴露对男性作业工人心电图及血压的影响

  目的  了解手传振动及噪声联合暴露对工人心电图和血压的影响。
  方法  选取某汽车制造企业单纯接触噪声的200名作业工人为噪声暴露组,单纯接触手传振动的201名作业工人为手传振动暴露组,同时接触噪声和手传振动的199名作业工人为联合暴露组,194名厂区行政办公人员为对照组,均为男性员工。收集研究对象的基本情况和心电图以及血压测量结果,分析手传振动与噪声联合暴露对男性作业工人心电图及血压的影响。
  结果  四组人群的年龄、吸烟史、饮酒史、体质量指数差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。噪声暴露组、手传振动暴露组及联合暴露组的心电图及血压异常率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。logistic回归分析结果发现:相比对照组,噪声暴露、手传振动暴露及联合暴露人员发生心电图异常的危险性分别提升至2.542、2.426、3.405倍（P < 0.05）,发生血压异常的危险性分别提升至1.786、2.962、4.971倍（P < 0.05）。
  结论  手传振动暴露、噪声暴露、手传振动和噪声联合暴露对作业工人血压、心电图均有明显影响,而联合暴露对心电图和血压异常的影响具有协同作用。
     

中国居民饮酒行为现况

目的:了解我国居民饮酒行为现状,为国家制定相关政策和措施提供科学依据。方法:使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,分析我国城乡15岁及以上居民159117人的饮酒情况。饮酒信息的收集采用个人健康情况调查表由经过培训的调查员询问获得。结果:我国居民的现在饮酒率为21.0%,男性现在饮酒率为39.6%,明显高于女性的4.5%;城乡居民的现在饮酒率分别为20.9%、21.0%。45～59岁组饮酒率最高。现在饮酒者中18岁之前开始饮酒的比例为8.8%。39.9%的男性和29.5%的女性饮酒者每天或几乎每天饮酒。饮酒主要类型依次为白酒(50.3%)、啤酒和白酒(27.5%)、啤酒(14.1%)。男性现在饮酒者中有58.2%的人平均每次饮用白酒在100～150g,女性中有77.3%的人平均每次饮用白酒在50～100g。结论:我国居民中饮酒是一种普遍的行为,需要进一步探索影响因素,减少饮酒相关问题的发生。     

Taste responses to monosodium glutamate after alcohol exposure

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic exposure to alcohol on taste responses to a prototypic umami substance, monosodium glutamate (MSG). METHODS: The rated intensity and pleasantness of MSG taste (0.03-10.0%) was compared in chronic male alcoholics (n = 35) and control subjects (n = 25). In a separate experiment, the effects of acute exposure of the oral mucosa to ethanol rinse (0.5-4.0%) on MSG taste (0.3-3.0%) were studied in 10 social drinkers. RESULTS: The alcoholic and control group did not differ in terms of the rated intensity and pleasantness of MSG taste. Electrogustometric thresholds were significantly (P < 0.01) higher, i.e. worse, in the alcohol-dependent subjects. The difference remained significant after controlling for between-group differences in cigarette smoking and coffee drinking. Rinsing with ethanol did not alter either intensity or pleasantness of MSG taste in social drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that: (i) neither acute nor chronic alcohol exposure modifies taste responses to MSG; (ii) alcohol dependence may be associated with deficit in threshold taste reactivity, as assessed by electrogustometry.     

硝基氯苯及饮酒对人体的慢性危害

[目的 ]探讨长期在较低空气浓度时 ,硝基氯苯对人体损害及饮酒因素的影响。 [方法 ]分析比较接毒饮酒组 (12 2例 )、接毒不饮酒组 (2 2 8例 )及对照组 (2 46例 )各种自觉症状、体征、肝功能、高铁血红蛋白 (MHb)定量、Heinz小体及血、尿常规异常情况。 [结果 ]接毒组自觉症状、体征、肝功能异常及MHb定量均显著高于对照组 ,乏力、上腹不适、恶心、食欲减退明显高于接毒不饮酒组 ,且肝功能异常率更高 (P <0 0 0 5 )。 [结论 ]硝基氯苯在低空气浓度对人体仍有损害 ,饮酒对肝脏有增毒作用 ,MHb可作为生物监测指标 ,其限值有待研究     

某农机厂噪声作业男工健康状况的动态分析

目的调查分析职业性噪声对工人心血管系统的动态影响。方法以常州某农机厂150名接触噪声的作业男工为噪声组,以企业行政、后勤及不接触噪声男工125人为对照组。采用现场环境噪声测试和班前班后职业性健康检查等方法进行调查研究,比较其血压、心率、心电图的变化情况。结果噪声组班前班后动态收缩压改变差异有统计学意义(P0.05),噪声组与对照组班前收缩压、舒张压、心率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论噪声对作业工人的动态血压、脉率、心电图有一定影响,需进一步采取措施预防。     

Occupational exposure to toluene: neurotoxic effects with special emphasis on drinking habits

Summary Neurotoxic effects of toluene were examined in 43 male rotogravure printers exposed to toluene (age 27–63, mean 41 years; duration of exposure 11–40, mean 22 years) and 31 male offset printers of the same age with slight exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons. A neurological examination, tests for autonomic nervous function, electroencephalography, psychological tests and computerized tomography of the brain were carried out in addition to a standardized interview. Exposure levels were evaluated for each person separately on the basis of his work history and the results of an earlier study on exposure levels at the same printing shops. Besides a thorough history of alcohol consumption, information about the printers' drinking habits was obtained from the occupational health care centers of the printing shops. The examinations found only slight abnormalities, and there were no statistically significant group differences in the prevalences of abnormalities. No correlations between the abnormalities and the exposure indices were found either. One of the retired workers, however, who had been exposed to high toluene concentrations for over 40 years, had been diagnosed as having chronic organic solvent intoxication. Heavy drinkers of alcohol were clearly more common in the toluene-exposed group. This study detected no clinically significant abnormalities attributable to toluene alone among workers exposed to 68–185 ppm (mean 117) of toluene for over 10 years. The connection between alcohol consumption and toluene exposure is interesting and deserves further study.     

中国2012年18~59岁就业流动人口饮酒现状分析

目的 了解我国18~59岁就业流动人口的饮酒行为和模式。方法 2012年在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团的170个县(区、团),按行业分层多阶段整群抽取≥18岁流动人口作为样本,分析流动人口调查前12个月饮酒状况。结果 共有48 697名样本人群纳入分析。调查前12个月饮酒率为51.7%(男性为71.9%,女性为24.7%)。饮酒者中男性每周饮酒率和日均酒精摄入量分别为53.9%和18.7 g,女性分别为16.7%和4.1 g。饮酒者每周饮酒率随年龄增加而升高(P<0.01),随文化程度提高而降低(P<0.01)。男性饮酒者日均酒精摄入量随年龄增加而升高(P<0.01),随文化程度提高而降低(P<0.01)。过量饮酒、危险饮酒和有害饮酒流行率在男性饮酒者中分别为23.6%、6.6%和6.9%,在女性饮酒者中分别为6.3%、2.3%和1.5%。在男性饮酒者中,过量饮酒、危险饮酒和有害饮酒流行率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01),随文化程度提高而降低(P<0.01)。男性和女性饮酒者过去12个月发生豪饮行为的比例分别为71.2%和33.1%。在男性饮酒者中,豪饮行为的频率分布在不同年龄、文化程度及行业间的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。各行业中,从事建筑业的男性饮酒者每周饮酒率、日均酒精摄入量、过量饮酒、有害饮酒和豪饮流行率均为最高。结论 我国流动人口饮酒行为普遍,性别差别较大;不良饮酒行为在男性饮酒者中存在明显的年龄、文化程度和行业差异。     

Association between job stressors and heavy drinking: age differences in male Japanese workers

The objective of the present study is to investigate the association between various occupational stressors and heavy drinking among male Japanese workers in different age groups. Using the Generic Job Stress Questionnaire, 13 occupational stressors and 2 workplace support indicators were assessed. The questionnaire survey was conducted of 25,104 workers, and the present study analyzed the data from 17,501 male workers. Heavy drinking was defined as weekly alcohol consumption of >275 g, and a total of 1,131 men (6.5%) were classified as heavy drinkers. After adjusting for shift work, occupational class, marital status and smoking, heavy drinking was related to "support from supervisor" for the 18-29 and 50-72 yr-old groups. For the 30-39 yr-old group, heavy drinking was related to "intragroup conflict", "job control" and "cognitive demands." For the 40-49 yr-old group, heavy drinking was related to "physical environment", "quantitative workload" and "underutilization of abilities." The present study clarified that certain occupational stressors relate to heavy drinking, and that this association varies among different age groups.