积极心理团体辅导对大学生抑郁症状的干预效果评价

探讨以积极心理学理论为导向的团体心理辅导对大学生抑郁症状的影响,为高校开展健康心理辅导和干预工作提供参考.方法 在江西省某高校1 870名大学生中筛查出56名可能有抑郁症状的大学生,以团体辅导的形式对其进行干预,采用实验组和对照组前后测试及追踪测试的实验设计,以综合幸福问卷(MHQ)、抑郁症自评量表(SDS)、心理韧性量表(CD-RISC)为评估工具,最终完成所有实验内容的大学生为45名.结果 团体辅导干预后,实验组综合幸福感得分生活满意因子提升了0.22,正性情感提升了3.86,自我价值提升了0.40,友好关系提升了1.59,幸福体验提升了1.34.抑郁水平由前测的(59.91±2.35)分降至后测的(53.36±2.84)分,心理韧性水平由前测的(57.22±2.59)分提升到后测的(59.50±2.42)分,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为8.44,-3.05,P值均<0.05);追踪评估结果显示团体辅导结束3个月后,效果依然存在.结论 积极心理团体辅导对抑郁倾向大学生心理健康状况有一定程度的改善作用,可以提高心理韧性和幸福感指数.     

朋辈团体心理辅导对大学生社交焦虑的干预效果评价

探索朋辈团体心理辅导在改善大学生社交焦虑方面的效果,为高校心理健康工作提供依据.方法 通过招募量表和访谈法在重庆师范大学共筛选42名大学生作为实验对象,采用实验组、对照组前后测实验设计,对实验组(n=21)进行5次结构化、封闭式的朋辈团体心理辅导,对照组(n=21)不接受任何处理.采用交往焦虑量表(IAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和自尊量表(SES)进行干预过程评估,采用自编问卷对干预活动进行效果评价.结果 实验组在干预后交往焦虑及抑郁症状低于对照组,同时自尊水平提高(t值分别为4.01,3.53,-2.55,P值均<0.05).实验组在第1次团辅后抑郁症状明显改善,第2次团辅后自尊水平明显提高,第3次团辅后交往焦虑明显下降,这些改善一直持续到团辅结束(F值分别为12.77,16.36,11.96,P值均<0.01).实验组成员对团辅过程的评价平均得分为4.74,显著超过理论中位数3(t=14.26,P<0.01).结论 朋辈团体心理辅导降低了社交焦虑和抑郁的水平,提高了个体的自尊水平,符合大学生的心理需要,具有改善大学生社交焦虑的重要作用.     

团体心理辅导对大学生社交恐惧症状的影响

目的:通过团体心理辅导改善大学生的社交恐惧水平.方法:对淮阴工学院36名大学生进行了8次系列团体辅导,在辅导前后利用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、社交回避及苦恼量表(SAD)和自尊量表(SES)对实验组和控制组进行前测和后测,并对两组的得分差异进行显著性检验.结果:团体辅导前实验组与控制组成员在社会支持评定、社会回避及苦恼、抑郁自评和自尊得分等方面显著性高于控制组(P＜0.01),实验组在实验前后在社会回避及苦恼、自尊量表上的得分差异具有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);团体心理辅导后实验组和控制组被调查者在社会支持评定、生活事件总应激、社会回避及苦恼、抑郁自评、焦虑自评和自尊等量表上的得分差异均不具有统计学意义.结论:团体辅导可以有效改善大学生的社交恐惧状况,有利于心理健康水平的提升.     

团体训练对大学生抑郁情绪的干预效果评价

目的评价团体训练对大学生抑郁情绪的干预效果,探索高校开展团体训练的有效形式。方法采用实验组与对照组前后测准实验设计,选取40名有抑郁情绪的大学生进行为期7周的认知应对团体训练,以抑郁自评量表(SDS)、归因方式问卷(ASQ)和简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)为测量工具,在团体训练实施前、后1周对被试者进行测量,并在6个月后再次进行SDS回访测量。结果①实验组干预后抑郁得分有明显改善,前测(60.54±8.34)分,后测(49.64±8.66)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.44,P=0.003);对照组前测得分(48.82±13.04)分,后测得分(51.63±11.42)分,差异无统计学意义(t=0.65,P=0.552)。②实验组干预后应对方式有改善,积极应对得分前测(1.63±0.48)分,后测(2.08±0.37)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.90,P=0.001),对照组前后两次应对方式的测评得分差异均无统计学意义。③实验组干预前后词频自评与自信心评价均有较大改善。④6个月后回访显示干预效果保持良好。⑤实验组干预前后抑郁程度分布情况发生改变,干预后抑郁程度均有所降低。结论团体训练对大学生抑郁情绪干预效果比...     

离异家庭大学生心理健康与个性改善团体辅导效果评价

目的探索团体辅导改善离异大学生心理健康水平以及改善个性特征的效果,为提高相关人群的心理健康水平与幸福感水平提供依据。方法从某高校327名离异家庭大学生中选择32名作为实验组,32名作为控制组1(无干预组);另外选取32名正常家庭大学生作为控制组2(完整家庭组)。分别对3组进行统一的实验前测,之后对实验组进行8周8次的系统团体辅导,并于团体辅导结束后进行后测。结果离异干预组大学生进行团体辅导后,心理健康水平得到显著提高,与无干预组得分差异有统计学意义,躯体化,人际关系敏感、抑郁、敌对、偏执改善最为显著,并且大部分都达到正常水平;EPQ中的神经质和精神质也得到显著的改善,与无干预组差异达到统计学水平,但是与完整家庭大学生的得分差异仍有统计学意义。结论团体辅导对离异家庭大学生心理健康水平的提高有显著的效果,对个性的改善有一定的作用但效果有限。     

团体心理辅导对大学生人际交往影响的效果评价

目的探讨团体心理辅导对大学生人际交往的影响,为大学生心理健康教育及高校团体心理辅导工作提供指导。方法设置A组(实验组)、B组(实验组)和C组(控制组)大学生各8名,进行8次为期8周的团体心理辅导(其中A组邀请2名榜样参与),干预前后分别评估各组大学生的社会回避与苦恼、自尊水平。结果接受团体心理辅导后,A组、B组的大学生在社会回避与苦恼、社会回避、焦虑、自尊上均有显著变化,在社会回避与苦恼、自尊得分上2组差异有统计学意义。结论团体心理辅导对提高大学生人际关系交往能力有短期效果;团体心理辅导中的观察学习,有助于成员形成积极的交往品质。     

团体心理辅导对耐多药结核病患者的抑郁症状干预效果

目的评价团体心理辅导方式对耐多药肺结核(MDR-TB)患者心理干预的效果,为促进耐多药结核病患者心理健康提供依据。方法对武汉市全球基金耐多药结核病防治领域2013—2014年纳入治疗的128例MDR-TB患者,使用Zung抑郁自评量表(Self-rating Depression Scale,SDS)进行面对面问卷调查,筛选出61例有抑郁症状者为研究对象,将研究对象分成干预组(n=30)和对照组(n=31),干预组进行团体心理辅导8次,对照组不接受心理干预,比较干预前后调查数据。结果两组研究对象在干预前评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。团体心理辅导后,干预组抑郁评分较干预前下降(48.17±5.10vs61.00±2.08),差异有统计学意义(t=12.58,P<0.001),对照组抑郁评分干预前后比较差异无统计学意义(61.99±3.64vs60.64±3.18,t=1.23,P>0.05)。结论实施团体心理辅导可降低耐多药肺结核患者抑郁症状水平,对提高患者的治疗依从性具有重要意义。     

运用团体心理咨询方法改善大学生抑郁情绪的调查研究

目的探索运用团体心理咨询的方法、改善或缓解大学生抑郁情绪的有效性,促进其心理健康成长。方法从浙江医学高等专科学校、金华职业技术学院医学院学生中共抽取40人作为团体成员,进行为期一个半月的团体心理咨询,以田纳西自我概念量表、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、抑郁量表(SDS)为评估工具,在实验前、后对团体成员进行测查。结果团体咨询后:(1)团体成员SDS总分下降,与咨询前比较差异非常显著(P<0.01)。(2)E(外倾)分(50.83±8.91)高于咨询前(47.32±7.50),P(精神质)分(44.15±5.26)低于咨询前(46.33±7.24),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。(3)SDS、田纳西自我概念两种量表的相关性分析表明,TSCS的9个正向因子与SDS的总分均呈负相关,TSCS的负向因子(“自我批评”因子)与SDS总分呈正相关,且自我概念与抑郁在总体上属于较高相关(P<0.01)。结论通过团体心理咨询的方式纠正大学生自我概念上的认知偏差,建立积极的自我评价,在短期内能有效改善或缓解大学生的抑郁情绪。     

人际交往团体辅导改善大学生抑郁状况效果评价

目的探讨人际交往团体辅导对改善大学生抑郁状况的作用，为有效开展高校心理健康教育工作提供参考。方法采用问卷调查和实验研究方法，选择50名高抑郁体验和低自我概念的大学生，随机分成人际交往团体辅导、户外运动和对照等3个组，进行10周的干预研究。结果人际交往团体辅导和户外运动对大学生抑郁体验水平的改变作用明显，但人际交往团体辅导作用更大，对于提高大学生的自我概念、礼会支持领悟水平和降低抑郇体验作用肯定。结论人际交往团体辅导可以改善大学生抑郁状况。     

运动结合团体心理辅导对大学生手机成瘾的干预效果评价

  目的  探讨运动结合团体心理辅导对智能手机成瘾大学生心理渴求、成瘾程度及共患抑郁、焦虑程度的干预效果,为改善大学生智能手机成瘾问题提供科学、有效、可行的路径。  方法  采用分层随机整群抽样方法选取信阳职业技术学院1 678名大一和大二学生,将其中148名智能手机成瘾者随机分为3组(运动组49名、团体心理辅导组50名、运动+团体辅导组49名)。采用大学生智能手机成瘾量表(Smartphone Addiction Scvale, SAS-C)评价成瘾程度;视觉模拟评分法(Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)评定心理渴求程度;汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Scale, HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HAMA)评价焦虑、抑郁程度。所有量表均分别于干预前、干预后、干预后3个月各评定1次。  结果  干预后、干预后3个月与干预前比较,3组对象的SAS-C、VAS、HAMD、HAMA得分均随着时间的延长呈降低趋势(F值分别为36.05,38.54,37.27,39.27,P值均 < 0.01),相同时间点的评分均为运动+团体辅导组最低,团体辅导组次之,运动组最高(F值分别为34.33,32.36,32.34,34.96,P值均 < 0.01)。3组对象在干预3个月后仍有抑郁和焦虑症状。  结论  运动、团体心理辅导、运动+团体辅导均可不同程度地抑制智能手机成瘾者心理渴求和成瘾及共患抑郁、焦虑程度,运动+团体辅导组抑制效果最好,团体辅导组次之,运动组较差。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.