CT引导上腹下神经丛联合腹腔神经丛毁损治疗晚期盆腔癌痛的可行性

CT引导上腹下神经丛毁损术常用于缓解晚期恶性盆腔肿瘤引起的顽固性疼痛,其即时有效率约为70%[1-2].盆腔恶性肿瘤晚期常出现广泛的腹、盆腔转移,从而使得来自腹、盆腔内脏的伤害性神经冲动不能被单一的上腹下神经丛毁损术所阻断.支配肝脏、胰腺、脾、肾、小肠和肾上腺等腹部内脏的自主神经纤维起源于腹腔神经丛.研究表明,腹腔神经丛毁损可有效减轻上腹部恶性肿瘤患者的癌痛[3-4].本研究拟评价CT引导上腹下神经丛联合腹腔神经丛毁损治疗晚期盆腔肿瘤患者癌痛的可行性.     

术中腹腔神经丛阻滞术对不能切除的胰腺癌疼痛减轻及生活质量的影响

目的对不能切除的胰腺癌行姑息手术的同时行无水酒精腹腔神经丛阻滞术,观察其镇痛效果、并发症及对生活质量的影响。方法选取122例肿块不能切除、伴消化道梗阻、腹部和/或腰背部癌性疼痛的胰腺癌患者,其中姑息手术加腹腔神经丛阻滞术80例患者归为A组,仅行姑息手术42例患者归为B组,比较两组术后疼痛缓解情况、临床受益反应及术后不良反应。结果A与B组术后2周疼痛完全缓解率分别为52.5%和11.9%,总有效率分别为96%和47.6%;半年疼痛完全缓解率分别为20.7%和0%,总有效率分别为68.9%和11.1%;两者在术后各时间点(2周、1个月、3个月、6个月)之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组治疗前后KPS评分比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.864,P<0.05),两组治疗前后KPS评分差值比较亦有统计学意义(t=5.326,P<0.05)。术后两组无严重并发症和手术死亡。结论经腹行腹腔神经丛阻滞术具有直视下定位准确、疼痛缓解满意、安全程度高等优点,能有效改善患者的生活质量。     

乙醇腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗上腹部癌痛的临床观察

目的比较不同浓度乙醇腹腔神经丛阻滞对晚期上腹部癌性疼痛患者的镇痛效果。方法96例晚期上腹部癌痛患者随机均分为75%乙醇组(A组)、无水乙醇组(B组)和50%乙醇组(C组),在X线引导下实施背侧入路经皮腹腔神经丛阻滞术,分别注入15ml乙醇。镇痛效果分为0～Ⅲ级,分别于术后2周、1、2及3月时,观察是否需要镇痛药及采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估镇痛效果。结果术后2周、1、2及3月,腹腔神经丛神经阻滞的显效率和总有效率A组和B组均高于C组(P<0.05);而A组与B组比较,显效率和总有效率差异无显著意义。结论75%乙醇和无水乙醇经皮腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗晚期上腹部癌性疼痛是一种安全而有效的方法。     

综合治疗中晚期胰头癌38例体会

目的 探讨中晚期胰头癌综合治疗效果。方法 对我院2001年1月至2007年10月无法手术切除的38例中晚期胰头癌行高位肝胆管空肠吻合术和胃空肠吻合术，术中同时行肿瘤局部无水酒精消融和腹腔神经丛无水酒精阻滞及区域动脉置管皮下埋泵术后化疗等综合治疗（简称为综合组），并就治疗效果与同期单纯行胆肠内引流治疗（简称为单纯组）的39例病人进行对比分析。结果 综合治疗组病例未增加手术并发症，术后疼痛缓解率和肿瘤缓解率有显著性提高，综合组半年、1年、2年生存率为94．37％、51．62％和7．02％。单纯组半年、1年、2年生存率为61.8％、17．34％和0。结论 综合治疗有助于延长中晚期胰腺癌病人的生存期和减轻病人疼痛、提高病人生活质量。     

腹腔神经丛联合上腹下神经丛阻滞对顽固性腹部和（或）盆腔癌痛的作用

目的：评价腹腔神经丛联合上腹下神经丛阻滞对晚期腹部和（或）盆腔恶性肿瘤并发顽固性腹部和（或）盆腔内脏痛患者的镇痛效果。方法：对45例患者,在CT引导下后路经椎间盘旁法穿刺,用90%乙醇作为毁损剂,同时行腹腔丛和上腹下神经丛毁损术。观察毁损前和毁损后24h、1周、1个月和3个月各时段的疼痛VAS评分、吗啡控释片日用量和生活质量（QOL）评分、并发症和副作用。结果：与毁损前比较,毁损后各时段VAS评分和吗啡控释片日用量均明显降低（P〈0.05）,有13例镇痛效果满意直至去世;与术前比较,毁损后24h、1周、1个月QOL评分明显升高（P〈0.05）,第3个月时QOL评分无明显差异（P〉0.05）,未发生严重并发症和副作用。结论：在CT引导下以90%乙醇行腹腔丛联合上腹下神经丛毁损术可有效减轻晚期腹、盆腔癌症患者疼痛,减少吗啡日用量,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

改良肠系膜下神经丛毁损术治疗晚期肠癌患者癌痛的效果

肠系膜下神经丛毁损术是治疗左半结肠和直肠上段肿瘤癌痛的常用方法.传统神经丛毁损方法是经椎旁后入路穿刺,即选择L_3棘突左侧旁开7 cm作为穿刺点,穿刺针到达L_3椎体前缘前2 cm或经L_(3,4)椎间盘(外侧)沿腹主动脉达其前缘,此穿刺路径较长,易误伤腹主动脉及神经根.本研究拟经蛛网膜下腔及L_(3,4)椎间盘入路行肠系膜下神经丛毁损,治疗晚期肠癌患者癌痛,评价其效果.     

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内脏大神经切断术常用于治疗难以控制的胰源性顽固性疼痛 ,包括晚期胰腺癌、慢性胰腺炎、胰管结石和胰腺囊肿等引起的疼痛。对一些少见的上腹部腹膜后肿瘤引起的顽固性上腹部和腰背痛 ,也有较好的止痛效果。这些疾病引起的疼痛往往呈进行性加重 ,需严重依赖止痛药物 ,甚至止痛药成瘾。　　胰腺的神经支配主要有 :(1)交感神经部分 :来自腹腔神经丛及其它神经伴随动脉走行的纤维 ;(2 )胰头丛 :来自腹腔神经节和肠系膜上丛 ;(3)来自左腹腔神经节的纤维分布于胰尾。胰腺的痛觉纤维位于交感神经内 ,经胰头丛、胰支及腹腔神经丛随内脏大神经、内脏…     

腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗上腹部癌性疼痛的护理

目的:总结24例腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗上腹部癌痛的疗效观察和护理经验.方法:在CT引导下准确将穿刺针刺入腹腔神经丛,注入无水乙醇等药物,对腹腔神经丛进行单点或多点化学消融,以达到破坏腹腔神经丛,阻断其对疼痛的传导.结果:本组腹腔神经丛阻滞术对癌性上腹痛治疗两周后总有效率100%,3个月下降到87.5%.结论:腹腔神经丛阻滞术是一种微创、安全、效果显著的方法,为癌痛病人解除了痛苦,提高了生活质量.     

上腹下神经丛毁损对盆腔癌性疼痛患者的镇痛作用

盆腔恶性肿瘤患者晚期常常出现下腹部和/(或)腰骶部顽固性剧痛,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前临床治疗盆腔癌痛的方法很多,大多数癌痛患者采用药物治疗。对于经过规范的药物治疗后仍不缓解的顽固性癌痛,或因严重的副作用不能继续药物治疗的患者,需要采用除药物治疗以外的其它治疗方法。国外有报道采用上腹下神经丛毁损术治疗盆腔癌性疼痛,国内应用较少。本研究旨在观察上腹下神经丛毁损对盆腔癌性疼痛患者的镇痛作用。     

胰头癌行根治性胰十二指肠切除术神经清扫指征与技巧

胰腺癌具有嗜神经侵袭和转移特性,神经组织内癌细胞残留是胰腺癌术后复发的重要原因。然而,传统胰腺癌根治术并未重视胰腺周围神经丛的清扫。目前,对于胰头癌病人行联合胰周神经清扫的手术指征和清扫范围仍缺乏统一标准。建议对相对早期胰头癌进行联合神经清扫的胰十二指肠切除术,重点对胰头后方神经丛、肠系膜上动脉环绕270?及腹腔干右侧180?以上进行完整清扫,并推荐采用肠系膜上动脉先行游离的手术路径。     

Role of resection of the celiac plexus in the analgesic treatment of pancreatic cancers]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pain relief related to resection of the celiac plexus in pancreatic carcinoma. This technique was attempted in 26 consecutive patients and performed in 23 (feasibility: 88%), whose mean age was 64 years. Before surgery, patients were divided into two groups: patients not treated by narcotic analgesics (group 1, n = 10) and patients treated by narcotic analgesics (group II, n = 13). Surgery was indicated in 22 patients for pancreatic resection or by-pass, and in 1 patient for pain relief after an unsuccessful per-cutaneous celiac plexus block. Resection of the celiac plexus was always performed via a trans-peritoneal approach, after mobilization of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum. Only the right half of the celiac plexus was resected in 4 patients (17%) due to technical difficulties. Pathologic examination was performed in 16 patients (8 patients from each group) and neoplastic involvement was observed only in 3 patients of group II. There was no operative death. Two complications related to this method occurred (9%). One patient developed a chylous ascites and was treated conservatively. In a second patient, an occlusion of the celiac trunk was complicated by infarction of the spleen and of the left lobe of the liver; this patient was reoperated and his subsequent post-operative course was uneventful. In group I, eight patients (80%) did not require narcotic analgesics after resection of the celiac plexus. Two failures occurred, one immediately after surgery and one delayed. In group II, seven patients (53%) did not require narcotic analgesics; 6 of these 7 patients died. Six failures occurred, 4 early after surgery and 2 delayed. Three of the 4 early failures occurred in patients who underwent resection of the right half of the celiac plexus. The authors concluded that resection of the celiac plexus seems to be an effective pain treatment in pancreatic carcinoma. However, resection must be bilateral to provide analgesia. Specific morbidity of this technique may lead to the use of non-surgical methods if surgery is not indicated for pancreatic resection or by-pass.     

Efficacy of neurolytic celiac plexus block in varying locations of pancreatic cancer: influence on pain relief

BACKGROUND: Neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) is an effective way of treating severe pain in some patients with pancreatic malignancy. However, there are no studies to date that evaluate the effectiveness of NCPB related to the site of primary pancreas cancer. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of NCPB in pancreatic cancer pain, depending on the location of the pancreatic tumor. METHODS: The prospective study was conducted in 50 consecutive patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The patients were categorized into two different groups depending on tumor localization: group 1: patients with the cancer of the head of the pancreas and group 2: patients with the cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas. The qualitative and quantitative pain analyses were performed before and after NCPB. The patients underwent prognostic celiac plexus block with bupivacaine, followed by neurolysis during fluoroscopic control within the next 24 h. RESULTS: After NCPB, 37 patients (74%) had effective pain relief during the first 3 months or until death. Of the 37 patients who had effective pain relief, 33 (92%) were from group 1 and 4 (29%) were from group 2. In the remaining 13 patients (3 patients from group 1 and 10 patients from group 2), pain relief after NCPB was not satisfactory. Those patients were scheduled for repeated retrocrural neurolysis during computed tomography control. Computed tomography showed massive growth of the tumor around the celiac axis with metastases. After repeated neurolysis, pain relief clinically still was not satisfactory, necessitating additional opioid treatment. CONCLUSION: In this study, unilateral transcrural celiac plexus neurolysis has been shown to provide effective pain relief in 74% of patients with pancreatic cancer pain. Neurolysis was more effective in cases with tumor involving the head of the pancreas. In the cases with advanced tumor proliferation, regardless of the technique used, the analgesic effects of NCPB were not satisfactory.     

Efficacy of Neurolytic Celiac Plexus Block in Varying Locations of Pancreatic Cancer: Influence on Pain Relief

Background: Neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) is an effective way of treating severe pain in some patients with pancreatic malignancy. However, there are no studies to date that evaluate the effectiveness of NCPB related to the site of primary pancreas cancer. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of NCPB in pancreatic cancer pain, depending on the location of the pancreatic tumor.

Methods: The prospective study was conducted in 50 consecutive patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The patients were categorized into two different groups depending on tumor localization: group 1: patients with the cancer of the head of the pancreas and group 2: patients with the cancer of the body and tail of the pancreas. The qualitative and quantitative pain analyses were performed before and after NCPB. The patients underwent prognostic celiac plexus block with bupivacaine, followed by neurolysis during fluoroscopic control within the next 24 h.

Results: After NCPB, 37 patients (74%) had effective pain relief during the first 3 months or until death. Of the 37 patients who had effective pain relief, 33 (92%) were from group 1 and 4 (29%) were from group 2. In the remaining 13 patients (3 patients from group 1 and 10 patients from group 2), pain relief after NCPB was not satisfactory. Those patients were scheduled for repeated retrocrural neurolysis during computed tomography control. Computed tomography showed massive growth of the tumor around the celiac axis with metastases. After repeated neurolysis, pain relief clinically still was not satisfactory, necessitating additional opioid treatment.     

A comparison of intraoperative celiac plexus block with pharmacological therapy as a treatment for pain of unresectable pancreatic cancer

Background/Purpose: The efficacy of intraoperative celiac plexus block was compared with that of pharmacological therapy in the treatment of pain caused by unresectable pancreatic cancer. Methods: Twenty-one patients were included in the study: 15 patients underwent intraoperative celiac plexus block (group 1) and 6 received pharmacological therapy (group 2). The effectiveness at 1 week after treatment and from treatment to death was evaluated at follow-up by looking at mean analgesic consumption, mortality and morbidity, and any postoperative complications. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-tests. Results: One week after the operation, the analgesic consumption of 14 patients in group 1 was the same as that before treatment, and 1 patient's consumption had decreased. Pain in 4 patients in group 2 did not change, but in 2 patients it increased. Mean opioid consumption was significantly lower in group 1. Complications related to the block were transient diarrhea and hypotension (P not significant between groups). There was no operative mortality or major complication related to the block. The incidence of adverse drug-related effects, such as constipation, nausea, and vomiting, was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2. Conclusions: Intraoperative celiac plexus block made pain control possible with reduced opioid consumption, representing an effective, safe, and simple tool for the treatment of pain caused by unresectable pancreatic cancer. Received: November 16, 2001 / accepted: February 28, 2002     

外周神经阻滞在血管外科重症患者下肢手术中的应用

目的采用外周神经刺激器引导行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞,评价其在血管外科重症患者(ASA分级为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)下肢手术中的临床应用价值。方法2006年4月~2007年5月,接受下肢外周神经阻滞的血管外科病人,根据ASA分级分为2组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为普通组(C组,n=22),作为对照,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为重症组(S组,n=25)。2组都在神经刺激器引导下行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞,分析两组的麻醉效果,感觉和运动阻滞的起效时间,恢复时间,术中和术后并发症发生情况。结果组间比较,两组的麻醉效果无统计学差异(C组麻醉效果好15例,中4例,差3例;S组麻醉效果好18例,中5例,差2例;U=261.000,P=0.710)。C组68.2%(15/22)的病例,S组72.0%(18/25)的病例都可以很好地满足外科手术对麻醉的要求。组间比较,2组的感觉运动阻滞起效时间无差异(P>0.1),S组腰丛、坐骨神经的感觉和运动恢复时间长于C组(P<0.01)。C组1例术中双侧阻滞,1例术后大腿前面感觉麻木;S组1例术后腹膜后血肿。这些患者经保守治疗均痊愈出院。结论血管外科下肢手术中,ASA分级为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级的重症患者应用外周神经阻滞,可以取得和普通患者同样的麻醉效果...     

Pain management of patients with unresectable peripancreatic carcinoma

In patients with unresectable peripancreatic carcinoma, pain is generally treated with pain medication or with a celiac plexus blockade. Radiotherapy has also been reported to reduce pain. The efficacy of these treatment modalities is still under discussion. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the various types of pain management on patients who underwent palliative bypass surgery for unresectable peripancreatic carcinoma. During the period January 1995 to December 1998 a series of 98 patients underwent palliative bypass surgery, mostly for unresectable disease found during exploration. Patients were divided into three groups: palliative bypass surgery (BP), palliative bypass surgery with an intraoperative celiac plexus blockade (CPB), and palliative bypass surgery with or without celiac plexus blockade followed by high-dose conformal radiotherapy (RT). Radiotherapy was performed only in selected patients with locally advanced disease and without metastases, implying a better prognosis of the last group. The pain medication consumption, pain medication-free survival, hospital-free survival, and overall survival were analyzed. The preoperative consumption of pain medication was significantly higher in the CPB group than in the BP or RT group. The postoperative consumption of pain medication in the CPB, BP, and RT groups increased during follow-up from 15%, 17%, and 13% before surgery to 52%, 57%, and 46%, respectively, at three-fourths of the survival time (NS). This increase in consumption of pain medication was not different in the three groups. In the RT group the median pain medication-free survival was significantly longer than in the BP or CPB group (9.3 vs. 3.1 and 3.3 months; p = 0.02). The median hospital-free survival and median overall survival were significantly longer in the RT group than in the CPB group (10.3 vs. 6.8 months, p = 0.01; and 7.1 vs. 10.8 months, p = 0.01). Celiac plexus blockade as pain management did not result in an increase of the pain medication-free survival or overall survival. Therefore a positive effect of a celiac plexus blockade on pain could not be confirmed in the present study. Radiotherapy resulted in increased pain-medication survival, hospital-free survival, and overall survival compared to celiac plexus blockade. These effects are probably partly related to patient selection.     

Surgical resection after radiochemotherapy in patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

BACKGROUND: The use of chemoradiotherapy for pancreatic cancer has been advocated for its potential ability to downstage locally advanced tumors. This article reports our experience with chemoradiotherapy for patients with unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer (superior mesenteric artery or celiac axis encasement). STUDY DESIGN: Since 1998, 61 patients with radiographically unresectable, pathologically confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma have received standard fractionation radiation therapy (total dose, 45 Gy at 1.8 Gy, 5 d/wk) with chemotherapy, which included a continuous infusion of fluorouracil (5-FU: 650 mg/m(2)/D1-D5 and D21-D25) and cisplatin (80 mg/m(2)/bolus D2 and D22). Patients with tumor response at restaging CT scan underwent surgical exploration to determine whether the tumor was resectable. RESULTS: Thirty-eight of 61 (62%) restaged patients demonstrated a disease progression. Twenty-three patients (38%) had an objective response, with, in all cases, persistence of arterial encasement. Twenty-three patients underwent exploratory operations after chemoradiotherapy, and 13 underwent standard Whipple resection. So 13 of 23 (56%) patients who had exploratory operation, or 23 of 61 (21%) patients, underwent surgical resection. With a median followup of 27 months, median survival for the resected patients was 28 months. Median survival was 11 months in the nonresponder group (n = 38) and 20 months in the group who received a palliative procedure (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS: Locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma may be downstaged by chemoradiotherapy to allow for surgical resection. Patients whose cancer becomes resectable have a median survival at least comparable with survival after resection for initially resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.     

Improved reduction in pain in chronic pancreatitis with combined intraoperative celiac axis plexus block and lateral pancreaticojejunostomy

PURPOSE:Severe abdominal pain secondary to chronic pancreatitis is often multifactorial in origin. Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) is currently the accepted surgical treatment of choice when the main pancreatic duct is dilated. Chemical ablation of the celiac plexus for the treatment of intractable pain in chronic pancreatitis has been used without clear benefit. The aim of this study is to compare treatment outcomes of 2 groups of patients with the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis and intractable abdominal pain (LPJ alone versus LPJ with intraoperative alcohol celiac ablation).Between 1994 and 1997, 34 patients underwent LPJ to control intractable pain secondary to chronic pancreatitis. These patients were divided into 2 groups, group 1 was LPJ only (16 patients) and group 2 was LPJ and intraoperative celiac ablation with 50% absolute alcohol (18 patients). Preoperative diagnosis and treatment criteria were similar for both groups. The clinical characteristics and outcome of both groups were retrospectively analyzed. Fisher exact test was used for statistical analysis.Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Pain control at short- and long-term follow-up was significantly improved in group 2 compared with group 1 (p < 0.035).Intraoperative celiac ablation in addition to LPJ appears to have a better response than does LPJ alone. Even though the number of patients is small, these results provide a basis for pursuing a prospective, randomized study to definitively answer this question.     

Neurohistopathologic findings after a neurolytic celiac plexus block with alcohol in patients with pancreatic cancer pain

Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis resulting in the death of 98% of patients. Pain may be severe and difficult to treat. Management of pain includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, pharmacologic treatment, and neurolytic celiac plexus block. Recent reviews of the efficacy of neurolytic celiac plexus block however, have reached conflicting conclusions. In this paper, we present two patients with severe pancreatic cancer pain resistant to pharmacologic treatment. Analgesic effect following repeated neurolytic celiac plexus blocks with alcohol was limited in time. Post-mortem neurohistopathologic examination of the celiac plexus revealed an abnormal celiac architecture with a combination of abnormal neurons with vacuolization and normal looking neuronal structures (ganglionic structures and nerve fibers) embedded in fibrotic hyalinized tissue. Our results show that a neurolytic celiac plexus block with alcohol is capable of partially destroying the celiac plexus. These findings may explain the significant but short-lasting analgesic effect following neurolytic celiac plexus block with alcohol.