论儿科方剂配伍用药特点

小儿的生理病理特点与成人颇有差异，脏腑娇嫩，正气未充，稚阴稚阳之体。一旦发病，易寒易热，易虚易实，发展迅速，变化莫测。故古有“宁治十个男子，不愿治一妇人；宁治十个妇人，不愿治一小儿”之说。治疗用药的总体原则：一是抓住病势，及时果断、不失时机地处方用药，以阻断病势的发展，提高方药的治疗效果；二是慎用疏肝利水之品，因为小儿为纯阳之品，滥用有损伤肝肾功能之虞；三是少用或不用峻猛有毒药物，比之成人，此类药物极易伤正；     

"冬病在阴,夏病在阳,春病在阴,秋病在阳"刍议

“冬病在阴,夏病在阳,春病在阴,秋病在阳”一语,出自《素问·金匮真言论》,历代医家对此多随文训释,特别是“病在阴”“病在阳”中“阴”与“阳”的释义颇不一致。大要又有二说,一说以四时之阴阳属性,分别释为湿、风、寒、暑四时(如隋·杨上善等)。此说似可从,但如联系本论上下文而深究其义理,则有文义不和之嫌。本身原文是承上文“欲知阴中之阳,阳中之阴”之句,以阐述四时阴阳消长与人体阴阳变化的关系,强调四时五脏阴阳的整体观。故杨氏之说可谓答非所问。另一说将“冬病在阴,夏病在阳”之阴阳,以脏腑的属性予以解释,所谓“冬病在肾,夏病…     

《内经》"春夏养阳,秋冬养阴"养生观

"春夏养阳,秋冬养阴"(《素问·四气调神大论》)是《内经》重要的养生原则之一.其义是顺从四时阴阳,根据季节变化,养护阳气、阴精.具体来说可通过改变生活起居方式,调养精神状态,以达到健康长寿的目的.如今,随着现代医学及健康意识的发展和提高,"春夏养阳,秋冬养阴"亦逐渐成为当今养生、保健、治疗具有指导意义的一个命题,有着浓厚的中医学特色.     

Cancer chemopreventive effects of cycloartane-type and related triterpenoids in in vitro and in vivo models

Forty-eight natural and semisynthetic cycloartane-type and related triterpenoids have been evaluated for their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in Raji cells as a primary screening test for anti-tumor promoters. In addition, these triterpenoids have been tested for their inhibitory effects on activation of (+/-)-(E)-methtyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexemide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, as a primary screening test for anti-tumor initiators. All of the compounds tested exhibited inhibitory effects on both EBV-EA and NOR 1 activation. Six of these compounds having a C-24 hydroxylated side chain, viz., (24R)-cycloart-25-ene-3beta,24-diol (9), (24R)-cycloartane-3beta,24,25-triol (11), (24S)-cycloartane-3beta,24,25-triol (12), (24xi)-24-methylcycloartane-3beta,24,241-triol (14), (24xi)-241-methoxy-24-methylcycloartane-3beta,24-diol (15), and (24xi)-24,25-dihydroxycycloartan-3-one (27), showed higher inhibitory effects than the others tested on both EBV-EA (IC50 values of 6.1-7.4 nM) and NOR 1 activation. Furthermore, compounds 14 and 15 exhibited inhibitory effects on skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test using 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as an initiator and TPA as a promoter.     

川贝母与其他贝母类药材总生物碱和总皂苷的含量测定与比较

目的 :通过测定和比较川贝母与其他贝母类药材在总生物碱和总皂苷的含量上的区别 ,探讨建立合理的川贝母有效成分含量测定标准的途径。方法 :用两相滴定法测定各种贝母的总生物碱含量 ;用重量法测定各种贝母的总皂苷含量。结果 :测定了 4种川贝母 (2000年版《中国药典》收载品种)各3个样品和浙贝母、伊贝母和平贝母各 2个样品中总生物碱含量和总皂苷含量。结论 :川贝母的总生物碱含量在 0.05 %～0.1% ,总皂苷含量在2.0%～4.0% ;浙贝母、伊贝母和平贝母的总生物碱含量在0.1%～0.2% ,总皂苷含量在 1.0%～2.0%。这种主要成分含量的差异为解释川贝母的独特药理活性和制定合理的质量标准提供了新的思路。     

TCT和阴道镜检及组织活检在妇科肿瘤诊疗中的联合应用

目的：探讨应用TCT（液基薄层）联合阴道镜对宫颈病变进行诊断的临床意义。方法：回顾我院检查的4588例宫颈病变患者临床资料,并对其TCT报告结果为ASCUS,均应用阴道镜进行诊断后,500例患者RCI评分达到2分以上,全部患者再进行病理组织活检后统计患者符合率。结果：500例组织活检以及TCT的符合率是82.0%,其组织活检与阴道镜诊断的符合率是88.0%;应用单纯的TCT与阴道镜进行诊断相较组织活检的对照结果,其符合率具有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;而对于应用TCT达到HSIL以上以及应用阴道镜进行诊断其RCI的综合评分达到CIN I的三级以上并且阳性的患者为155例,同组织活检进行对照,其符合率是98.0%,不具有差异性（P〉0.05）。结论：应用TCT对患者进行筛查,再配合以阴道镜进行诊断,能够显著提高患者宫颈病变检出率,特别是对于早期诊断为宫颈癌或者癌前病变的患者,具有确实的检查价值,应予临床普遍应用。     

营卫公理及其进化上的机制

营卫和谐是古代医家对人体乃至生命的公理化认识。营卫之所以和谐是因为它不但是生命演化的基本原则,还是机体组织的基本准则。营卫理论的一个突出优点就是非常好的实现了人体复杂系统的降维。     

黄藤中巴马汀与药根碱在大鼠体内药动学及口服生物利用度的研究

该文通过灌胃和尾静脉2种方式对大鼠给予黄藤总生物碱,采用RP-HPLC测定大鼠血浆中巴马汀与药根碱的浓度变化后,通过3P97软件计算巴马汀与药根碱的药代动力学参数和口服生物利用度。大鼠经灌胃与尾静脉2种方式给予黄藤总生物碱60 mg·kg~(-1)后,测得的主要药代动力学参数如下:灌胃给药组中巴马汀和药根碱的Cmax分别为(0.91±0.06),(0.70±0.08)mg·L~(-1),tmax分别为(35.24±0.83),(47.76±1.24)min,t1/2分别为(187.03±1.53),(105.64±16.99)min,AUC分别为(280.30±18.69),(144.36±1.06)mg·min·L~(-1);静脉注射给药组中巴马汀和药根碱的t1/2分别为(172.18±12.38),(147.26±1.82)min,AUC分别为(2 553.14±214.91),(328.83±10.81)mg·min·L~(-1)。巴马汀的口服生物利用度为10.98%,药根碱的口服生物利用度为43.90%。     

2型糖尿病患者体重指数与糖化白蛋白及中医辨证分型关系探讨

目的:探讨2型糖尿病患者体重指数(BMI)与糖化白蛋白及中医辨证分型的关系。方法:选取2型糖尿病住院患者80例,按照体重指数分为3组:BMI<24 kg/m2为非肥胖组,24²8 kg/m2者为超重组,BMI>28 kg/m2者为肥胖组。测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围,计算体重指数[(BMI=体重(kg)/身高2(m2)]。入院后第2天测定空腹血糖、餐后30 min血糖、餐后120 min血糖、血脂、糖化血红蛋白、糖化血清白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶及血清视黄醇结合蛋白、CRP等。对GA与BMI及糖化血红蛋白分别进行相关性分析,并对其他因素进行逐步多元回归分析,对不同体重指数患者进行中医辨证分析,评价体重指数与GA及中医辨证分型的关系。结果:GA与BMI呈显著负相关(r=-0.559,P<0.01),与糖化血红蛋白呈显著正相关(r=0.334,P<0.05),且年龄、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、腰围、臀围及体重为影响GA的因素。不同BMIDE的2型糖尿病患者中医证型所占比例不同,肥胖2型糖尿病患者以湿浊内蕴及气滞血瘀两种证型多见。结论:临床应用GA评价患者血糖水平时应考虑BMI的影响,痰与瘀在2型糖尿病的发病过程中有重要作用。应重视痰与瘀在糖尿病及并发症发生中的作用。     

古代福建岁时饮食养生与防病保健习俗

岁时习俗在我国有着悠久的历史。众所周知,岁即年也。时,《说文解字》曰“四时也”,指的是春夏秋冬四时。所以,岁时即指以年作为时间单位的四时。《吕氏春秋·月令纪》的记述,就反映了古代岁时民俗,如“孟春行夏令,则风雨不时,草木早藁,国乃     

Assay of aluminum content in alum and alum-processed medicinal herbs and its distribution in blood and brain in mice]

OBJECTIVE: To assay the aluminum content in alum and some Chinese medicinal herbs processed with alum, and compare the aluminum distribution of these herbs in blood and brain in mice. METHOD: Aluminum content of the herbs was assayed with spectrophotometry, snd aluminum distribution in blood and brain was assayed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Aluminum content in alum was found higher than that in the alum-processed herbs. Aluminum distribution in blood and brain after oral administration at equimolecular doses, equivalent to 5.7 mg/kg of metal Al, was studied in mice, and no significant differences were observed. CONCLUSION: Aluminum distribution in blood and brain in mice is related to the dosages of aluminum administered and has little to do with the kind of herbs used. All these medicinal herbs do not improve the absorption of aluminum in mice.     

口服胸腺肽肠溶微球的制备及其体内外评价

 目的制备胸腺肽肠溶微球,并对其体外释药特性及调节免疫的体内活性进行评价。方法以聚丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ号为载体材料,用改良的O/O液中干燥法制备胸腺肽肠溶微球。考察了载药量、聚合物浓度对包封率和微球体外释药特性的影响,并进一步探讨口服胸腺肽微球对氢化可的松免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果实验表明,随着载药量的增加,包封率呈下降趋势;聚合物溶液浓度提高会增加微球的包封率。通过优化制备工艺参数,药物包封率可达89.7%。胸腺肽微球在体外释药有明显突释,提高聚合物浓度,降低载药量可以减少体外突释。氢化可的松免疫抑制小鼠经口服胸腺肽微球后可以提高小鼠淋巴细胞玫瑰花结形成率,证明所制备的胸腺肽微球具有免疫调节活性。结论用改良的O/O液中干燥法制备胸腺肽肠溶微球,通过调节制备工艺参数,可以得到高包封率的微球。动物实验表明,胸腺肽肠溶微球口服后具有调节和增强免疫的作用。     

Oxytocic and oestrogenic effects of Monechma ciliatum methanol extract in vivo and in vitro in rodents

Various solvent extracts of the leaves of Monechma ciliatum (family Acanthecaea) were tested for oxytocic properties on uterine preparations in vivo and in vitro. The methanol extract (HME) contracted the nonpregnant uterus of the rat, guinea-pig and mouse as well as preparations obtained from guinea-pigs on days 6–7 and 11–12 of pregnancy. The rat pregnant uterus was not affected by the extract. Oral administration of HME to rats on days 15, 16 and 17 of pregnancy had no abortifacient effect compared with oxytocin. However, laparotomy on day 23 revealed fetal death in utero. The extract was also found to have oestrogenic activity based on parameters such as uterine weight ratio, premature vaginal opening and degree of vaginal cornification.     

芎归鼻用喷雾剂的制备及其体外释药与在体吸收特性评析

目的:制备芎归鼻用喷雾剂,并研究其体外释药及在体鼻黏膜吸收特性。方法:采用正交设计对芎归鼻用喷雾剂进行处方筛选;通过动态透析法考察其在Ringer液中的释药特性;通过在体大鼠鼻黏膜吸收试验考察其在体吸收特性。结果:最优处方为Pemulen TR-1 0.35%,EDTA 0.2%,PEG400 1%,黄原胶0.2%,三乙醇胺适量(调处方pH 7.0)。其体外释药及在体吸收均符合Higuchi分布模型。结论:芎归鼻用喷雾剂的制备工艺基本可行,其体外释药与在体吸收有良好的相关性。     

Bryonolic acid transcriptional control of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes in macrophages in vitro and in vivo

Bryonolic acid (BA) (1) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid with pleiotropic properties. This study characterizes the mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of BA and validates the utility of BA as a tool to explore the relationships between triterpenoid structure and activity. BA reduces the inflammatory mediator NO by suppressing the expression of the inflammatory enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, BA robustly induces the antioxidant protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in vitro and in vivo in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Further analyses of Nrf2 target genes reveal selectivity for the timing and level of gene induction by BA in treated macrophages with distinct patterns for Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes. Additionally, the distinct expression profile of BA on Nrf2 target genes relative to oleanolic acid suggests the importance of the triterpenoid scaffold in dictating the pleiotropic effects exerted by these molecules.     

高校生物教学中实验与理论课程的有机整合

生物学是一门实验科学,实验本身就是生命科学中不可或缺的组成部分,因此,在高校生物学教学活动中应该将实验与理论教学进行有机的整合。文章介绍的四种整合措施,旨在培养和增进学生对生物学科的兴趣,提升教学效果,同时培养学生的创新能力及科学素养。     

中药口服固体制剂体内外相关性及溶出度探讨

体内外相关性（in vitro—in vivo correlation,IVIVC）是指由制剂产生的生物学性质或由生物学性质衍生的参数（如tmax、Cmax或AUC）与同一制剂的物理化学性质（如体外释放行为）之间,建立了合理的定量关系。中药口服固体制剂一般选择体内评价方法来阐述其体内过程,然而体内评价方法存在影响因素多且难以控制、动物和人体试验所需费用极高等缺点。     

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity of indole-3-carbinol in vitro and in vivo

Indole-3-carbinol, a natural compound found in cruciferous vegetables, is known to have anticancer activity. In the present study, the antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of indole-3-carbinol were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Indole-3-carbinol significantly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) in a concentration-dependent manner. Indole-3-carbinol significantly inhibited fibrinogen binding to the platelet surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, the levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in collagen stimulated PRP were significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by indole-3-carbinol. Furthermore, indole-3-carbinol dose-dependently suppressed the death of mice with pulmonary thrombosis induced by intravenous injection of collagen and epinephrine. These results suggest that indole-3-carbinol can be a potent antithrombotic agent with antiplatelet activity through the inhibition of GP IIb/IIIa receptor and thromboxane B2 formation.