2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病肾病的临床诊断

目的　分析 2型糖尿病 (DM )患者合并非糖尿病肾病 (NDRD)与糖尿病肾病 (DN )在临床表现、病程、病理改变的异同 ,以指导临床诊断与治疗。方法　 2型DM患者 3 4例分为两组 ,合并NDRD组 2 2例 ,单纯DN组 12例。对两组发病年龄、糖尿病病程、蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能、高血压、视网膜病变、肾脏病理等资料进行对比分析。结果　DM病程在NDRD组短于DN组 ;两组蛋白尿程度相似 ;血尿伴蛋白尿的发生率在NDRD组略多于DN组 ;肾功能损害在NDRD组更显著 ;伴高血压者DN组多于NDRD。视网膜病变并发率在DN组为 10 0 % ,且为Ⅱ～Ⅳ期病变 ,NDRD组仅有 2例伴发Ⅱ期病变。 3 0例患者行肾穿刺活检 ,12例呈不同阶段的DN ,18例伴发不同类型的肾小球肾炎。结论　糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病者平均糖尿病病程多 <5年 ;突然出现大量蛋白尿、水肿、而肾功能正常者 ;单纯肾性血尿 ,或血尿加蛋白尿者 ;肾功能迅速减退者 ;不伴视网膜病变者 ;肾小管功能受损显著者 ,应考虑为DM并发非糖尿病性肾病     

中老年2型糖尿病伴肾损伤患者的临床及病理特征

目的探讨中老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴糖尿病肾病(DN)、DN合并非糖尿病肾病(DN+NDRD)及糖尿病(DM)合并非糖尿病肾病(DM+NDRD)患者的临床及病理特点。方法回顾性研究该院自2006年1月至2014年5月间收住院行肾穿刺活检的108例中老年T2DM伴肾损伤患者的临床及病理资料。依肾穿刺活检病理结果将所有病例分为DN组、DM+NDRD组及DN+NDRD组。结果糖尿病病史<5年的中老年T2DM伴肾损伤的患者应考虑存在DM+NDRD的可能,相反,>5年应考虑DN及DN+NDRD的存在;Hb A1c越高,DN的可能性就越大;中老年T2DM伴肾损伤患者有DR的存在,应高度警惕发生DN的可能;肾小球滤过率(GFR)低而血清肌酐高应考虑DN存在的可能;血尿多发生于DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD;DN多发生高血压;108例中老年T2DM伴肾损伤患者肾穿刺病理结果,DN 69例,占63.89%,DM+NDRD 30例,占27.78%,DN+NDRD 9例,占8.33%。DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD最常见的病理类型是Ig A肾病,DN最常见的病理类型是弥漫型肾小球硬化。结论中老年T2DM伴肾损伤DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD并不罕见;鉴别DN、DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD的"金标准"是肾穿刺活检;对于糖尿病病史短、血尿、蛋白尿、无DR及临床症状不典型的中老年患者应及时做肾穿刺活检,以便指导临床治疗。     

糖尿病合并非糖尿病性肾损害的临床病理分析

目的分析糖尿病(DM)合并非糖尿病性肾损害(NDRD)患者的临床病理表现。方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2018年1月该院收治的98例DM合并NDRD患者的临床资料,分析DM合并NDRD患者的临床病理特点、治疗及预后情况。结果 DM合并NDRD患者常合并多种NDRD,以肾小球病变为主,包括膜性肾病、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、IgA肾病、微小病变、局灶节段性硬化等;临床表现:肾炎综合征、血尿、急慢性肾功能不全、蛋白尿、肾病综合征等;与糖尿病肾病的不同特点包括:(1)血尿明显;(2)急性肾功能衰竭;(3)肾功能不全或蛋白尿明显增多时血压正常;(4)糖尿病病程5年。结论 DM合并NDRD患者常合并有不用类型肾损伤,与糖尿病肾病有明显区别,通过肾组织活检可以确诊。在控制血糖、血压基础上给予糖皮质激素、细胞毒类药物治疗可以改善患者预后。     

老年2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害肾穿刺活检患者的临床及病理特点

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肾脏损害肾穿刺活检患者临床及病理特点。方法回顾性分析住院行肾穿刺活检的82例老年T2DM患者的临床及病理资料,根据肾活检病理结果分为DM肾病(DN)组15例,非糖尿病肾病(NDRD)组45例,DN合并NDRD(DN+NDRD)组22例。结果 NDRD中最常见的病理类型是膜性肾病(MN)13例(28.89%),其次是IgA肾病10例(22.22%);DN+NDRD中最常见的病理类型是MN和高血压肾小动脉硬化各6例(27.27%)。在肾穿刺时年龄方面,DN+NDRD组显著比DN组大,而NDRD组比DN+NDRD组显著小(P0.05)。在DM视网膜病变(DR)的发生率、体重指数(BMI)18 kg/m~2的发生率、BMI 18～25kg/m~2的发生率及收缩压方面,NDRD组明显比DN组低(P0.05);在DM病史12个月的发生率、BMI25 kg/m~2的发生率及血红蛋白方面,NDRD组明显比DN组高(P0.05);DM病史12～60个月的发生率和BMI 18～25 kg/m~2的发生率,DN+NDRD组明显比DN组低(P0.05);在BMI、BMI25 kg/m~2的发生率及血红蛋白方面,DN+NDRD组明显比DN组高(P0.05);在DM病史、DM病史61～120个月的发生率、BMI、BMI 18～25 kg/m~2的发生率及收缩压方面,NDRD组明显比DN+NDRD组低(P0.05);在BMI25 kg/m~2的发生率方面,NDRD组明显比DN+NDRD组高(P0.05)。结论老年T2DM合并肾脏损害肾穿刺活检病理诊断为NDRD并不少见,MN和IgA肾病最常见;DN+NDRD中MN和高血压肾小动脉硬化多见。老年T2DM患者NDRD的DM病史较短,DN、DR发生率较NDRD高。     

老年2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病患者的临床及病理分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴单纯糖尿病肾病(DN)、非糖尿病肾病(NDRD)和DN合并NDRD的临床及病理特点。方法回顾性分析住院行肾活检的70例老年T2DM患者的临床及病理资料,详细比较DN、NDRD、DN+NDRD三组的临床及病理特点,并与同期203例非老年T2DM患者的临床及病理资料进行对比。结果按病理分型的3个亚组:DN亚组占25.27%〔(14+55)/273〕,NDRD亚组占63.74%〔(44+130)/273〕,DN+NDRD亚组占10.99%〔(12+18)/273〕。其中,DN亚组老年患者占5.13%,非老年患者占20.15%;NDRD亚组老年患者占16.12%,非老年患者占47.62%;DN+NDRD亚组老年患者占4.39%,非老年患者占6.59%。总体上老年组的DM病史、肾衰竭发生率明显高于非老年组,而老年组体重指数(BMI)、肾小球滤过率(e GFR)、血清白蛋白水平明显低于非老年组(P<0.05)。老年组DN亚组的肾衰竭发生率明显高于非老年组,而BMI、24 h尿蛋白定量(UP)明显低于非老年组;老年组的NDRD亚组肾衰竭发生率明显高于非老年组,而BMI、e GFR明显低于非老年组(P<0.05);老年组DN+NDRD亚组的肾病综合征发病率和24 h-UP明显高于非老年组。老年组内DN亚组的24 h-UP、BMI明显低于DN+NDRD亚组;NDRD亚组DM病史、24 h-UP明显低于DN+NDRD亚组。非老年组内DN亚组的DM病史、24 h-UP明显高于NDRD亚组,而BMI、e GFR低于NDRD亚组;非老年组内DN亚组的24 h-UP明显高于DN+NDRD亚组,而血清白蛋白明显低于DN+NDRD亚组;非老年组内NDRD亚组的24 h-UP、血清白蛋白低于DN+NDRD亚组。病理诊断方面,老年组、非老年组及两组的NDRD亚组中,膜性肾病占的比例都是最大,Ig A肾病次之。在老年组和非老年组的DN+NDRD亚组中,高血压肾小动脉硬化是最常见的病理类型。结论老年T2DM中NDRD并不少见,DN、NDRD及DN+NDRD的临床表现难以鉴别,只有通过肾活检才能最终明确DN、NDRD和DN+NDRD的诊断。为提高老年T2DM患者肾脏疾病的缓解率和存活率,还需要大型、多中心、随机的前瞻性研究明确老年T2DM患者的肾脏病变特点。     

2型糖尿病伴肾脏病变患者肾活检指征探讨

目的 研究2型糖尿病(DM)伴肾脏病变怀疑合并非糖尿病肾病(NDN)患者肾活检的指征及临床特征.方法 对53例2型糖尿病患者[因①急性肾衰竭7例;②突出的肾小球源性血尿6例;③糖尿病病程＜5年而蛋白尿＞0.5 g/24h者29例;④糖尿病病程＞5年、大量蛋白尿而血压正常者(肾活检指征)11例]行肾活检、眼底和常规实验室检查.24例因其他原因肾活检、住院期间发现2型糖尿病的患者做对照.结果 糖尿病肾病(DN)占51%,非糖尿病肾病占49%,其中系膜增生性肾炎最多见占1/3.病程越长,糖尿病肾病发生率越高;伴有糖尿病眼部病变[糖尿病视网膜病、白内障、晶体或(和玻璃体)浑浊]者肾活检均为糖尿病肾病.非糖尿病肾病患者糖尿病眼部病变少,糖尿病肾病病程短.肾活检指征②非糖尿病肾病的检出率最高(83.3%),指征④最低(18.2%).结论 糖尿病眼部病变预测糖尿病肾病的特异性为100%;2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病患者血尿突出,糖尿病病程短,糖尿病眼部病变少见.     

170例糖尿病肾病肾活检分析

目的探讨肾活检对糖尿病肾病(DN)的诊断价值及治疗的指导作用。方法对170例伴有微量白蛋白尿(MAU)或临床蛋白尿(CAU)的2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)进行肾穿刺活检，观察肾活检组织病理与各临床参数之间的关系。结果在170例伴MAU或CAU的DM患者中，DN119例(70．0％)，其中早期系膜增生者22例，典型DN表现者97例。在典型DN表现者中，结节性肾小球硬化47例(39．5％)，弥漫性肾小球硬化50例(42．0％)。DN或DM合并其他肾脏病变51例(30．0％)，其中DN合并IgA肾病13例(25.5％)、间质性肾炎8例(15．7％)、膜增生性肾炎2例(3．9％)，DM合并IgA肾病10例(19．6％)、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎4例(7．8%)、微小病变肾炎4例(7．8％)、间质性肾炎6例(11．8％)、膜性肾病2例(3．9％)、新月体性肾炎2例(3．9％)。结论对临床不能确诊的T2DM蛋白尿患者应提倡做肾活检。     

肾活检患者中糖尿病肾病流行病学特点的变迁

目的:分析肾活检患者中糖尿病肾病(DN)流行病学特点及其变迁. 方法:回顾性分析上世纪末(1994-01-01至2000-12-31)至本世纪初(2001-01-01至2007-12-31)在本研究所行肾活检的24 709例患者中DN的流行病学特点. 结果:14年间2型DN在同期肾活检患者中所占比例从上世纪末2.57%升至本世纪初4.31%(P<0.01);DN合并非糖尿病肾病的发生率从10.9%升至18.8%(P<0.01).糖尿病患者的年龄呈现年轻化趋势(53.0 vs 50.5,P<0.01).男女比例为1.66:1.2001～2007年间糖尿病患者的血糖控制水平优于1994～2000年间患者(平均HbAlc 6.8% vs 7.5,P<0.01).单纯DN患者的年龄及糖尿病病程均大于合并非糖尿病肾病者(平均年龄51.7 vs 48.5岁,P<0.01;平均糖尿病病程84.9 vs 48.5月,P<0.01),而后组患者的肾脏病病程长于前组(平均肾脏病病程43.4 vs 24.7月).单纯DN患者镜下血尿发生率低于DN合并非糖尿病肾病患者(45.1% vs 64.5%,P<0.01).血肌酐水平及肾功能不全的比例前组也高于后组(平均血肌酐水平127.2 vs93.4 μmol/L,P<0.01;38.8% vs 22.6%P<0.01).DN中有部分合并非糖尿病肾脏损害,按比例依次为IgA肾病66例(53%)、膜性肾病38例(31%)、紫癜性肾炎7例(6%)、乙肝相关性肾炎5例(4%)、脂蛋白肾病1例(1%)及其他7例(5%). 结论:通过大样本肾活检证实本世纪初同期肾活检患者中2型DN发生率较上世纪末明显增加,并表现出显著的年轻化趋势.DN合并非糖尿病肾病并不少见,表明肾活检在这类患者诊断和治疗中具有重要意义.     

高龄糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病的发生因素

目的研究已确诊为糖尿病(DM)的患者发生糖尿病肾病(DN)的相关因素及发生频率。方法对吉林大学第二医院确诊DM的794例患者进行随访,最终确定468例(58%)随访时间在9¹7年的患者入组。采用有无胰岛细胞抗体作为分组条件,将全体成员分为两组。结果患病时间平均17年的患者占总患者人数的15%,其中被诊断为DN的1型DM(T1DM)患者占14%,2型DM(T2DM)患者占25%,且91%的患者有微量蛋白尿,且8.6%出现大量蛋白尿。研究结果表明,高龄(HR1.05;95%CI 1.0117年的患者入组。采用有无胰岛细胞抗体作为分组条件,将全体成员分为两组。结果患病时间平均17年的患者占总患者人数的15%,其中被诊断为DN的1型DM(T1DM)患者占14%,2型DM(T2DM)患者占25%,且91%的患者有微量蛋白尿,且8.6%出现大量蛋白尿。研究结果表明,高龄(HR1.05;95%CI 1.01¹.10)和高BMI(HR 1.04;95%CI 1.001.10)和高BMI(HR 1.04;95%CI 1.00¹.09)已经成为DM发展为DN的独立高危因素。DM的发病高年龄(P=0.041)及BMI(P=0.012)是发病91.09)已经成为DM发展为DN的独立高危因素。DM的发病高年龄(P=0.041)及BMI(P=0.012)是发病9¹7年的DM患者发生DN的危险因素。结论高龄因素和高BMI是DN发生发展的高危因素,且T2DM患者发生DN的概率明显高于T1DM患者。     

2型糖尿病肾病伴非酒精性脂肪肝患者的临床特征

目的:观察伴有非酒精性脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的2型糖尿病肾病(T2DN)患者临床及肾脏病理特点。方法:收集355例肾活检诊断为T2DN患者的一般情况、血生化、尿检、肾脏病理等资料,并行彩色B超检查,以明确NAFLD病变患者,分析同时伴有NAFLD的T2DN患者临床以及肾脏病理特点。结果:62例T2DN患者同时伴有NAFLD(17.46%),与无脂肪肝患者相比有以下特点:(1)年龄相对较轻[(49.08±9.04)vs(53.85±9.61)岁,P0.01],糖尿病(DM)病程显著短于后者[(61±57.68)vs(277±72.40)月,P0.01];(2)BMI增高明显[(28.75±3.24)vs(24.9±3.48)kg/m2,P0.01],胰岛素抵抗指数更突出[(7.15±4.28)vs(5.17±4.39),P0.05),三酰甘油水平也显著升高[(3.52±4.03)vs(2.11±1.46)mmol/L,P0.01],而高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于后者(P0.01),胆固醇水平则无差异(P0.05);(3)血肌酐水平[(194.59±91.94)vs(191.83±181.22)μmol/L,P0.01],24h尿蛋白定量均低于后者[(2.21±3.44)vs(3.63±2.80)g/24h,P0.01],小分子蛋白尿比例较后者低[(7.67±13.39)vs(11.54±11.72)%,P0.05);(4)DM背景视网膜病变(17.20%vs64.90%)以及末梢神经病变(31.10%vs55.10%)均比后者少见(P0.01);(5)肾小球球性硬化比例、系膜增生程度、K-W结节比例及肾小管间质病变程度均低于后者(P0.01)。结论:伴有NAFLD的T2DN患者相对年青,DM病程相对短,存在明显的代谢紊乱、超重和胰岛素抵抗,其中三酰甘油升高、高密度脂蛋白降低与NAFLD密切相关;而肾脏等靶器官损害则相对较轻。因此,代谢异常在伴有NAFLD的T2DN患者更为突出,提示控制代谢异常对此类患者的意义更为重大。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.