肺动脉栓塞36例分析

资料与方法 2004年3月-2007年10月收治肺动脉栓塞（PE）患者36例，男14例，女22例，年龄38-78（56±6）岁。病因：下肢骨折卧床4例、妊娠2例、下肢深静脉血栓形成10例、原因不明20例。     

下肢创伤后肺动脉栓塞的护理

目的探讨下肢创伤后肺动脉栓塞的观察和护理。方法 回顾性总结2000年1月—2003年7月收治的546例下肢创伤病人中6例并发肺动脉栓塞的护理体会。结果经及时发现、积极治疗和护理，5例治愈，1例死亡。结论对肺动脉栓塞病人，通过仔细观察，及时发现病情变化并精心护理，可使病人早日康复。     

肺动脉栓塞68例临床分析

目的：探讨肺动脉栓塞的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法，从而提高肺栓塞的诊治率。方法：对68例肺动脉栓塞患者经病史采集、常规体格检查及胸部X线、心电图、超声心动图检查，最后经肺通气-灌注扫描和(或)螺旋CT确定诊断，给予溶栓和(或)抗凝治疗。结果：治愈35例(52％)，好转16例(24％)，无效11例(16％)，死亡6例(9％)。结论：提高对肺栓塞的认识，选择合适的检查项目，及时诊断，早期合理用药，可有效提高肺栓塞的诊治率。     

急性肺动脉栓塞26例临床分析

目的 对肺动脉栓塞进行临床分析,评价肺动脉栓塞的诊断方法 及治疗效果.方法 对我院2004年2月～2009年12月诊治的26例肺动脉栓塞临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 26例患者经治疗症状明显好转出院.结论 对有肺动脉栓塞危险因素的患者,出现不明原因的呼吸困难、胸痛、晕厥和休克等症状,结合体征、心电图、胸片、动脉血气分析等检查,可初步疑诊肺栓塞.D-二聚体(D-dimer)检查,对于排除肺动脉栓塞具有重要的价值.CT肺动脉造影为肺动脉栓塞确诊的常规首选检查手段.明确诊断后,及时的溶栓/或抗凝治疗,能明显改善预后.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺动脉栓塞关系的研究

目的探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺动脉栓塞发生的关系。方法回顾性分析1999年2月~2005年8月来我院就诊并明确诊断为肢体深静脉血栓形成的100例患者的肺动脉栓塞发生率以及肢体深静脉血栓形成类型与肺动脉栓塞的发生关系。结果100例肢体深静脉血栓形成的患者中45%(45/100)发生肺动脉栓塞,4%(2/45)发生致死性肺动脉栓塞。急性肢体深静脉血栓如出现在右侧下肢或年青患者时,肺动脉栓塞发生率明显增高。结论肺动脉栓塞高发于肢体静脉血栓形成的患者,应引起充分注意。     

肺动脉栓塞11例临床误诊分析

目的：提高对肺动脉栓塞（PE）的认识和诊断水平，方法：回顾性分析11例PE患者的临床资料及误诊情况，结果：误诊原因与临床医对PET的诊断意识不强，易患因素不重视，不认识及PET自身临床表现、辅助检查不具有特异性有关。结论：提高对PE的认识，及时行有关检查，减少误诊发生。     

肺动脉栓塞合并左心房血栓1例

患者,女,76岁,胸闷、气喘、呼吸困难4个月,伴端坐呼吸2周入院,否认高血压病史。体格检查：P 75次/min,R 26次/min,BP 125/80 mmHg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）,颈静脉怒张,双下肺叩诊实音,听诊呼吸音低,闻及细湿啰音,心脏相对浊音界扩大,心率90次/min,S1强弱不均,心律绝对不齐,闻及心尖部Ⅱ级吹风样收缩期杂音,肝肋下稍触及,左下肢凹陷性水肿。血气分析：pH值7.446,PCO2 6.78 kPa,PO2 12.15 kPa,碱剩余10.6 mmol/L,动脉血氧饱和度97.3%;     

16层螺旋CT肺动脉造影对肺动脉栓塞的诊断价值

肺动脉栓塞是以各种栓子阻塞肺动脉系统为发病原因的一组疾病或临床综合征,包括肺血栓栓塞症、脂肪栓塞综合征、羊水栓塞、空气栓塞等,其中最常见的为肺血栓栓塞症,占肺动脉栓塞的90%.而引起肺血栓栓塞症的血栓主要来源于深静脉血栓形成（DVT）.近年来,肺动脉栓塞发病率逐年上升,由于其临床症状无特异性,缺乏普通放射学特征性表现,易漏诊及误诊,未经治疗者病死率高达20%～30%,及时诊断治疗可使病死率降至2%～8%[1],因此早期正确诊断是治疗的关键.     

下腔静脉滤器植入预防肺动脉栓塞40例临床分析

目的探讨在下肢深静脉血栓形成病人中植入下腔静脉滤器预防肺动脉栓塞的效果及临床意义。方法分析自2008年8月至2009年10月我院40例下肢深静脉血栓形成病人植入下腔静脉滤器的患者。所有患者在滤器植入前均进行下肢静脉彩超检查,其中8例有症状性肺栓塞,1例出现呼吸心跳骤停,经积极抢救得以复苏,3例因某些原因不能进行抗凝和溶栓治疗,7例主动要求植入滤器。36例滤器由右股静脉穿刺植入,4例由右颈内静脉穿刺植入,所有滤器均植入右肾静脉水平以下1～1．5cm的下腔静脉内L2～L3间。结果40例患者下腔静脉内均成功植入滤器,均无严重手术并发症发生。36例随访6～14个月,滤器无移位。4例随访1年后失访。结论对于下肢深静脉血栓形成病人,下腔静脉滤器植入是预防肺动脉栓塞发生的安全、有效的方法。     

肾病综合征并发深静脉血栓和（或）肺栓塞临床分析

目的 探讨肾病综合征（nephrotic syndrome,NS）并发深静脉血栓形成 （DVT）和（或）肺栓塞（PE）的相关危险因素及诊治体会.方法 对10例确诊的NS并发DVT和（或）PE患者（血栓组）的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期50例NS无血栓患者（无血栓组）的年龄（AGE）、血浆白蛋白（ALB）、24小时尿蛋白定量（24-UP）、总胆固醇（CHOL）、三酰甘油（TG）、血小板（PLT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）等指标进行比较.结果 血栓组10例,肾活检6例,膜性肾病3例.血栓组AGE、ALB、24-UP、FIB与无血栓组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,CHOL、TG、PLT差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.血栓组经抗凝、溶栓、下腔静脉滤器植入等治疗后,血栓均基本消失.结论 AGE、ALB、24-UP、FIB在NS并发DVT和（或）PE形成过程中起着非常重要的作用.膜性肾病是NS合并血栓栓塞最常见的病理类型.一旦合并DVT和（或）PE,应根据具体情况选择抗凝、溶栓、介入治疗.经皮放置下腔静脉滤器是预防DVT导致PE的有效方法.     

Predictors of long-term clinical outcome of patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism after thrombolytic therapy

Pulmonaryembolism (PE)remainsapotentiallylethaldisorderdespitemuchprogressmadeindiagnosisandtreatmentduringthepastseveraldecades Alimitednumberofstudieshavebeenconcernedwiththelong termprognosisofPEsincethediagnosticapproacheswithangiographyorscintigraphyandtherapeuticstrategieswiththrombolysiswereavailable 1,2 　Furthermore ,theinformationfromthesestudieshaslargelybeenlimitedtoeithersmallseriesofpatientsorshortperiodsoffollow upobservations Prognosticfactorstodeterminethelong termoutcomerem…     

下腔静脉滤器置入术预防肺栓塞

目的评估下腔静脉滤器预防因下肢深静脉血栓所致的肺动脉栓塞的临床疗效。方法经右颈内静脉或健侧股静脉放置下腔静脉滤器43枚,常规行下腔静脉造影,将滤器放置于肾静脉开口以下的下腔静脉,术后常规抗凝。结果 43例患者下腔静脉滤器放置成功,对全部病例临床平均随访13个月(3～24个月),其中2例发生倾斜,不超过15°,1例75岁患者再次发生肺栓塞死亡,1例滤器放置处血栓形成,余39例无肺栓塞,未见滤器移位、断裂、倾斜及滤器放置部位血栓形成。结论下腔静脉滤器置入术可有效预防肺栓塞。     

下腔静脉滤器植入术预防肺动脉栓塞症的应用价值

目的探讨经皮穿刺下腔静脉滤器植入术（tVCF）预防肺动脉栓塞症的临床应用价值。方法自2004年9月-2007年1月对10例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者施行IVCF植入术。男6例,戈4例,年龄45～79岁,患者经健侧股静脉径路植入IVCF全部成功,植入部位均为肾静脉开口水平以下,随访12～30个月。结果本组10例均成功植入,术后无局部血肿及血栓形成,均无肺栓塞发生,无一例滤器移位、腔静脉血栓阻塞和死亡。然而5例患者均残存不同程度的患侧肢体麻木、无力、肿胀等下肢静脉功能不全症状。1例术后1月停用华法林,自行中药治疗而再次股静脉栓塞,但未发生肺栓塞。结论IVCF植入术能有效预防肺动脉栓塞．并防止再发肺栓塞所致死亡,对深静脉血栓形成患者是一种安全、有效的防治措施。     

Pulmonary embolism and impending paradoxical embolism: a case report

A definitive diagnosis of paradoxical embolism is ,based on the evidence that a thrombus crosses through the right-to-left shunting. We report a case of impending paradoxical embolism in a patient with pulmonary embolism diagnosed by echocardiography and proved by operation later.     

Solid malignancies complicated with pulmonary embolism: clinical analysis of 120 patients

Background Pulmonary embolism, a potentially fatal event, occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in the general population. To offer an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment to such patients in China, we analyzed the incidence rate and clinical features of pulmonary embolism in patients with solid tumor hospitalized in the Peking Union Medical College （PUMC） Hospital. Methods A retrospective analysis was made of the hospitalized patients with solid malignancies complicated with pulmonary embolism who had been admitted into the PUMC Hospital from January 2002 to December 2008. Results The incidence of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients with solid malignancies was 0.27% （120/43 967） The median age at diagnosis was 57.5 years. The male to female ratio was 1.0：1.4 （49：71）. Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer （NSCLC） constituted the largest proportion of the 120 patients （37.5%）, followed by patients with breast （9.2%）, ovarian （8.3%）, pancreatic （6.7%）, and liver cancer （6.7%）. Eighty patients （66.7%） had stage ]V cancer. Bone was the most common site of distant metastasis （46.3%）. D-dimer level was elevated in 90.9% of the 66 tested patients. The incidence of bleeding due to anti-coagulation therapy was 3.6%. Thirty-six （30.0%） of the 120 patients had concurrent deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities. Seventeen patients developed acute pulmonary embolism within 2 weeks after surgery, 3 of whom died suddenly. Four patients presented with deep venous thrombosis and 1 with pulmonary embolism prior to the identification of malignancy. Conclusions Patients with cancer of the lung, ovarian, breast, pancreas, and liver are more likely to be complicated with pulmonary embolism than those with other types of solid tumors. Patients with distant metastasis are at a higher risk of pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism without concurrent deep venous thrombosis is more frequently observed than concurrence of both disorders in the clinical setting.     

Incidence and risk factors for development of venous thromboembolism in Indian patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery: results of a prospective study

Introduction

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Western populations undergoing major orthopaedic surgery without any thromboprophylaxis has been reported to range from 32% to 88%. There is however limited information on incidence of VTE in Indian patients and most of the Indian patients undergoing these surgeries do not receive any form of prophylaxis regardless of their risk profile.

Methods

A prospective study was performed on 147 patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery for total knee replacement (TKR), total hip replacement (THR), and proximal femur fracture fixation (PFF) without any prophylaxis. These patients were profiled for presence of the known risk factors responsible for development of VTE. A duplex ultrasound on both lower limbs was done 6 to 10 days after surgery. Twenty three patients underwent THR, 22 patients underwent TKR, and 102 underwent surgery for PFF. The patients were assessed clinically for any signs of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). A helical CT scan was done in case of suspicion of PE and a duplex ultrasound was done in case of clinical suspicion of DVT irrespective of the stage of study.

Results

The overall incidence of VTE was 6.12% and that of PE was 0.6%. The risk factors that were found to be significantly responsible for development of VTE (p < 0.05) were: immobility greater than 72 hours, malignancy, obesity, surgery lasting more than two hours.

Conclusion

The study reconfirms the belief that DVT has a lower incidence in Indian patients as compared with other ethnic groups.     

不同下肢深静脉血栓形成患者并发肺栓塞的CT肺血管造影的评估价值

目的探析CT肺血管造影(CTPA)在不同下肢深静脉血栓形成(LDVT)患者并发肺栓塞(PE)中的临床评估价值。方法以我院2012年1月至2015年10月期间行CTPA检查的下肢深静脉血栓患者105例作为研究对象,分为A组(左下肢LDVT,n=58)、B组(右下肢LDVT,n=30)、C组(双下肢LDVT,n=17),均行CTPA检查,比较三组PE检出率,计算CT肺动脉栓塞指数(CTI)并比较CTI≥40%患者所占百分率。结果 A、B、C三组的PE检出率分别为41.4%(24/58)、53.3%(16/30)、76.5%(13/17),C组PE检出率明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CT肺血管造影在不同LDVT患者中的应用对并发PE的诊断具有较大评估价值,尤其对于双下肢DVT患者,值得推广应用。     

血栓弹力图联合血气分析对下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺栓塞的诊断价值

目的 通过分析血栓弹力图(thromboelastogram, TEG)联合血气分析检测对下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺栓塞的诊断价值。方法 纳入90例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,入院后行肺部CTA检查,根据肺栓塞的发生分为实验组(肺栓塞组)和对照组(无肺栓塞组)。并采集静脉血以及桡动脉血,分别进行TEG以及血气监测,评估两组患者TEG、PaO2及PaCO2表达水平,并应用ROC曲线对各指标进行评估。结果 两组患者均处于高凝状态,有39例患者发生肺栓塞。两组TEG指标(R值、K值、CI、MA)及PaO2差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),ROC曲线TEG指标(R值、K值、CI、MA)以及PaO2敏感性分别为70.6%、37.0%、62.7%、90.2%和88.2%,特异度分别为89.7%、90.9%、28.2%、71.8%和48.7%。结论 采用TEG联合血气分析动态监测DVT患者凝血功能变化,且有效评估肺栓塞的发生率,是临床监测DVT患者发生肺栓塞的一项重要监测方法。     

Pulmonary embolism in adolescents

Background  Pulmonary embolism (PE) is rare and seldom considered in adolescent patients; however it occurs with a greater frequency than is generally recognized, and it is a potentially fatal condition. The aim of the current study was to understand its epidemiology, clinical features and the cause of delay of its diagnosis in adolescents.

Methods  A retrospective analysis of nine adolescents with acute PE admitted to the Peking University Third Hospital over the past 16-year period was performed. The epidemiology, clinical features and risk factors of the adolescents were described and compared with those of adults and elderly patients. The time to diagnosis and misdiagnosed diseases were analyzed. Pretest probability of PE was assessed retrospectively by the Wells score and revised Geneva score.

Results  The incidence of PE was 43.6 per 100 000 hospitalized adolescents in our hospital. The incidence of PE in adolescents was much lower than that in adults and PE is diagnosed in about 1/50 of elderly people. The clinical features in adolescents were similar to those in adults. But fever and chest pain were more common in adolescents (P <0.05). The major risk factors included surgery, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), thrombocytopenia, long-term oral glucocorticoids and trauma. The mean diagnostic time was (7.8±8.4) days. Six cases had a delayed diagnosis. The mean delay time from symptom onset to diagnosis was (11.0±8.8) days. The time of presentation to diagnosis in patients initially admitted to the emergency department was less than one day, and was much shorter than the time in outpatients, (9.4±7.5) days. Most of the patients were initially misdiagnosed with a respiratory tract infection. Most patients’ values of Wells score or revised Geneva score were in the moderate or high clinical probability categories; 88% by Well score vs. 100% by revised Geneva score.

Conclusions  PE was seldom considered in the adolescent patients by physicians, especially outpatient physicians, so the diagnosis was often delayed. If adolescent patients complain of dyspnea or chest pain or syncope with/without fever, and they had risk factors such as surgery, thrombocytopenia and trauma, PE should be considered and included in the differential diagnosis.