纳布啡联合双侧腹横肌平面阻滞用于妇科腹腔镜术后静脉自控镇痛的效果观察

目的评价纳布啡联合双侧腹横肌平面阻滞用于妇科腹腔镜手术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的镇痛效果。方法选取2017-12—2018-08间在本院接受妇科腹腔镜手术的120例患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组60例。分别使用氢吗啡酮(对照组)和纳布啡(实验组)联合双侧腹横肌平面阻滞用于术后静脉自控镇痛。术后记录2组患者不同时间点的疼痛程度、用药总量及患者术后不良反应的发生情况。结果术后12 h实验组疼痛评分(VAS)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他时间2组疼痛评分及用药总量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组术后呕吐发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他不良反应的发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论纳布啡联合双侧腹横肌平面阻滞应用于PCIA术后镇痛能够提供有效镇痛,并减少阿片受体相关的不良反应的发生率,有较高的临床价值。     

超声引导下连续腹横肌平面阻滞对开腹直肠癌根治术患者术后早期恢复质量的影响

目的评价超声引导下连续腹横肌平面阻滞对开腹直肠癌根治术患者术后镇痛及早期恢复质量的影响。方法择期全麻下行开腹直肠癌根治术患者60例,男33例,女27例,年龄45～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机分为两组:连续腹横肌平面阻滞组(T组)和患者自控静脉镇痛组(C组),每组30例。T组麻醉诱导后行超声引导下双侧腹横肌平面阻滞,分别注入0.25%罗哌卡因20 ml,术毕双侧分别输注0.25%罗哌卡因5 ml/h。C组术毕采用舒芬太尼1μg/ml行PCIA。记录首次下床时间、术后首次排气时间、住院时间和补救镇痛情况;记录术后不良反应的发生情况;分别于术前1 d、术后3 d采用40项恢复质量评分量表(QoR-40量表)评估患者恢复质量。结果与C组比较,T组首次下床时间、肠道功能恢复时间明显缩短(P0.05);补救镇痛率和恶心呕吐发生率明显降低(P0.05)。T组未见腹横肌平面阻滞相关并发症的发生。术后3 d T组的情绪状态评分、身体舒适度评分、心理支持评分、疼痛评分及总评分明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论超声引导下连续腹横肌平面阻滞用于开腹直肠癌根治术患者术后镇痛效果满意,提高患者术后早期恢复质量。     

腹部外科术后连续腹横肌平面阻滞与患者自控静脉镇痛对比的Meta分析

目的:比较连续腹横肌平面阻滞(CTAP)与患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)在腹部外科术后的安全性及有效性。方法:以"连续腹横肌平面阻滞,连续腹横筋膜阻滞,病人自控镇痛,continuous/modified,transversus/transverse abdominis plane block,TAP block,pat...     

超声引导下TAP阻滞对宫颈癌根治术患者术后镇痛效果的影响

目的观察超声引导下腹横肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞用于宫颈癌根治手术后的镇痛效果。方法 50例全麻下行宫颈癌根治术患者,随机分为术后腹横肌平面阻滞(TABP)+患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)(研究组)及单纯PCIA组(对照组),每组各25例,术后均使用静脉自控镇痛泵。分别记录两组患者术后清醒拔管即刻、2、6、12和24小时的VAS及Ramsay评分;第1次需求PCA距离清醒拔管的时间、术后24小时镇痛泵药物使用量及术后24小时镇痛泵按压次数;术后不良反应发生情况。结果研究组患者术后各时间点VAS评分均低于对照组(P<0.01),Ramsay镇静评分在T0和T1时点均高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组患者第1次需求PCA距离清醒拔管的时间明显长于对照组(P<0.01);术后24小时镇痛泵药物使用量及按压次数明显少于对照组(P<0.01);术后镇痛的恶心呕吐发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下TAP阻滞用于经腹宫颈癌根治术能明显减少术后镇痛药的需要量及副反应,增加镇痛效果。     

腹横肌平面阻滞在剖宫产术后镇痛的应用

目的探讨腹横肌平面阻滞在剖宫产术后镇痛中的应用效果,为临床剖宫产术后镇痛提供参考依据。方法选取2015年1月至2015年12月于本院收治的于腰硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产术的产妇186例,依据术后镇痛方法不同将其分为观察组(n=93)与对照组(n=93)。观察组术后行超声引导下双侧腹横肌平面阻滞进行镇痛,对照组不阻滞,对两组患者术后的镇痛效果及不良反应发生情况进行观察比较。结果在术后24小时视觉模拟评分(VAS)方面,观察组与对照组比较均明显降低,差异具有显著性(P0.05);与对照组比较,观察组产妇术后镇痛药物用量及术后镇痛泵按压次数均明显降低,对镇痛的满意度明显升高,差异具有显著性(P0.05);术后两组均出现恶心、呕吐等不良反应,且观察组总发生率与对照组总发生率相比明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在剖宫产术后应用腹横肌平面阻滞进行镇痛能够有效减轻患者术后疼痛,有助于减少术后静脉镇痛药物的使用量,效果安全可靠,提高产妇的满意度,值得临床进一步推广应用。     

腹横肌平面阻滞在腹式全子宫切除术中的应用经验

目的探讨腹横肌平面阻滞(TAP)技术在腹式全子宫切除术中的应用。方法选择择期行开腹全子宫切除术患者50例,分为两组(n=25),腹横肌平面阻滞组(TAP组)和对照组。TAP组患者在全麻插管后实施B超引导下双侧腹横肌平面阻滞,对照组患者不行阻滞,两组患者术后均采用相同静脉自控镇痛方案。比较两组患者术后各项监测指标的差异。结果 TAP组患者术毕清醒时间,术后VAS疼痛评分、排气时间、早期下床时间、出院时间均较对照组显著降低。结论腹横肌平面阻滞(TAP)技术在开腹全子宫切除术中能使患者早期苏醒,减少术后疼痛,提早下床活动及减少住院时间等作用,有益于患者术后快速康复。     

超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞技术对腹部手术后镇痛的效果

目的观察超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞技术对腹部手术后镇痛的效果。方法选择64例开腹手术患者,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各32例。观察组采用腹横肌平面阻滞(TAPB)+自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)镇痛,对照组行单纯PCIA镇痛。记录2组患者术后清醒拔管即刻(T_0)、2 h(T_1)、6 h(T_2)、12 h(T_3)、24 h(T_4)各时间点的Prince-Henry评分及Ramsay镇静评分。记录穿刺相关并发症及术后各时段镇痛装置按压次数。记录患者满意度及不良反应。结果观察组T_0、T_1、T_2时点Prince-Henry评分明显小于对照组(P0.05)。2组患者不同时间点的Ramsay镇静评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组未发生穿刺相关并发症,术后6 h内镇痛泵按压次数明显少于对照组(P0.05),呕吐发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05),镇痛满意度高于对照组(P0.05),差异均有统计学意义。结论超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞技术可降低腹部手术后6 h内Prince-Henry评分,减少术后镇痛药物的用量及并发症,术后镇痛满意度高。     

超声引导下多点肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞在开腹胃癌根治术中的应用

目的观察双侧多点肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞(transversus abdominis plane block,TAP)对开腹胃癌根治术患者术后镇痛效果的影响。方法择期全麻下行开腹胃癌根治术患者60例,男35例,女25例,年龄50~70岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,每组30例。全麻诱导成功后,超声引导下行双侧肋缘下多点腹横肌平面阻滞,两组患者分别注入0.5%罗派卡因40ml(研究组)或等量生理盐水(对照组)。手术结束患者清醒拔管后被推入PACU,患者离开PACU之前连接静脉自控镇痛泵。记录拔管后2、6、12、24和48h的疼痛VAS评分,记录术中舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼及血管活性药物的总用量,术后镇痛泵按压次数及舒芬太尼的总用量。结果术后6、12、24h,研究组VAS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组术中舒芬太尼、瑞芬太尼和血管活性药物的总用量,术后镇痛泵按压次数,及术后舒芬太尼的总用量均明显少于对照组(P0.05)。结论腹横肌平面阻滞通过阻滞前腹壁腹横肌平面的周围神经,为开腹胃癌根治术患者提供良好的术后镇痛。     

B超引导腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用的临床研究

目的研究B超引导腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用的临床效果。方法选取惠州市第三人民医院2018年5月1日到2018年10月30日期间收治的24例拟行腹膜透析置管术患者,依据随机数字表法将其分为腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞组(TR组,n=12)、局部浸润麻醉组(L组,n=12),TR组采用超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞麻醉,L组采用局部浸润麻醉,对两组患者的临床效果进行比较。结果 TR组分离腹直肌、荷包缝合、置管、结扎荷包及缝合腹壁时点VAS评分低于L组(P0.05),切皮时间点VAS评为高于L组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);TR组患者术中静脉用镇痛药剂量低于L组[(1.39±0.09)μg vs.(3.05±0.07)μg],TR组术后镇痛药使用低于L组(0.00%vs. 41.67%),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);TR组不良事件发生率低于L组(8.33%vs. 58.32%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 B超引导腹横肌平面阻滞联合腹直肌鞘阻滞在腹膜透析置管术中应用具有良好效果,值得推广。     

早期乳腺癌患者术后应用整形技术的临床观察

目的:观察并总结采用整形美容技术对早期乳腺癌患者进行手术治疗的临床经验。方法:回顾性分析2007年3月～2011年2月期间我院收治的86例术前分期为I～II期的乳腺癌患者,分别应用腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)、TRAM与DIEP联合皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣(LDF)加或不加假体、硅凝胶乳房假体、保留乳头乳晕复合体的方法对其中74例施行乳腺癌改良根治术的患者进行乳房整形手术,总结该74例患者的临床病例资料,对术后美容效果及远期预后进行评估。结果:患者均为女性,年龄分布35～68岁,平均(48.2±6.5)岁,中位年龄46岁。12例患者仅采用改良根治术治疗,74例应用乳房整形技术的患者中,采用腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)进行乳房再造26例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)乳房再造术6例,TRAM与DIEP联合皮瓣行乳房再造术8例,背阔肌肌皮瓣(LDF)加或不加假体进行乳房再造20例,硅凝胶乳房假体进行乳房再造8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体进行乳房再造6例。不同整形技术对乳腺癌术后的恢复及并发症的发生率有影响,差异存在统计学意义,采用整形技术及单纯根治术治疗,乳腺癌术后恢复及并发症发生率的差异未发现统计学意义。术后随访10～16个月,未发现局部和区域肿瘤复发,无伤口、皮肤坏死和感染,未发现死亡病例,继续随访观察。结论:I、II期乳腺癌患者在行改良根治术后,应用乳房整形技术治疗是安全、有效的,腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术进行乳房美容的效果最好,乳房整形术术后并发症较传统单纯乳腺癌改良根治术发生率无明显变化,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.