不同椎弓根螺钉固定及骨水泥强化方法在骨质疏松骶骨上锚定强度的比较

目的:通过比较不同椎弓根螺钉固定及骨水泥强化方法在骨质疏松骶骨上的锚定强度,探讨骶骨椎弓根螺钉松动后的理想补救技术.方法:应用11具成人新鲜骶骨标本,经骨密度测试确认为骨质疏松后,在同一骶骨标本上,依次建立5种骶骨螺钉固定模型,A组,单皮质椎弓根螺钉固定(左侧):B组,双皮质椎弓根螺钉固定(右侧);C组,PMMA钉道强化后单皮质椎弓根螺钉固定(建立于A组螺钉拔出后);D组,PMMA钉道强化后侧翼钉固定(右侧);E组,后凸成形技术支持下的PMMA强化后侧翼钉固定(左侧).应用MTS材料测试机进行轴向拔出测试,记录各种骶骨螺钉固定技术的最大拔出力并进行比较.结果:11具标本的骨密度为0.55～0.79g,cm~2,平均0.71±0.08g/cm~2.A～E组最大拔出力分别为508±128N、685±126N、846±230N、543±121N和702±144N.A组与D组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),且均显著低于B、C和E组(P<0.05);B组与E组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),但两组的拔出力均显著低于C组(P<0.05).结论:在骨质疏松患者的骶骨固定中,双皮质骶骨椎弓根钉较单皮质具有更高的锚定强度.骶骨椎弓根钉一旦发生松动,PMMA钉道强化和后凸成形技术支持下的PMMA强化后的侧翼钉固定均可成为理想的补救手段.     

Risk of cement leakage and pulmonary embolism by bone cement-augmented pedicle screw fixation of the thoracolumbar spine

Background

Cement-augmented pedicle screw instrumentation (CAPSI) of the thoracolumbar spine is indicated in osteoporosis or osteopenia to improve pullout strength and biomechanical stability of pedicle screws (PS). Only a few studies report on the incidence of pulmonary cement embolism or other complications associated with CAPSI.

皮质骨螺钉固定与椎弓根螺钉固定在腰椎后路融合术中应用效果比较的Meta分析

目的 :应用Meta分析评价腰椎后路融合术中皮质骨通道(CBT)螺钉固定与传统椎弓根螺钉(PS)固定的效果,为临床选择合适的固定方法提供依据。方法:计算机检索CNKI、CBM、PubMed、The Cochrane Library(2017年第6期)、ELSEVIER Science Direct(SDOS)数据库,检索时间均是从建库到2017年6月。搜集腰椎后路融合术中应用CBT螺钉固定与PS固定的随机对照研究(RCT)和队列研究,均经X线、CT及MRI确定诊断患有某些腰椎疾病(包括腰椎椎间孔狭窄的椎管狭窄症和重度滑脱症);年龄40~60岁。术后结局指标至少包括以下指标中的一项:Oswestry残障指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、日本骨科协会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)、术中出血量、手术时间、融合情况。参考Cochrane系统评价手册5.0.1和修改后的纽卡斯尔渥太华评分(针对RCT和队列研究的评价标准)对纳入文献质量进行评价,并采用Meta分析对相关结局指标进行分析。结果:共纳入1个RCT,6个队列研究,7篇均为英文文献。CBT组共计259例,PS组共计289例。Meta分析结果显示:CBT组和PS组术中出血量有统计学差异[MD=-88.83,95%CI(-122.79,-54.88),P0.01],而ODI(P=0.20)、JOA评分(P=0.57)、VAS评分(术后1个月腰痛P=0.38,术后8个月腰痛P=0.89,术后8个月腿痛P=0.51)、手术时间(P=0.12)、融合(P=0.95)五个方面两组无统计学差异。结论:与PS固定技术相比,应用CBT螺钉固定技术行腰椎后路融合也可获得满意的临床疗效,而且能显著减少术中出血量。     

骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉固定的研究进展

椎弓根螺钉固定技术是脊柱后路固定的标准技术,但在骨质疏松情况下固定易松动失效,常需要行骨水泥强化以提高固定效果.本文简要介绍了疏松性椎骨骨-钉界面生物力学、骨水泥强化固定的方法和材料.并指出强化固定的指征和可吸收材料在骨质疏松性骨质强化巾的替代过程及其强度可能是值得期待的研究方向.     

骨质疏松尸体腰椎中膨胀式椎弓根螺钉与骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉固定稳定性的比较研究

【摘要】 目的：比较骨质疏松尸体腰椎膨胀式椎弓根螺钉（expansive pedicle screw,EPS）固定与骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉（polymethylmethacrylate-augmented pedicle screw,PMMA-PS）固定的稳定性。方法：16个腰椎标本取自4具新鲜尸体的脊柱（L1~L4）。年龄51~78岁,平均63岁,其中女性3具,男性1具。所有标本经X线检查排除畸形、骨折等病变,其中1个腰椎因严重畸形被剔除。测量各椎体的骨密度值（bone mineral density,BMD）后,将15个椎体随机分为3组。采用相同方法制备钉道,普通椎弓根螺钉（CPS）组直接置入CPS;PMMA-PS组先向钉道内注入PMMA,再置入CPS;EPS组直接置入EPS。置钉后24h,对标本进行X线检查和CT扫描,观察螺钉位置及骨水泥分布情况;然后将椎体固定于MTS 858上,沿椎弓根螺钉的长轴方向以10mm/min的加载速度进行拔出实验,测量螺钉的最大轴向拔出力（the maximum pullout strength,Fmax）和能量吸收值（energy absorbed value,EAV）。结果：所有腰椎的BMD均小于0.8g/cm2,T值为-3.5~-2.5,均为骨质疏松椎体,3组之间BMD的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。X线检查和CT重建显示各组螺钉位置均良好,PMMA-PS组中未见PMMA渗漏现象;CPS组螺钉被周围的骨质直接包绕;PMMA-PS组螺钉被PMMA所包裹,PMMA存在于螺钉周围的骨质中,在椎体内形成了“纺锤样”结构;EPS组螺钉的前端在椎体内明显膨胀,形成了“爪状”结构。CPS组、PMMA-PS组和EPS组的Fmax分别为751.50±251.37N、1521.70±513.27N和1175.20±396.51N,PMMA-PS组和EPS组均显著高于CPS组（P<0.001,P=0.026）,而PMMA-PS组和EPS组之间的差异无统计学意义（P=0.064）。CPS组、PMMA-PS组和EPS组的EAV分别为1.47±0.51J、3.09±0.93J和2.46±0.69J,PMMA-PS组和EPS组均显著高于CPS组（P<0.001,P=0.005）,而PMMA-PS组和EPS组之间的差异无统计学意义（P=0.067）。结论：EPS可显著提高骨质疏松腰椎内椎弓根螺钉的稳定性,达到了与传统PMMA强化椎弓根螺钉接近的固定强度,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

椎弓根螺钉骨水泥强化固定治疗腰椎退行性变的临床效果

目的 探讨椎弓根螺钉骨水泥强化固定治疗腰椎退行性变的临床效果.方法 对56例腰椎退行性变患者行椎弓根螺钉骨水泥强化固定、椎间植骨融合,术前测量拟固定椎体的骨密度,术中测量螺钉的最大旋入力偶矩后取出螺钉,钉道注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）3ml再次置入螺钉并测量螺钉的最大旋入力偶矩,椎体固定后减压并行椎体间植骨融合.结果 患者均获随访,时间6~24（14.4±3.6）个月,均未发生内固定物松动、断钉及断棒等并发症.影像学评估：骨水泥分布于钉道周围松质骨中无明显椎体外渗.末次随访时按改良Macnab标准评价临床疗效：优27例,良22例,可7例;椎弓根螺钉的最大旋入力偶矩经术中骨水泥强化固定后由（0.61±0.23）N·m增至（1.35±0.32） N·m,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论椎弓根螺钉骨水泥强化固定治疗腰椎退行性变可以明显增强螺钉的稳定性.     

Biomechanical comparative study of the stability of injectable pedicle screws with different lateral holes augmented with different volumes of polymethylmethacrylate in osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae

Background Context

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is widely used for pedicle screw augmentation in osteoporosis. Until now, there had been no studies of the relationship between screw stability and the distribution and volume of PMMA.

后路短节段固定结合伤椎固定经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰段骨折

[目的]探讨后路短节段结合伤椎椎弓根钉固定加伤椎经椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折的临床疗效。[方法]对本院2003~2007年收治的胸腰段骨折治疗进行回顾,总共随访到96例病例。28例采用单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉复位固定,68例患者采用短节段固定结合单侧伤椎螺钉固定结合经椎弓根植骨,其中38例植骨材料为人工骨,30例为自体髂骨植骨。按照美国脊柱创伤研究组提出的胸腰椎损伤严重性评分标准(thoraco lumbar injury severityscore,TLISS)分别对各组病例进行评分,术前、术后以及随访期间正侧位X线片,测量伤椎椎体前后缘高度,胸腰段后凸Cobb′s角,前后椎体高度比,应用SPSS 11.0进行统计学分析。[结果]术后平均随访16.8个月(12~20个月),所有骨折复位效果满意。单纯后路短节段固定比经椎弓根植骨结合后路短节段固定组高度丢失多,术后Cobb′s角的矫正能力差,应用人工骨与自体骨植骨组间无明显差异。[结论]经椎弓根植骨结合后路短节段固定加伤椎固定重建了椎体的高度,增加了脊柱前柱稳定性,可有效的防止内固定失败和矫正度丢失,是一种治疗胸腰段骨折的有效方法。     

空心带侧孔椎弓根螺钉灌注骨水泥强化技术治疗老年性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的 探讨空心带侧孔椎弓根螺钉灌注骨水泥强化技术治疗合并老年骨质疏松症胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床效果。方法 2011-03-2013-06应用空心带侧孔椎弓根螺钉并灌注骨水泥强化治疗合并老年骨质疏松症胸腰椎爆裂性骨折40例。结果 术后疼痛及神经受压症状基本缓解。骨折椎体高度、椎管矢状径恢复满意,未发生伤椎再塌陷,无骨水泥渗漏、脊髓损伤;无螺钉松动、断裂脱出;无腰背痛及功能损失等后遗症状。结论 合并老年骨质疏松症胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者,应用空心带侧孔椎弓根螺钉并灌注骨水泥强化后进行复位固定治疗,既提升了螺钉的把持力又稳定了脊柱,恢复了脊柱矢状和冠状的几何序列,是一种切实可行、相对微创、有效的方法。     

Solid and hollow pedicle screws affect the electrical resistance: A potential source of error with stimulus-evoked electromyography

Background:

Although stimulus evoked electromyography (EMG) is commonly used to confirm the accuracy of pedicle screw placement. There are no studies to differentiate between solid screws and hollow screws to the electrical resistance of pedicle screws. We speculate that the electrical resistance of the solid and hollow pedicle screws may be different and then a potential source of error with stimulus-evoked EMG may happen.

Materials and Methods:

Resistance measurements were obtained from 12 pedicle screw varieties (6 screws of each manufacturer) across the screw shank based on known constant current and measured voltage. The voltage was measured 5 times at each site.

Results:

Resistance of all solid screws ranged from 0.084 Ω to 0.151 Ω (mean =0.118 ± 0.024 Ω) and hollow screws ranged from 0.148 Ω to 0.402 Ω (mean = 0.285 ± 0.081 Ω). There was a significant difference of resistance between the solid screws and hollow screws (P < 0.05). The screw with the largest diameter no matter solid screws or hollow screws had lower resistance than screws with other diameters. No matter in solid screws group or hollow screws group, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the 5.0 mm screws and 6.0 mm screws, 6.0 mm screws and 7.0 mm screws, 5.0 mm screws and 7.0 mm screws, 4.5 mm screws and 5.5 mm screws, 5.5 mm screws and 6.5 mm screws, 4.5 mm screws and 6.5 mm screws. The resistance of hollow screws was much larger than the solid screws in the same diameter group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Hollow pedicle screws have the potential for high electrical resistance compared to the solid pedicle screws and therefore may affect the EMG response during stimulus-evoked EMG testing in pedicle screw fixation especially in minimally invasive percutaneous pedical screw fixation surgery.     

椎弓根皮质骨螺钉固定与传统椎弓根螺钉固定钉道周围骨质CT值比较

目的 :比较椎弓根皮质骨螺钉固定与传统椎弓根螺钉固定钉道周围骨质的平均CT值,为椎弓根皮质骨螺钉的应用提供理论依据。方法:调取我院2014年1月~2016年10月21~70岁男女性腰椎高分辨率CT扫描影像资料,每10岁一个年龄组,单组随机抽取30例共300例数据。将各组数据导入Mimics 18.0中进行骨组织三维重建,在L4和L5椎体上模拟椎弓根皮质骨螺钉与传统椎弓根螺钉的置入,分割出各模拟螺钉与骨质相交的感兴趣区域并测量其平均CT值。结果:同年龄段同性别同种置钉方式L4、L5椎体感兴趣区域平均CT值均无统计学差异,皮质骨螺钉置钉与传统椎弓根螺钉置钉钉道周围感兴趣区域的平均CT值21~30岁组男性分别为547.4±48.2Hu和311.1±20.3Hu,女性为517.3±56.0Hu和279.1±41.7Hu;31~40岁组男性分别为519.6±48.9Hu和258.7±26.5Hu,女性为521.5±58.8Hu和287.8±33.2Hu;41~50岁组男性分别为490.9±69.8Hu和249.7±37.5Hu,女性为500.7±81.0和262.0Hu±72.1Hu;51~60岁组男性分别为436.5±65.7Hu和217.4±20.8Hu,女性为438.8±45.8Hu和222.1±22.6Hu;61~70岁组男性分别为396.1±40.0Hu和204.0±36.4Hu,女性为364.5±73.6Hu和153.5±27.1Hu;两种置钉方式各年龄组同性别间比较均有统计学差异(P0.05),皮质骨螺钉为传统螺钉的1.7~2.3倍。同种置钉方式不同性别间平均CT值比较,传统螺钉置钉在21~30岁、31~40岁和61~70岁组有统计学差异(P0.05);皮质骨螺钉置钉在21~30岁和61~70岁组有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 :椎弓根皮质骨螺钉固定钉道周围骨质CT值明显高于传统椎弓根螺钉固定,椎弓根皮质骨螺钉固定具有更高骨-螺钉界面强度。     

Polymethylmethacrylate augmentation of the pedicle screw: the cement distribution in the vertebral body

Many studies have proven that the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) augmentation of the pedicle screw can significantly increase stiffness and strength of spinal fixation. Some major complications have also been reported. However, there are no reports discussing cement distribution and its morphology in the osteoporotic vertebral body, which is critical in the analysis of the biomechanical strength of the pedicle screw and the risk of cement leakage after pedicle screw augmentation. In this study, we used computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the cement distribution in the osteoporotic vertebral body after PMMA augmentation of a pedicle screw and to analyze the factors leading to cement leakage. Two groups of patients were studied. Group A consisted 25 osteoporotic patients (mean age of 73 years) with spinal instrumentation who had a total of 145 pedicle screws and cement augmentation with biopsy needles. Group B consisted of 23 osteoporotic patients (mean age of 74.6 years) with spinal instrumentation who had a total of 125 cannulated pedicle screws with cement augmentation. All patients had CT evaluation of the cement distribution in the vertebral body after the surgery. The cement distribution in the vertebrae was divided into four zones in the axial CT view: anterior one-third, middle third, and posterior third of vertebral body, and the pedicle. The morphology of the cement distribution around the pedicle screw was defined as scattered type or concentrate type. The leakage pattern was divided to anterior–lateral, posterior–lateral, and canal leakage. The correlations among bone mineral density (BMD), the cement leakage rate, and cement distribution morphology were also analyzed. The results showed that most augmented pedicle screws had cement extension into three of the four zones of the vertebral body (66.3%), followed by two zones (20%), all four zones (11.5%), and only one zone (2.2%). Overall, 123 screws (84.8%) in Group A and 108 screws (86.4%) in Group B had cement concentrate type distribution. The cement leakage rate in Group A is 18.3% and 13.6% in Group B. Patients with a BMD <0.6 g/cm² had significantly higher rates of cement leakage and tended toward a scattered cement distribution. There was only one patient who had a symptomatic leakage (sciatica) in Group B. We concluded that the cement distribution after pedicle screw augmentation with biopsy needle or cannulated screw technique was mostly localized in three zones of the vertebral body, and patients with lower BMD had a higher risk of cement leakage and scattered cement distribution.     

骨质疏松绵羊腰椎膨胀式椎弓根螺钉与骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉固定稳定性的动态比较研究

【摘要】 目的：比较骨质疏松绵羊腰椎膨胀式椎弓根螺钉（expansive pedicle screw,EPS）与骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉（polymethylmethacrylate-augmented pedicle screw,PMMA-PS）固定的动态稳定性。方法：8只健康成年雌性绵羊,体重55.7±5.6kg,年龄5.5±0.7岁。行双侧卵巢切除术（去势手术）后1个月开始连续肌肉注射甲基强的松龙（0.45mg/kg/d）10个月,在建模前、激素注射结束后1个月（建模后）测量绵羊腰椎的骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）,BMD显著下降（>25%）时为骨质疏松动物模型成功建立。建模后将每只骨质疏松绵羊腰椎（L1~L6）随机分为3组,每组2个腰椎。普通椎弓根螺钉（conventional pedicle screw,CPS）组,直接拧入CPS;PMMA-PS组,向钉道内注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA,1.0ml）后拧入CPS;EPS组,直接拧入EPS。螺钉置入术后6周和12周各处死4只绵羊,取出腰椎,剔除标本周围软组织,自各椎间盘处离断,游离成单个椎体。每个腰椎随机选择一侧的螺钉行轴向拔出实验,将椎体固定于MTS 858生物材料实验机上,沿椎弓根螺钉长轴方向以5mm/min的加载速度进行轴向拔出实验,测量螺钉的最大轴向拔出力（the maximum pullout strength,Fmax）和能量吸收值（energy absorbed value,EAV）。结果：建模前、后绵羊腰椎的BMD分别为1.14±0.10g/cm2和0.83±0.07g/cm2,建模后BMD显著下降（P<0.05）,平均为27.2%（25.4%~28.9%）,骨质疏松绵羊模型成功建立。置钉术后6周EPS组和PMMA-PS组的Fmax分别为1252.13±203.51N和1426.38±235.75N,EAV分别为2.48±0.45J和2.84±0.55J,均显著高于CPS组（827.88±139.22N和1.66±0.30J）（P<0.05）;置钉术后12周EPS组和PMMA-PS组的Fmax分别为1518.88±256.81N和1472.75±248.65N,EAV分别为3.09±0.59J和2.95±0.60J,均显著高于CPS组（906.63±152.50N和1.80±0.35J）（P<0.05）;置钉术后6周、12周EPS组的Fmax和EAV与PMMA-PS组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。置钉术后12周CPS组和PMMA-PS组的Fmax和EAV与同组置钉术后6周比较无显著性变化（P>0.05）,置钉术后12周EPS组的Fmax和EAV较同组置钉术后6周均有显著性提高（P<0.05）。结论：与CPS相比,EPS可显著提高螺钉在骨质疏松绵羊腰椎中的稳定性,并达到了与临床常用的PMMA-PS近似的固定效果。     

Neurovascular risks of sacral screws with bicortical purchase: an anatomical study

The aim of this cadaver study is to define the anatomic structures on anterior sacrum, which are under the risk of injury during bicortical screw application to the S1 and S2 pedicles. Thirty formaldehyde-preserved human male cadavers were studied. Posterior midline incision was performed, and soft tissues and muscles were dissected from the posterior part of the lumbosacral region. A 6 mm pedicle screw was inserted between the superior facet of S1 and the S1 foramen. The entry point of the S2 pedicle screw was located between S1 and S2 foramina. S1 and S2 screws were placed on both right and the left sides of all cadavers. Then, all cadavers were turned into supine position. All abdominal and pelvic organs were moved away and carefully observed for any injury. The tips of the sacral screws were marked and the relations with the anatomic structures were defined. The position of the sacral screws relative to the middle and lateral sacral arteries and veins, and the sacral sympathetic trunk were measured. There was no injury to the visceral organs. In four cases, S1 screw tip was in direct contact with middle sacral artery. In two cases, S1 screw tip was in direct contact with middle sacral vein. It was observed that the S1 screw tips were in close proximity to sacral sympathetic trunk on both right and the left sides. The tip of the S2 screw was in contact with middle sacral artery on the left side only in one case. It is found that the tip of the S2 screw was closely located with the middle sacral vein in two cases. The tip of the S2 pedicle screw was in contact with the sacral sympathetic trunk in eight cases on the right side and seven cases on the left side. Lateral sacral vein was also observed to be disturbed by the S1 and S2 screws. As a conclusion, anterior cortical penetration during sacral screw insertion carries a risk of neurovascular injury. The risk of sacral sympathetic trunk and minor vascular structures together with the major neurovascular structures and viscera should be kept in mind.     

短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨植钉术在胸腰椎骨折的应用

目的：比较短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨植钉术与跨节段椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗胸腰椎爆裂或压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法将46例胸腰椎爆裂或压缩骨折患者随机分为2组,分别使用短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨植钉术和跨节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨术治疗。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后Cobb角、伤椎前缘高度压缩率、椎间隙高度丢失、神经功能恢复（Frankel分级）、JOA评分及VAS评分。结果两组患者手术时间和术中出血量比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后12个月神经功能Frankel分级差异无统计学意义。术后各时间点观察组、对照组Cobb角、各椎间隙高度、VAS评分及JOA评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合伤椎植骨植钉术治疗胸腰椎爆裂或压缩骨折能有效恢复并维持伤椎高度,但不能有效地防止相邻节段的退变和后凸畸形矫正度的丢失。     

后路短节段内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂骨折的疗效分析

[目的]探讨应用后路短节段椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的适应证。[方法]对2006年10月～2009年12月的48例资料完整的胸腰椎爆裂骨折手术治疗效果进行回顾性研究。按照Magerl分型将病例分为3组,A31型(n=13)、A32型(n=19)和A33型(n=16)。所有患者均行后路切开复位椎弓根系统内固定植骨融合术。于术前、术后及1年后随访时测量患者的椎体前高率、矢状位指数及Cobb角。以视觉疼痛评分(VAS)评价患者腰背痛程度。[结果]所有患者的腰背痛程度随时间延长逐渐减轻,合并脊髓损伤的患者脊髓功能评分均有1级的恢复。术后所有患者的椎体前高率、矢状位指数及Cobb角均有明显改善,与术前相比有统计学上的差异,随访时A31型和A32型骨折影像学参数与术后比较变化不明显,但A33型骨折的患者出现了腰背部后凸畸形明显加重。[结论]应用后路短节段固定治疗对于A31型和A32型胸腰段骨折治疗效果良好,但治疗A33型骨折效果不理想。     

强化骨质疏松椎弓根螺钉治疗老年腰椎疾患

目的评价骨水泥强化骨质疏松椎弓根螺钉治疗老年腰椎疾患的临床疗效。方法对22例老年腰椎疾病患者行骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉、椎间植骨融合。术前测量待植入螺钉之椎体的骨密度;术中测量螺钉的最大旋入力偶矩;用3ml骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉,测量螺钉的最大旋入力偶矩;减压后行椎间植骨融合术。结果患者均未发生手术并发症,睽腿痛治愈、好转20例,2例症状无明显改善。强化椎弓根螺钉后,螺钉的最大旋入力偶矩由（0．591±0．213）Nm增至（1．332±0．377）Nm．差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。影像学表现为骨水泥分布于钉道周围松质骨中,未出现椎体外渗漏。结论骨水泥强化骨质疏松椎弓根螺钉治疗老年腰椎疾患能明显增强螺钉的稳定性。     

经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合Quadrant微创撑开系统在治疗腰椎退行性疾病中的临床应用

目的:探讨经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定联合Quadrant微创撑开系统在治疗腰椎退行性疾病中的临床应用价值.方法:我院于2010年2月～2012年2月共治疗腰椎退行性疾病患者92例,随机对其中46例采用经皮椎弓根内固定联合Quadrant微创撑开系统行椎间盘摘除植骨融合术治疗(微创组),46例采用传统后路腰椎间融合术(PLIF)治疗(传统组),分别对两组手术时间、切口长度、失血量、末次随访时根据改良MacNab标准判定的优良率、术前及术后半年与术后1年腰背痛VAS评分、并发症等进行对比分析.结果:患者均获随访,随访时间4～24个月,平均16个月.微创组术后并发症出现切口延期愈合1例,脑脊液漏1例.微创组与传统组的手术时间分别为100.0±21.7min和91.0±18.1min,优良率分别为89.2％和86.9％,两组间比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).微创组与传统组术前VAS评分分别为6.0±3.3分和6.3±2.5分,术后6个月时分别为2.5±1.3分和2.6±1.4分,术后1年时分别为1.4±1.1分和1.3±1.1分,两组患者术后腰背痛较术前均得到缓解(P＜0.05),两组间比较差异无显著性(P＞0.05).手术切口微创组(2.5±0.2cm)小于传统组(5.1±0.6cm),出血量微创组(80.0±7.2ml)少于传统组(152.0±12.3ml),差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).微创组24例在术后3个月,18例在术后6个月,其余4例患者在术后1年时影像学上获得植骨融合;传统组25例在术后3个月,18例在术后6个月,其余3例患者在术后1年时影像学上获得植骨融合.结论:经皮椎弓根内固定联合Quadrant微创撑开系统应用于腰椎后路治疗腰椎间盘突出症是一种安全、有效的方法,较之传统后路手术具有切口小,出血量少的优势.     

后路短节段椎弓根内固定加植骨融合治疗儿童先天性脊柱后凸

[目的]探讨后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定加植骨融合矫正儿童先天性半椎体脊柱后凸畸形的可行性及短期疗效评价。[方法]对2001年11月～2006年1月挑选的13例先天性半椎体脊柱后凸儿童进行后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定加植骨融合畸形矫正术，男8例，女5例；平均10．4岁（5～13岁）。Cobb’s角平均为42．7^o（28^o～48^o）。术后支具固定8个月。[结果]术后X线片随访12个月-5年3个月（平均2年3个月）。矢状面Cobb＇s角由平均42．7^o矫正至平均9．3^o，畸形矫正率达到78．2％。随访过程中矫正的Cobb’s角平均增大1．6^o，无椎弓根切割，无神经损伤，没有发生植骨不愈合的病例，没有患者出现侧凸畸形。[结论]后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定加植骨融合矫正儿童先天性脊柱后凸，手术创伤小，短期效果可靠，但应严格掌握手术指征。     

后路椎弓根螺钉钉道强化内固定治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的中长期临床疗效分析

目的:观察钉道强化椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折(osteoporotic vertebral fractures,OVF的中长期临床疗效。方法:2008年1月～2015年12月41例OVF患者纳入研究,其中女37例,男4例;年龄72.0±5.8岁(66～88岁);病程6.75±3.20个月(8h～27个月);骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)平均T值为-3.80±1.12SD(-2.9～-5.4SD);52个椎体受累,责任椎体位于T5～L5,合并椎体内假关节33个(63.46%),陈旧骨折畸形愈合3个(5.77%),合并重度塌陷12个(23.08%),椎体最大塌陷率为(72.0±15.2)%(32%～95%),椎管占位率为(42.3±11.4)%(22.1%～71.4%);术前神经功能ASIA分级为C级8例,D级10例,E级23例。手术方式采用后路椎弓根螺钉钉道强化内固定,再根据骨折类型联合伤椎骨水泥强化或椎管减压或截骨矫形等。记录术前、术后1周、末次随访时疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)及术前、术后1周、术后2年、末次随访时伤椎局部后凸角,评价患者功能恢复情况;记录相关并发症发生情况。结果:随访38.9±29.0个月(24～108个月),2例患者去世,4例患者失访,35例患者完成末次随访。术前、术后1周及末次随访时的VAS分别为8.07±1.52分、3.26±2.40分及2.66±1.49分,ODI分别为(72.30±11.80)%、(46.70±16.28)%及(35.89±11.90)%,术前、术后1周、术后2年及末次随访时的伤椎局部后凸角分别为26.85°±17.32°、7.64°±9.61°、11.18°±9.57°及11.43°±1.93°,三项指标术后各时间点均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且末次随访时ODI与术后1周比较有统计学差异(P0.05),VAS、后凸角在术后各随访点间比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。末次随访时11例患者神经功能获得改善,其中术前ASIA分级C级恢复至D级3例、E级5例,术前D级恢复至E级3例、余7例仍为D级,8例术前E级患者下肢放射痛、麻木等症状明显减轻。13例(31.71%)出现无症状骨水泥渗漏,术后未予以特殊处理。术后新发椎体骨折6例10个(24.39%),其中相邻节段5例5个(12.20%)。随访期间,所有患者均未发生骨水泥脱落、内固定物松动等并发症。结论:后路椎弓根螺钉钉道强化内固定治疗OVF临床疗效满意,可明显缓解患者疼痛、改善功能,纠正后凸畸形,在中长期随访中未出现内固定失败等并发症。