核因子κB和神经细胞粘附分子在点燃前的作用

目的　探讨核因子κB (NF κB)、神经细胞粘附分子 (NCAM )在戊四氮 (PTZ)点燃大鼠点燃前即癫痫形成过程中的作用。方法　 2 4只Wistar雄鼠随机分为C(对照组 ) ,P1( 4d) ,P2 ( 10d) ,P3 ( 16d)四组 ,应用逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)检测PTZ点燃大鼠癫痫形成过程中不同时间点 ( 4、10、16d)海马内NF κB、NCAMmRNA表达变化。结果　NF κB、NCAM在对照组 ,点燃过程中的第 4、10、16天的mRNA量均逐渐增高 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。结论　NF κB、NCAM在点燃过程中起重要作用 ,并说明在癫痫形成过程中有多种因子参与 ,是一个复杂的过程。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α对点燃鼠海马谷氨酸及其受体的影响

我们通过戊四氮(PTZ)点燃大鼠腹腔内注射肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)并探讨其对海马谷氨酸(Glu)及其受体NMDAζ1的影响,阐明它在癫痫发病中的具体作用机制。一、材料和方法1.动物处理及取材:Wistar大鼠2 4只,随机分为PTZ组、TNF组和NC组,每组8只。PTZ组和TNF组每日经腹腔注入阈下剂量的PTZ(3 5mg/kg) ,直至达到点燃标准。全部点燃后2 4h ,TNF组经腹腔注入TNF α5 μg/kg[1] ,PTZ组注入生理盐水,2h后,再诱发癫痫发作,并观察行为学变化,待癫痫发作停止后,与NC组一起行心脏灌注,断头取脑修块(含海马) ,常规脱水、透明、浸蜡、包埋…     

黄芪注射液对镉诱导大鼠精子畸形的拮抗作用

目的 :观察黄芪注射液拮抗氯化镉诱导的大鼠精子畸形作用。　方法 :将 30只SD雄性大鼠随机分成 5组 :低浓度黄芪组 (A1)、高浓度黄芪组 (A2 )、环磷酰胺组 (CP)、氯化镉组 (Cd)和对照组 (C)。预先连续 7d分别给A1组和A2 组大鼠腹腔黄芪注射液 5g/ (kg·d)和 10g/ (kg·d) ,Cd组和CP组大鼠分别腹腔注射等量蒸馏水作对照 ,之后连续 2 1dA1组、A2 组和Cd组大鼠分别同时腹腔注射氯化镉溶液 [0 .2mg/ (kg·d) ]。CP组大鼠给予 5 0mg/ (kg·d)腹腔注射染镉后第 2 2d处死大鼠 ,观察睾丸脏器系数、精子头计数、每日精子生成量、附睾尾精子计数和畸形率以及睾丸和附睾病理学。　结果 :A2 组睾丸脏器系数、睾丸精子头计数、每日精子生成量和附睾精子计数 [(5 .6 8±1.19)、(4 9.0 1± 8.78)× 10 6/g、(10 .2 5± 2 .30 )× 10 6/ (g·d)、(4 7.5 1± 2 2 .5 1)× 10 6/ml]明显高于Cd组 [(3.11± 0 .16 )、(37.5 9± 10 .6 3)× 10 6/g、(5 .31± 0 .32 )× 10 6/ (g·d)、(10 .89± 2 .4 5 )× 10 6/ml](P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ;A2 组大鼠精子畸形率 [(7.0 4± 0 .12 ) % ]明显下降 ,与Cd组 [(17.81± 1.5 5 ) % ]相比 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :黄芪注射液可拮抗氯化镉对生殖系统的损害作用 ,对防护     

腺苷A1受体敲除小鼠癫痫点燃过程中神经损伤的研究

目的 观察腺苷A1受体(A1R)敲除小鼠癫痫点燃过程中神经超微病理损伤,探讨腺苷A1受体的脑保护作用.方法 动物分为野生型、纯合子及敲除组3组,选择皮层、小脑、海马、脑干4个部位,采用透射电镜技术观察动物对戊四氮点燃的潜伏期及点燃癫痫过程中不同时间点(2 h、7 d、1 m)神经细胞的超微结构改变.结果 纯合子组点燃癫痫潜伏期平均值为(2.38±1.66)d,与野生型比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),结果显示纯合子组在点燃后2 h即出现广泛超微结构异常,主要为线粒体改变,随时间延长逐渐加重,而野生型组点燃后7 d才出现海马、颞叶为主的线粒体损伤,晚期时仍局限于海马.结论 腺苷A1受体有较强的脑保护作用,可减少戊四氮点燃过程中的细胞的超微结构损伤.     

戊四氮致痫大鼠海马一氧化氮的变化及对海马神经元凋亡的影响

目的 观察戊四氮(PTZ)致痫大鼠海马一氧化氮(NO)的变化对神经元兴奋毒性的影响.方法 SD雄性大鼠随机分为3组,每组14只,分别用生理盐水(A组)、PTZ(B组)、氨基胍+PTZ(C组)造模后,对海马NO含量、谷氨酸(Glu)免疫反应性、半胱氨酸酶(Caspase)-3 mRNA水平进行检测分析.结果 B组海马NO含量为(75.67±2.04) μmol/L,与A组(11.90±0.64) μmol/L和C组(36.19±4.48) μmol/L比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A组和C组的Glu、caspase-3 mRNA 表达水平明显低于B组(P＜0.05).结论 戊四氮致痫后可导致大鼠海马NO过量产生,对海马神经元具有兴奋毒性作用.而一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂的干预,具有神经保护作用.     

雌激素类似药NH1996对去卵巢大鼠海马突触素和钙结合蛋白表达的影响

采用大鼠卵巢切除 ( OVX)动物模型 ,用免疫组织化学方法结合图象分析 ,探讨雌激素、NH 1996对大鼠海马突触素及钙结合蛋白 ( Ca BP及 PV)的调节作用。图像分析表明 OVX组海马 CA1区及齿状回突触素、PV、Ca BP平均光密度及面积密度均显著低于对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ,补充雌激素和 NH19963 5 d,这三项指标的平均光密度及面积密度均恢复至正常水平 ,与 OVX组相比 ,有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 1)。推测雌激素、NH1996可能通过调节海马、齿状回神经元突触密度 ,改善学习记忆功能 ,缓解老年性痴呆病人的症状 ,并通过维持胞内 Ca2 + 的恒定达到保护神经元的目的。     

多次氯胺酮给药对大鼠海马CA1区突触长时程增强的影响

目的研究多次氯胺酮给药对大鼠海马CA1区突触长时程增强(LTP)的影响。方法 30只SD大鼠,年龄35-45 d,随机分为Con1组、Con2组、Ket1组、Ket2组及Ket3组(n=6)。Con1组单次腹腔注射生理盐水2 ml,Con2组每3日腹腔注射生理盐水2ml一次,共5次,Ket1组单次腹腔注射氯胺酮70 mg·kg-1(生理盐水稀释至2 ml),Ket2组每3日腹腔注射氯胺酮70 mg·kg-1(生理盐水稀释至2ml)共3次,Ket3组每3日腹腔注射氯胺酮70 mg·kg-1(生理盐水稀释至2 ml)共5次。末次给药7 d后,制作海马脑片,应用大鼠海马脑片细胞外记录技术检测海马CA1区LTP和强直刺激后群体峰电位振幅(PSA)的变化。结果与Con1组、Con2组比较,Ket1组PSA与LTP诱发率差异无统计学意义 (P>0．05),Ket3组PSA与LTP诱发率降低(P<0．01)。结论多次氯胺酮给药可降低大鼠海马CA1 区突触的可塑性。     

雌激素对大鼠骨性关节炎影响的实验研究

目的　了解雌激素水平改变对雌性大鼠骨性关节炎的影响。　方法　 SD大鼠 4 0只 ,采用膝关节制动制作骨性关节炎及同时切除卵巢的方法制作绝经期大鼠模型。实验分为 4组 , 组为正常对照组 ; 组为单纯关节固定组 ; 组为关节固定加卵巢切除组 ; 组在 组基础上同时给予 0 .80 mg/ (kg· d)己烯雌酚 ,连续 4周。 1个月后进行骨性关节炎病理学观察、评分和血清骨钙素检测。　结果　 组 (5 .72± 0 .6 4 )μg/ L血清骨钙素明显高于 组 (3.5 0±0 .39)μg/ L及 组 (3.95± 0 .4 4 )μg/ L。骨性关节炎、关节软骨和滑膜组织病理学评分 组 (10 .83± 4 .35、4 .2 1± 2 .0 3) , 组 (15 .32± 3.4 2、7.6 2± 3.4 2 ) , 组 (12 .6 5± 2 .73、5 .4 6± 1.2 3)。　结论　雌性大鼠切除卵巢可加重骨性关节炎的病理改变 ,而应用己烯雌酚替代后可延缓骨性关节炎的病理过程。雌激素可能在延缓骨性关节炎的发病过程中发挥重要作用。     

红霉素促进糖尿病大鼠胃排空的研究

目的　研究小剂量红霉素对糖尿病SD大鼠液相胃排空的作用。方法　 75只SD雄性大鼠 ,15只作为正常对照 ,99mTc DTPA测定大鼠的液相胃半排空时间。 60只大鼠给予腹腔注射2 %链脲佐菌素 5 0mg/kg体重 ,建立糖尿病模型。不用胰岛素控制血糖 ,饲养 6周。每周监测血糖和体重。糖尿病大鼠再随机分为 3组 ,分别给予红霉素乳酸盐 0 .5、3 .0、10 .0mg/kg体重静脉注射每天 1次 ,连续 3d ,再次测定胃排空。结果　糖尿病大鼠的体重较初始体重有明显减轻 [(2 65 .0± 2 3 .2 ) g比 (2 83 .0± 18.9)g] (P <0 .0 1)。糖尿病大鼠的液相胃半排空时间为 (62 .9± 10 .3 )min ,较正常对照组 (3 1.0± 4.3 )min明显延长 (P <0 .0 1)。糖尿病大鼠注射红霉素 0 .5、3 .0、10 .0mg/kg体重后胃排空时间较前有明显缩短 [(5 0 .6± 6.6)min比 (61.8± 8.3 )min ,(5 2 .3± 11.7)min比 (65 .8± 10 .7)min ,(5 0 .1± 9.5 )min比 (61.3± 11.7)min] (P <0 .0 1) ,但是不同剂量之间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　糖尿病明显延长SD大鼠的液相胃排空 ,而小剂量红霉素可以明显缩短糖尿病大鼠的胃排空时间。     

多次异丙酚给药对大鼠海马pCREB表达的影响

目的 探讨多次异丙酚给药对大鼠海马磷酸化环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(pcREB)表达的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠48只,日龄18～21 d,体重40～60 g,随机分为4组,每组12只,各组分别腹腔注射0.9%生理盐水10 ml/ks(A组)、异丙酚50 mg/kg(B组)、异丙酚100 mg/kg(C组)或异丙酚200 mg/kg(D组),连续用药5 d.每天均采用Morris水迷宫实验测试大鼠空间学习记忆能力.第5天测试结束后处死大鼠取脑分离海马组织,每组随机取6只应用免疫组织化学法检测海马pCREB的表达,剩余6只透射电镜下观察海马神经元突触结构.结果 与第1天比较,各组第4、5天逃避潜伏期明显缩短(P<0.05);与A组比较,其余3组第4、5天逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05);与B组比较,D组第5天逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05);与A组和B组比较,c组和D组海马pCREB表达下调(P<0.05).随异丙酚剂量增加,大鼠海马神经元突触结构受损加重.结论 多次较大剂量异丙酚给药可引起幼年大鼠空间学习记忆能力降低,其机制可能与海马pCREB表达下调、海马神经元突触结构改变有关.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.