HPLC法测定云南不同产地白花丹的不同部位中白花丹醌的含量

目的:建立白花丹药材中白花丹醌的反相高效液相色谱测定方法,以分别考察云南不同产地白花丹药材的不同部位中白花丹醌的含量。方法:色谱柱为 Kromasil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(70:30),流速为1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm,柱温为25℃。结果:白花丹醌在25.3～253μg·mL~(-1)范围内,具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9998;平均回收率为99.0%,RSD=1.4%(n=6)。不同产地白花丹药材地上部分的白花丹醌含量分别为0.046%(嘎洒),0.079%(勐养),0.134%(嘎东),0.032%(曼东),0.047%(曼阁),0.057%(曼老);根部的白花丹醌含量分别为0.842%(嘎洒),1.04%(勐养),1.44%(嘎东),0.763%(曼东),0.639%(曼阁),1.97%(曼老)。结论:本法简便、准确,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于控制白花丹药材质量。     

HPLC-ELSD测定白花丹药材中的β-谷甾醇

目的 建立测定白花丹药材中β-谷甾醇含量的方法,并比较白花丹药材不同药用部位、不同产地和不同采收期中β-谷甾醇的含量.方法 采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法,色谱柱为Kromasil C_(18)柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温为30℃,漂移管温度为40℃,载气(N2)压力3.5 bar.结果 β-谷甾醇1.080～4.860 μg与峰面积的自然对数呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9995),平均回收率为99.80%.白花丹根、茎中β-谷甾醇的含量分别为0.2074、0.4064 mg·g~(-1),叶中未测到;测得广西产白花丹中的含呈量普遍低于云南所产,西双版纳南药园的白花丹中β-谷甾醇含量最高;不同采收期白花丹茎中β-谷甾醇的含量较高.结论 所建方法简便、准确、重复性好,可以作为控制白花丹药材质量的方法之一.     

白花丹醌对大鼠肝星状细胞活性氧及TGF-β1/Smad信号通路的影响

目的研究白花丹醌对大鼠原代分离肝星状细胞(HSC)活性氧(ROS)水平、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3、Smad7蛋白表达的影响。方法分离原代大鼠HSC,接种活化期HSC,进行α-SMA免疫荧光鉴定,分为空白组、TGF-β1组、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂组(DPI)、白花丹醌低、中、高剂量(2、4、8μmol·L~(-1))组。MTT检测白花丹醌对HSC增殖的影响;显微镜下观察白花丹醌对HSC形态学的影响;荧光探针法测定HSC内ROS表达水平;Western blot检测HSC中Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3和Smad7蛋白表达。结果经α-SMA免疫组织荧光鉴定,阳性率达91%,表明获得高纯度的大鼠原代HSC。MTT测定白花丹醌最佳给药浓度为2、4、8μmol·L~(-1);DPI组和白花丹醌各浓度组可不同程度下调HSC内ROS的表达;Western blot结果显示,与模型组比较,DPI和白花丹醌给药组Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3的蛋白表达降低,Smad7蛋白表达增加。结论白花丹醌可能是通过下调ROS水平,进而降低Smad2/3和p-Smad2/3的表达,从而发挥抗HSC活化的作用。     

RP-HPLC测定白花丹药材中的香草酸

目的 建立白花丹药材中香草酸的含量测定方法,比较不同药用部位及不同产地、不同采收期白花丹药材中香草酸的含量.方法 采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)柱,柱温为30℃,流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸水溶液(12:88),检测波长为260 nm,流速为1 ml·min-1.结果 香草酸0.010～0.255 μg·ml-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=3.006×103X+7.609(r=0.9996),平均回收率为101.2%.用此条件测得白花丹根、茎、叶中香草酸的量分别为0.011、0.063、0.213 mg·g-1;测得广西植物园、云南红河州金平县、云南西舣版纳南药园的白花丹地上部分香草酸的含最分别为0.169、0.139、0.167 mg·g-1,而广西野生的花丹中香草酸的含量较低.白花丹不同采收期地上部分药材中香草酸的量均稳定在比较高的水平.结论 所建方法简便、准确、重复性好,可以作为控制白花丹药材质量的方法.     

白花丹醌对人肝癌细胞HepG2侵袭和凋亡的影响

目的探讨白花丹醌对人肝癌HepG2细胞侵袭和凋亡的影响。方法人肝癌HepG2细胞进行体外培养,经不同浓度的白花丹醌处理后,MTT法检测细胞的增殖抑制作用;Transwell细胞体外侵袭实验观察细胞的侵袭能力;流式细胞术Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡情况;免疫组化法检测细胞内Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。结果 MTT结果显示,与对照组比较,白花丹醌干预组抑制HepG2细胞增殖,并呈剂量-效应关系(P<0.05);Transwell细胞体外侵袭实验显示,随白花丹醌用药浓度的递增,细胞侵袭能力明显下降,尤其以4、8μmol·L~(-1)明显(P<0.01);流式细胞术结果显示,白花丹醌作用HepG2细胞48 h,4、8μmol·L~(-1)组细胞凋亡率均明显高于对照组;免疫组化显示,随着白花丹醌浓度增加,Bax蛋白表达增强,Bcl-2蛋白表达减弱,并呈剂量依赖性(P<0.01)。结论白花丹醌能够抑制HepG2细胞增殖,促进HepG2细胞凋亡,同时具有抑制HepG2细胞侵袭的能力。     

白花丹素致体外培养肝细胞的损伤及改构型酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对肝细胞的保护作用

目的研究白花丹素(plumbagin)对肝细胞的抑制作用及改构型酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(MaFGF)是否对白花丹素引起的肝细胞损伤有保护作用。方法将原代培养的肝细胞接种于96孔培养板:①72 h后加入一系列浓度的白花丹素,实验组在白花丹素作用24 h后加入不同浓度MaF-GF,再培养24 h后用MTT法检测细胞存活率。②以白花丹素建立损伤模型,并在加药后24 h加入一定量的MaFGF,观察MaFGF对白花丹素诱导的肝细胞损伤保护作用。③采用倒置相差显微镜对细胞进行连续的观察并照相,记录对照组、致伤组、细胞生长因子组细胞形态的变化。结果①成功建立白花丹素致肝细胞损伤的模型:白花丹素能明显抑制肝细胞的增殖,抑制效应与白花丹素的浓度相关。②白花丹素+不同浓度的MaFGF对肝细胞的抑制率随MaFGF浓度的增大而减小;IC50随着MaFGF浓度的增大而明显增高,并呈现比较明显的剂量-效应特点。③白花丹素组与对照组比较,各生化和酶学指标差异均有显著性(P<0.01或P<0.05);白花丹素+MaFGF组与白花丹素组比较,SOD活性升高、NO、MDA、LDH、GPT、GOT下降,差异有显著性(P<0.01或P<0.05)。而白花丹素+MaFGF组与对照组比较,各生化和酶学指标活性或含量均未回落至正常水平,差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论白花丹素对肝细胞有毒性作用;MaFGF对白花丹素损伤的原代培养肝细胞有一定的保护作用。     

RP-HPLC法测定维药白花丹中白花丹醌的含量

目的建立维吾尔药材白花丹中白花丹醌含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Waters XTerra RP C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水溶液;体积流量为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为270nm;柱温25℃。结果在上述条件下,白花丹醌进样量在0.028 6⁰.457 6μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率为100.4%,RSD为1.2%。结论该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,能有效测定白花丹药材中白花丹醌的含量。     

白花丹醌对人肝癌细胞HepG2、SMMC-7721增殖及其Bax/Bcl-2、Cyclin D1 mRNA表达的影响

目的探索白花丹醌对人肝癌细胞HepG2、SMMC-7721增殖的影响及其影响机制。方法人肝癌细胞HepG2和SMMC-7721分别与白花丹醌共培养,通过显微图像、MTT法检测了白花丹醌对上述两种肝癌细胞增殖情况的影响,利用实时荧光定量PCR(Qpcr)检测其Bax/Bcl-2,Cyclin D1mRNA表达的影响。结果显微照像和MTT法测定都表明白花丹醌能明显地抑制两种肝癌细胞的增殖;Qpcr检测表明,对HepG2和SMMC-7721,白花丹醌能明显上调Bax/Bcl-2mRNA比值(P=0.0017和P=0.00104),同时明显下调Cy-clin D1 mRNA水平(P=0.0287和P=0.0165)。结论白花丹醌能抑制HepG2、SMMC-7721的增殖,其机制与Bax/Bcl-2比值上升和Cyclin D1转录水平下降有关。     

白花丹醌对H22肝癌腹水小鼠生存期及体重的影响

目的探讨白花丹醌对H22肝癌小鼠生存期及体重的影响。方法取H22肝癌细胞接种于小鼠腹腔,造成肝癌腹水模型,随机分为模型组、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)组及白花丹醌高、中、低剂量组,造模后第2天连续ig给药10 d,观察对小鼠体重、生存期的影响。结果小鼠造模后第1～3天,各组体重无显著差异(P>0.05);第5～11天开始,白花丹醌高剂量组小鼠的体重较模型组显著较轻(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各给药组生存期较模型组显著延长(P<0.05)。结论高剂量的白花丹醌对H22肝癌腹水模型小鼠体重有明显影响,使其增长缓慢,各剂量组白花丹醌对小鼠生存期具有明显延长作用。     

白花丹提取物对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞纤维化及miR-155/SOSC1轴的影响

摘要：目的:探讨白花丹提取物对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞纤维化及mir-155/SOSC1轴的影响。方法:设大鼠肾小球系膜细胞HBZY-1对照组（不含D-葡萄糖）、高糖组(25 mmol·L-1D-葡萄糖)、白花丹提取物低、中、高剂量组(25 mmol·L-1D-葡萄糖并分别加入白花丹提取物,使白花丹提取物终浓度为10.0,100.0,1 000.0μg·ml-1),以上各组置于CO2培养箱（37℃、5%CO2、2%O2、93%N2）,各组每孔设6个平行样,培养72 h。各组细胞培养结束后,MTT法测定各组细胞活力,膜联蛋白VFITC/PI染色测定各组细胞凋亡水平,流式细胞仪分析各组细胞周期水平,逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法及免疫印迹（Western-Blot）法测定mir-155、SOSC1基因及SOSC1蛋白水平。结果:高糖组吸光度（A）值、存活率水平、G1期、mir-155、SOSC1 mRNA、SOSC1蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;白花丹提取物各剂量组A值、存活率水平、G1期、mir-155、SOSC1 mRNA、SOSC1蛋白表达水平显著低于高糖组（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率显著高于高糖组（P<0.05）;随着白花丹提取物剂量逐渐增加,白花丹提取物各剂量组A值、存活率、G1期、mir-155、SOSC1 mRNA、SOSC1蛋白表达水平逐渐降低,细胞凋亡率逐渐升高（P<0.05）。结论:白花丹提取物能抑制高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞纤维化,其机制与白花丹提取物通过抑制mir-155/SOSC1/NLRP3炎症途径的激活有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.