肌红蛋白基因多态与有氧训练效果的关联性分析

目的:探讨肌红蛋白第2外显子的单核苷酸多态(A79G)与有氧耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:对中国北方新征入伍的104名汉族士兵进行每次5000米、每周3次、训练强度为95～105%通气无氧阈(VT)、为期20周的耐力训练。递增负荷运动实验测定受试对象训练前后最大摄氧量(VO2max)和通气无氧阈(VT),PCR-RFLP法测定基因多态性,分析基因多态性与训练效果之间的关联性。结果:3种基因型的分布频率分别为AA(0.52)、AG(0.45)、GG(0.03),分布频率符合Hardy-weinberg遗传平衡定律;训练后3种基因型VO2max的组间比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);训练后GG组和AG组VT显著提高(P<0.05),AA组达到VT时仅HR显著升高,其余指标均无显著变化(P>0.05)。在VO2max和VT的变化率(Δ%)方面,GG组受试者提高最多,AG组居中,AA组提高最少。提示肌红蛋白基因第2外显子的单核苷酸多态(A79G)与有氧耐力训练效果有一定关联,79G等位基因携带者对有氧耐力训练可能更敏感。     

中国北方地区汉族男性PPARGC1基因多态性与耐力训练效果的关联性研究

目的:探讨中国北方平原地区汉族男子过氧化物酶体增殖受体γ辅激活因子α(PPARGC1)基因多态性分布特点以及与耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:102名无训练史的健康男子进行18周有氧耐力训练,测试训练前后的最大摄氧量、跑节省化。用PCR-RFLP法分析PPARGC1基因的G482S、A2962G和T394T多态性。结果:(1)3个多态位点分布频率均符合H-W平衡,且有显著的种族差异。(2)A2962G多态性与ΔVO2max(ml/min/wt)可能关联,GG基因型群体显著性高于AG和AA,但GG基因型频率仅为3%;未发现其他单点多态性和单体型与训练敏感性有较强的关联。结论:PPARGC1基因的G482S和T394T多态性不是预测个体耐力训练敏感性的基因标记;对于A2962G,则有必要加大样本进一步确认。     

NRF2基因多态性与中国北方地区汉族男性有氧能力的关联

目的探讨核呼吸因子2(NRF2)基因多态性与中国北方平原地区汉族男性有氧能力的关联性。方法102名无训练史的健康男子进行18周有氧耐力训练,测试训练前后的最大摄氧量(VO2max)和12km/h跑速下的跑节省化(RE)。用PCR-RFLP分析NRF2基因的rs12594956、rs7181866和rs8031031多态性。结果(1)三个多态位点均符合H-W平衡。rs8031031和rs7181866强连锁不平衡(D’=0.966,r2=0.903);(2)三个单点多态性及其构成的单体型与VO2max的初始值及训练敏感性均不关联;(3)rs8031031多态性与RE/VO2(L/min)关联,CT基因型显著高于CC基因型;rs7181866和rs8031031的多态性与△RE/VO2(L/min,ml/min/LBM)关联,AG或CT基因型比相应的其他基因型有更高的训练敏感性;单体型分析表明携带ATG单体型群体的RE/VO2(L/min)训练敏感性最高(P=0.006),比其他群体高57.54%。提示NRF2基因的多态性可能预测部分中国北方地区汉族男性有氧能力的差异。     

中国北方汉族男子CKB基因单核苷酸多态性与耐力训练效果关联研究

目的:探讨中国北方平原地区汉族男子脑型肌酸激酶(CKB)基因多态性与耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:102名无训练史的健康男子进行18周有氧耐力训练,测试训练前后的最大摄氧量、跑节省化(RE)各指标。用PCR-RFLP法分析CKB基因启动子上rs3759582和rs3759584两位点的单核苷酸多态性。结果:二个多态位点均符合H-W平衡,不存在强的连锁关系;训练后rs3759582位点AA基因型最大摄氧量变化率、跑节省化变化率与AC基因型组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);训练后rs3759584位点TT基因型△RE/VO2、△RE/rVO2、△RE/HR和△RE/VE显著低于CT和CC基因型(P<0.05),但是CC基因型频率仅为3%。结论:CKB基因的rs3759582多态性不是预测个体耐力训练敏感性的基因标记;rs3759584与个体的耐力训练敏感性相关,但需加大样本进一步确认。     

中国北方汉族男性SHBG基因启动子(TAAAA)n多态分布及其与有氧能力的关联性研究

目的:探讨性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)基因(TAAAA)n多态在中国北方汉族男性中的分布特征及其与有氧能力的关联性。方法:102名中国北方汉族健康青年男性受试者进行为期20周、每周3次5000米匀速跑的有氧耐力训练,训练前后分别测试VO2max和RE相关生理指标。使用GeneScan和测序方法分析SHBG(TAAAA)n多态等位基因和基因型。进行该多态与有氧能力初始值和耐力训练效果的关联性分析。结果:(1)在中国北方汉族男性中观察到(TAAAA)6～10次重复等位基因和11个基因型。其中,9次重复等位基因分布频率最高,10次重复等位基因分布频率最低;(2)当分别以7、8和9次重复作为分割点划分基因型时,发现长链组VO2max相关指标训练前初始水平平均值均大于短链组。其中,按7次重复划分时,≥7次基因型携带者训练前VO2max和VO2max时的VE初始值均有高于<7次携带者的趋势(P均为0.06);(3)不同基因型组间VO2max和RE各指标的耐力训练敏感性无显著性差异。结论:SHBG基因(TAAAA)n多态与男性有氧能力指标初始水平可能存在一定的关联性,推测重复次数较多的等位基因携带者的有氧能力初始水平较好,但与耐力训练敏感性无关联。     

中国北方汉族男性钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性与有氧耐力表型的关联性研究

目的:探讨钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性与有氧耐力表型初始值及耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:102名无训练史的青年健康男子完成18周有氧耐力训练,测试训练前后的VO2max和12km/h下的跑节省化(VO2)。采用PCR-RFLP和MALDI-TOFMS对钙调神经磷酸酶5个编码基因的55个单核苷酸多态性进行分型。结果:(1)VO2max初始值与单核苷酸多态性rs2850965和rs3804423关联;(2)VO2max训练敏感性与单核苷酸多态性rs3804358和rs4671887关联;(3)跑节省化的训练敏感性与单核苷酸多态性rs3739723关联。结论:钙调神经磷酸酶基因多态性可能部分解释有氧运动能力的个体差异性。     

瘦蛋白受体基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化危险因素的相关性研究

目的分析并评价瘦蛋白受体(LEPR)基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化危险因素的相关性。方法本院心内科自2011年4月—2013年6月期间共收治同期诊断为原发性高血压的患者306例,将其作为观察组,同时将我院门诊参加体检的124例健康者作为对照组,对比分析两类多态基因型、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)与动脉粥样硬化相关危险因素之间的关联。结果对照组双侧颈总动脉(CCA)、颈动脉分叉处(BIF)及平均颈动脉(CBI)的IMT值均明显低于观察组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Gln223Arg与ICA值和CBI值之间具有密切的相关性,其中G基因型的携带者(GG)的IMT值较低,而A基因型的携带者(AA+AG)的IMT值较高。Lys109Arg与IMT值具有密切的相关性,GG基因型受检者显示出更低的BIF与CBI。结论 LEPR基因多态性(Gln223Arg和Lys109Arg)与颈动脉内膜中层厚度以及动脉粥样硬化的形成密切相关。     

中国北方汉族男子FECH基因IVS3-48T/C多态与有氧运动能力表型指标的关联性研究

目的:探讨亚铁螯合酶(FECH)基因IVS3-48T/C多态在中国汉族男性中的分布特征及其与耐力训练前后有氧耐力表型指标的关联,为提高耐力训练效果提供分子标记。方法:选取102名中国北方汉族男性健康受试者,以95%～105%个体无氧阈强度进行5000米跑训练,每周3次,共18周。训练前后测定VO2max、通气阈(VT)、跑节省化(RE)等指标。使用PCR-RFLP和测序方法解析该基因多态性的分布特征,并对该多态与上述生理指标进行关联性分析。结果:(1)3种基因型在中国北方汉族男性中的分布频率依次为CC基因型8%、TC基因型45%、TT基因型为47%;(2)耐力训练前,TT基因型RE/HR、RE/rVO2初始值均显著性低于CC基因型(P<0.05);(3)耐力训练后,TT基因型受试者在RE时的通气量(△RE/VE)的下降幅度显著高于CT基因型(P<0.05)。结论:FECH基因IVS3-48T/C多态性中,TT基因型具有较高的有氧运动能力起始水平,还有较高的训练敏感性,可作为预测有氧耐力训练敏感性的分子标记。     

瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与温州地区高血压合并肥胖的相关性研究

目的 了解温州地区汉族人群瘦素受体Gln223Arg基因型分布;探讨该基因多态性与高血压合并肥胖的关系.方法 运用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法 测定无亲缘关系的321例温州地区汉族人群的瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性(对照组111例,高血压病合并肥胖组106例,高血压病非肥胖组104例).结果 高血压病合并肥胖组瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg的GG、GA和AA 3种基因型的表达频率分别为0.604、0.377和0.019,G和A等位基因频率分别为0.769和0.231;高血压病非肥胖组3种基因型的表达频率分别为0.712、0.279和0.010,G和A等位基因频率分别为0.865和0.135;对照组3种基因型的表达频率分别为0.802、0.189和0.009,G和A等位基因频率分别为0.896和0.104;Gln223Arg位点多态性的分布频率在对照组和病例组间差异有统计学意义(x2=6.310,P<0.05),且A等位基因频率在高血压合并肥胖患者中显著高于非肥胖组(x2=6.532,P<0.05).结论 瘦素受体基因Gln223Arg多态性与温州地区汉族人群高血压合并肥胖相关.     

5000米跑耐力训练对新兵有氧耐力及左心室结构和功能的影响

目的:严格控制实验条件,观察18周5000米长跑耐力训练效果,为基因多态与训练效果的关联性分析提供基础数据。方法:102名中国汉族士兵每周训练3次,采用前10周95%VTHR(通气无氧阈时的心率)±3和后8周105%VTHR±3来控制跑速。用体成分测定仪测定18周训练前后受试者的体成分,通过递增负荷跑台运动,分别于训练前后测定VO2max(最大摄氧量)、VT(通气无氧阈)、RE(跑节省化)实验中相关有氧耐力指标,通过定量负荷蹬车运动测定训练前后左心室结构与功能相关指标。结果:18周训练后受试者VO2max较训练前平均增加了1·56%(P<0·01),VT时摄氧量提高了2·59%(P<0·05),RE时的摄氧量较训练前下降7·60%~9·43%(P<0·01);训练后左心室每搏量增加、心输出量节省化和左室重量增加。结论:5000跑耐力训练可明显提高受试者有氧耐力水平,递增负荷下左心室结构与功能呈现良好的顺应性变化。     

Failure of target heart rate to accurately monitor intensity during aerobic dance

Fourteen untrained females (age 19 +/- 1, range 18-21) were studied to examine the heart rate-VO2 relationship during a single aerobic dance training session. These findings were used to help explain the changes in VO2max resulting from an aerobic dance training program. VO2max and body composition were determined before and after an 8 wk training period. In addition, the heart rate-VO2 responses to an aerobic dance training session were monitored and compared to the heart rate responses of treadmill jogging performed at the same VO2. The aerobic dance session elicited a significantly lower oxygen pulse than did treadmill exercise (7.2 +/- 0.3 vs 8.1 +/- 0.8 ml.beat-1; P less than 0.01). There were no significant changes in percent body fat, whereas VO2max increased by 11% (34.4 +/- 0.9 vs 38.1 +/- 0.8 ml.kg-1.min-1; P less than 0.05). No significant changes in any of the parameters tested were observed in 10 untrained controls. These findings indicate that the heart rate elicited from aerobic dance represents a lower relative exercise intensity (VO2) than that of running. Therefore, the assumption that aerobic dance training produces the same cardiovascular adaptations as running training when performed at the same target rate may be unwarranted.     

Effect of training on anaerobic threshold, maximal aerobic power and anaerobic performance of preadolescent boys

To evaluate the effect of a 9-week interval training program on aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, and indices of anaerobic threshold of preadolescent boys, 28 10.2- to 11.6-year-old boys were tested. The test included laboratory evaluation of anaerobic capacity (Wingate anaerobic test) and evaluation of VO2 max and anaerobic threshold indices from a graded exercise test and measurement of blood lactate. The tests also included a 1200-m run to investigate the relationship of laboratory fitness indices, VO2 max, anaerobic threshold indices, and indices of anaerobic capacity to the performance of the run. It was found that in 10- to 11-year-old boys, a 9-week interval training increased the indices of anaerobic capacity: mean power by 10% and peak power by 14%. No change was found in percent fatigue. The training also increased VO2 max by 7% in absolute terms and by 8%/kg body weight. A significant increase was also found in the running velocity at the anaerobic threshold (running velocity at inflection point of lactate accumulation curve), but in relative terms (percent of VO2 max), the anaerobic threshold decreased by approximately 4.4%. It is concluded that proper training may improve maximal aerobic power and anaerobic capacity of preadolescent boys. It is also concluded that anaerobic threshold measures are less sensitive to the training regimen than VO2 max and that the 1200-m running performance is strongly associated with both aerobic and anaerobic capacities and less with the anaerobic threshold, which in preadolescent boys seems to be higher than in adults.     

The effects of maximum steady state pace training on running performance.

Maximum aerobic power (VO2 max), maximum anaerobic power (AP max), submaximal exercise heart rate (HRsub), and performance times for distances of 15m, 600 m, 3.22 km, and 10 km were evaluated in 12 male runners prior to and after 7 weeks of a running programme at each individual's maximum steady-state (MSS) pace. MSS pace, a running speed at which blood lactate is believed to equal 2.2 mmol . l-1, was calculated from weekly 3.22 km runs utilising the regression equation of LaFontaine et al (1981). During the training period, the mean MSS pace increased 11.3% from 3.76 to 4.19 m.s.-1. Body weight and maximal exercise heart rate were unaffected by MSS training. However, MSS training was associated with increases (p less than 0.05) in absolute VO2 max (8.9%) and VO2 max relative to body weight (8.1%), absolute AP max (3.7%) and AP max, relative to body weight (4.3%); decreases in resting HR (5.4%) and HRsub (6.9%); and decreases in performance times for runs of 15m (1.8%), 600 m (4.4%), 3.22 km (9.6%), and 10 km (12.1%). MSS paces determined prior to the pre- and post-training 10 km races were significantly related to the pre-training (r = 0.98) and post-training 10 km (r = 0.95) performance paces. Pretraining MSS pace, maximal aerobic power, and performance times for the 3.22 km and 10 km distances were highly related to improvements in MSS pace and performance times for the 3.22 km and 10 km runs. Our findings indicate that training at MSS pace is an effective method to increase maximal aerobic and anaerobic power, and decrease performance times for short- and middle-distance running events. Pre-training running performance may predict the magnitude of improvement due to MSS pace training.     

Physiological effects of a military training program on male and female cadets.

Tested at the beginning and the end of the 6-week training program which all incoming cadets (plebes) undergo upon entering the U.S. Military Academy were 29 males and 26 females (17-21 years old). The aerobic training consisted of running for 30 min 5-6 d/week at varied speeds depending upon performance in an initial 1.5-mile run test. Females responded to training with a significant increase (p is less than 0.001) in VO2 max from 46.0 +/- 1.0 to 49.7 +/- 0.8 ml/kg.min (7.9%). Males did not increase their initial VO2 max (59.4 +/- 1.1 ml/kg.min) significantly. Both groups significantly reduced HRmax and percent body fat. Their initial VO2 max values and activity history accounted for the lack of a significant increase in this highly-fit population of males. Blood lactates were significantly decreased (p is less than 0.05) at the same two submaximal workloads after training. The initial difference in aerobic power between males and females was reduced from 22% to 18%.     

Manipulating high-intensity interval training: effects on VO2max, the lactate threshold and 3000 m running performance in moderately trained males.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIT) programmes on maximal oxygen uptake (.VO(2max)), the lactate threshold (LT) and 3000 m running performance in moderately trained male runners. .VO(2max), the running speed associated with .VO(2max) (V.VO(2max)), the time for which V.VO(2max) can be maintained (T(max)), the running speed at LT (v(LT)) and 3000 m running time (3000 mTT) were determined before and following three different training programmes performed for 10 weeks. Following the pre-test, 17 moderately trained male runners (V O(2max)=51.6+/-2.7ml kg(-1)min(-1)) were divided into training groups based on their 3000 mTT (Group 1, G(1), N=6, 8 x 60% of T(max) at V.VO(2max), 1:1 work:recovery ratio; Group 2, G(2), N=6, 12 x 30s at 130% V.VO(2max), 4.5 min recovery; control group, G(CON), N=5, 60 min at 75% V.VO(2max)). G(1) and G(2) performed two HIT sessions and two 60 min recovery run sessions (75% V.VO(2max)) each week. Control subjects performed four 60 min recovery run sessions (75% V.VO(2max)) each week. In G(1), significant improvements (p<0.05) following HIT were found in .VO(2max) (+9.1%), V.VO(2max) (+6.4%), T(max) (5%), v(LT) (+11.7%) and 3000 mTT (-7.3%). In G(2), significant improvements (p<0.05) following HIT were found in .VO(2max) (+6.2%), V.VO(2max)(+7.8%), T(max) (+32%) and 3000 mTT (-3.4%), but not in v(LT) (+4.7%; p=0.07). No significant changes in these variables were found in G(CON). The present study has shown that 3000 m running performance, .VO(2max), V.VO(2max), T(max) and v(LT) can be significantly enhanced using different HIT programmes in moderately trained runners, but that changes in performance and physiological variables may be more profound using prolonged HIT at intensities of V.VO(2max) with interval durations of 60% T(max).     

跑节省化评价有氧耐力及其训练效果实验研究

目的:探讨跑节省化(RE)指标在表达耐力能力方面的重要程度与应用价值。方法:102名新兵进行18周5000米长跑训练,每周训练3次,以95%和105%个体通气无氧阈(VT)时的心率作为强度控制标准,以Polar心率表作为控制手段。测定其训练前后的VO2max、VT和RE及其相关指标,并运用主成分分析方法对表达有氧能力初始水平和训练效果的不同指标进行重要程度的分析。结果:18周耐力训练使VO2max增加了1.56%,VT-VO2提高了2.59%,而RE各值均显著下降(范围为7.68%～9.43%,P<0.01)。在表达耐力初始水平方面,RE各指标的贡献率较大;在表达耐力训练效果方面,VO2max与RE各指标的贡献率和因子载荷较大。结论:RE在评价普通人群(即训练初期)的耐力及其耐力训练效果方面优于VO2max和VT指标。     

Is there an association between PPARGC1A genotypes and endurance capacity in Chinese men?

Our purpose was to determine the possible association between genotypes of three polymorphisms (Gly482Ser, Thr394Thr and A2962G) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) gene, on one hand, and both the pre- (baseline) and post-training levels of maximal (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) and submaximal human endurance capacity (i.e., running economy [RE]). We studied 102 young males (physically active, non-athletes; age: 19+/-1 yrs) from Northern China (of Han origin) who underwent a 18-week endurance training (running) program and were tested on a treadmill (for VO2max and RE determination) before and after training. None of the VO2max and RE related traits were associated with the Gly482Ser and Thr394Thr polymorphisms at baseline or after training. The A2962G polymorphism was however associated with VO2max at baseline, as carriers of the G allele (AG+GG genotypes; n=49) had higher levels of VO2max than the AA group (n=53) (58.2+/-4.3 vs 56.3+/-3.9 mL/kg/min; P=0.017). Our results do not support previous data on Caucasians showing an association between the Gly482Ser variant and VO2max but suggest the potential role of another polymorphism (A2962G) to explain individual VO2max differences in Chinese men.