提高结肠代食管术疗效的经验总结

目的 总结548例结肠代食管术经验体会，分析降低并发症率和病死率的要点。方法 统计548例的病种、手术种类、移植肠段和供血管的种类、结肠段上提径路、移植肠段的蠕动方向以及手术技术等。结果 术后(住院期间)86例(15．69％)发生并发症130例次，死亡10例(1．82％)。食管癌组1、3、5年生存率分别为85.6％、60．8％、32．4％。食管改道术组1、3、5年分别为54．6％、40．8％、18．4％。食管良性疾病获随访者86％，远期随访2～25年，均恢复正常生活、工作。结论 采取顺蠕动方向吻合术、首选结肠左动脉升支作为供血管、经胸骨后径路、颈部食管-结肠一层吻合术以及妥善防止并发症(喉返神经损伤、胸结肠综合征和食管盲囊综合征)是并发症率降至15．69％、病死率降至1．82％的关键。     

252例结肠代食管的临床经验

报告２５２例结肠代食管术的临床经验。总并发症率１７．４６％，吻合口瘘发生率１０．３１％。死亡率１．９８％。提高存活率、降低并发症率和死亡率的关键在于：根据结肠血管解剖特征，首选结肠左动脉作结肠段供血管；将结肠段作顺蠕动向移植较符合生理要求；食管和结肠一层吻合安全可靠，炎性反应轻，愈合快；根据病种、病人心肺功能和年龄，选择结肠段的移植径路。     

236例横结肠代食管术的经验

对２３６例横结肠代食管术治疗食管烧伤瘢痕狭窄８９例及食管癌１４７例的临床经验进行报道。总并发症率１１％，吻合口瘘发生率４．７％，吻合口狭窄发生率２．５４％。横结肠是全食管的理想替代物。横结肠有足够的长度，利用左结肠动脉升支能提供良好血运，横结肠段顺蠕动移植更符合生理要求而易游离。行食管、结肠套入式吻合可减少吻合口瘘发生。对食管瘢痕狭窄病例应尽早进行手术。     

结肠代食管在食管切除术后消化道重建中的应用

目的 探讨结肠代食管用于食管切除术后消化道重建的安全性。方法回顾性分析1992年10月至2010年10月在四川省肿瘤医院胸外科接受结肠代食管手术的136例食管癌患者的临床资料。结果136例患者中118例利用左结肠动脉升支供血实施横结肠间置肠段顺蠕动：18例利用结肠中动脉供血,其中12例取右半横结肠和部分升结肠做成顺蠕动,6例取左半横结肠和部分降结肠做成逆蠕动。围手术期并发症发生率26．4％（36／136）,死亡率12．5％（17／136）．其中移植结肠穿孔5例,死亡4例;胸内吻合口瘘5例,均死亡;颈部吻合口瘘10例,无死亡病例：重症肺部感染10例,死亡4例;急性呼吸窘迫综合征7例,死亡3例;不明原因全身感染1例,死亡。术后远期并发症中,吻合口狭窄2例,反流2例,食物运行障碍3例。结论尽管结肠代食管术操作复杂、创伤较大、术后并发症发生率和死亡率均较高,但对于不能使用胃代食管的患者。结肠代食管仍是一种较好的选择。     

不同肠道准备法对结肠代食管术并发症的影响

目的探讨降低结肠代食管术并发症的有效措施，筛选出最佳肠道准备法。方法对患食管中、上段癌拟行结肠代食管术的110例，随机分为2日准备法68例（A组）；1日准备法36例（B组）及术中准备法6例（C组），对比观察肠内容物排空状况、肠黏膜水肿程度、肠壁色泽、细菌数及与术后并发症率的相关性。结果A组病例各项观察指标属优，术后并发症率低。C组术后并发症显著高于A、B组（P〈0．01）。结论结肠代食管术前肠道准备以2d准备法的肠腔内容物排空彻底。条件致病菌较少，术后并发症率低，所采取的措施易被患者接受，是理想的肠道准备法。     

结肠代食管手术的临床应用及技术问题

作者自１９８０年１月至１９９１年１月，共行结肠代食管手术４１例，约占同期各种食管重建手术的０．７％，病种为食管的伤后瘢痕狭窄２２例、下咽癌１０例、食管癌７例和贲门癌１例。均为非开胸手术，经胸骨后结肠转流术２３例，食管内翻拔脱经食管床途径１８例，主要并发症为颈部吻合口瘘和切口感染，无手术后死亡。对手术适应证、结肠段的选择及手术技术等问题进行了讨论。     

文章刊出后的再思考

作者曾在中华胸心血管外科杂志发表一篇题为“提高结肠代食管术疗效的经验总结”的文章。内容总结了40年来结肠代食管术548例的经验以及改进措施，使并发症率由39．00％降至15．69％；病死率由7．86％降至1．82％。远期随访病例中，生活质量属优者占88．6％，营养状况达一般水平。患良性病变行此种手术的患者有的存活已达20年以上，总体效果尚称满意。通常而言，下一步关注的问题仍是深入探索改进措施．进一步减少并发症和降低死亡率。     

中上段食管癌结肠代食管术23例

为评价结肠代食管术的应用价值、手术适应证及并发症防治,作者对23例中上段食管癌行结肠代食管术,选用不同的供血血管、顺或逆蠕动吻合。结果显示结肠代食管术有许多优越条件,首选结肠中动脉供血顺蠕动移植术式。作者认为,中上段食管癌手术,除胃代食管以外,结肠代食管术是一个较好的术式。     

胸骨后横结肠代食管260例报告

报告260例胸骨后横结肠代食管术的临床经验,总并发症率14.2％,死亡率2.3％。根据结肠血管解剖特征,常规选用横结肠作移植肠段,首选左结肠动脉升支供血,行顺蠕动吻合,移植肠段置于胸骨后进行食管重建利于术后放疗。我们认为横结肠长度足够、血运良好、基础代谢率低、体积较小、易游离,足以代替食管全长,且使胃能保持正常生理位置,是食管理想的替代物。文中也对手术操作体会及并发症的预防进行了探讨。     

结肠代食管术后远期并发症的观察

目的 探讨结肠代食管术治疗食管良性疾病远期并发症的病因和防治措施。方法577例结肠代食管术中良性疾病组123例,术后106例（86％）随访1～28年。其中11例出现（25例次）严重并发症：结肠冗长、扩张12例次,吻合口重度狭窄4例次,食管巨囊状变2例次,结肠胃吻合口过大4例次,肠段梗阻3例次。根据病变采取狭窄区成形或切除、冗长肠段切除重建、梗阻区松解、吻合口切除重建。结果 经1次手术矫治8例,2次手术2例,3次手术1例。术后恢复正常饮食者9例（9／11）,进食明显改善者2例（2／11）。结论 食管良性疾病结肠代食管术后远期并发症的病因归属于医源性和功能性两大类,其预防措施为术中注意：颈部食管-结肠吻合口〉2．5cm,腹段结肠-胃吻合口加抗反流术,结肠上提通道宽畅无阻,肠管拉直;对出现局限性狭窄或肠段扩张、冗长排空不畅,再次手术矫治为最佳选择。     

Transcervical myotomy for wide-gap esophageal atresia

A primary end-to-end anastomosis of the esophagus can be accomplished in the wide-gap esophageal atresia by obtaining extra esophageal length through circular myotomy of the proximal esophageal pouch. However, a very short proximal esophageal pouch may not be accessible through the standard thoracic incision, precluding this procedure. An infant is reported in whom the inaccessible proximal pouch was exteriorized into the neck through a concomitant cervical incision, allowing three circular myotomies to be performed with ease. The proximal esophagus was then reintroduced into the chest cavity and a primary esophagoesophagostomy performed without difficulty.     

23例结肠代食管手术分析

目的:探讨结肠代食管手术在胸外科的应用。方法:自1984年6月至1995年11月,为23位病人行结肠代食管术24例次。其中腐蚀性食管灼伤19例(其中二次用结肠代食管术1例);先天性食管狭窄2例,均胸骨后途径,食管结肠颈部端侧吻合术;食管胸中下段癌既往胃大部切除史者1例,行颈、左胸、腹部三切口,行肿瘤切除、胸骨后途径,结肠端端吻合术;贲门癌术后吻合口复发1例,行二期手术,一期行肿瘤切除,空肠造瘘加强营养,二期胸骨后途径,食管结肠端端吻合术。结果:无手术死亡,吻合口瘘4例;移植段全结肠坏死2例;喉返神经损伤1例;幽门不全梗阻1例;气胸1例。结论:手术并发症多,应谨慎选择病例;加强围手术期管理能减少术后并发症,移植肠段的选择应由肠管血运决定。     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

Left colon stenosis caused by tuberculosis

The authors present a case of intestinal tuberculosis affecting exclusively the left colon causing severe undernourishment, abdominal pain, and bowel obstruction with a sealed colonic fistula in a 10-year-old child. These clinical characteristics and difficulties led to a diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis in childhood. Intestinal tuberculosis affecting exclusively the colon is very rare, and differential diagnosis with Crohn’s disease is difficult. Surgical complications are frequent, especially intestinal obstruction, and can be treated in most cases by resection of the affected segment and primary anastomosis.     

一期切除吻合术治疗左半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻临床疗效观察（附46例报告）

目的 探讨左半结肠癌并急性肠梗阻行一期切除吻合术的安全性及其临床应用.方法 对46例左半结肠癌并梗阻患者行一期肠切除肠吻合术,术中进行有效的结肠减压及清洁灌洗,术后观察疗效.结果 有31例患者左半结肠恶性梗阻患者经保守治疗肠梗阻缓解改限期手术行一期肠切除吻合术,其余15例患者一般情况较好,经全结肠灌洗后一期肠切除吻合术,所有手术均顺利完成,术后并发切口感染8例（17.4％）,吻合口漏4例（8.7％）,经保守治疗痊愈.结论 左半结肠癌并发急性肠梗阻患者行一期肿瘤切除吻合术是安全有效的.     

胸锁关节切除治疗小儿结肠代食管术后胸腔出口梗阻的应用

目的探讨胸锁关节切除在治疗小儿结肠代食管手术后胸腔出口处结肠襻梗阻的疗效。方法本组1997年8月～2006年3月,收集我科及南方医院胸外科共行前纵隔入路结肠代食管手术39例。其中,儿童11例,出现胸腔出口处结肠梗阻3例,均需再行胸锁关节切除,解除梗阻。结果3例儿童均经再行左侧胸锁关节切除后解除梗阻而治愈。结论运用结肠经前纵隔入路重建食管,若手术探查中发现有胸骨柄向下凹陷,胸锁关节对吻合口以下结肠襻容易压迫而形成梗阻时,即应果断切除胸锁关节甚至部分胸骨柄,以避免术后发生吻合口以下结肠襻梗阻。     

一期切除术在急性大肠梗阻中的应用

作者报告了手术治疗急性大肠梗阻２８３例，其中结直肠癌引起的梗阻２５５例，良性病变引起的梗阻２８例。行一期切除术２０１例，其中行一期切除近端结肠造口二期肠造口闭合术４４例，一期切除吻合术１５７例。行分期手术５２例。术后生存率一期切除术优于分期手术。作者认为：（１）左侧结直肠癌梗阻情况允许时应尽量争取一期切除术，条件许可时行一期吻合术，如不能吻合则行近端结肠造口二期肠造口闭合术，一期切除吻合加保护性横结肠造口术不宜采用；（２）术中结肠灌洗对左侧结肠梗阻一期切除吻合具有重要意义；（３）结肠次全切除术适合于横结肠左侧至降结肠部位的梗阻。     

Comparison of one-stage resection and anastomosis of acute complete obstruction of left and right colon

BACKGROUND: Although acute obstruction of the right colon is usually handled by primary anastomosis following resection, many surgeons are reluctant to offer one-stage resection and anastomosis to patients with obstructive lesions of the left colon. The aim of the study is to compare the immediate result of one-stage resection and anastomosis for patients with acute complete obstruction of the right colon versus left colon. METHODS: From January 1986 to December 2003, 214 cases of acute colonic obstruction were managed with one-stage resection and anastomosis by a single surgeon. Eighty patients were operated on for obstructive lesions of the right colon, 71 of them for carcinoma of the colon. Operative mortality was 10% (8/80); all except 2 patients died of respiratory failure. There were 2 cases (2.5%) of anastomotic leakage. One hundred thirty-four patients were operated on for obstructive lesions of the left colon, 127 of them for carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Operative mortality was 1.5% (2/134); both patients died of metastasis from the colorectal cancer following surgery. There were 3 cases (2.3%) of anastomotic leakage. CONCLUSION: This experience suggests that an anastomosis can be performed as safely in patients with acute obstruction of the left colon as in those with acute obstruction of the right colon. Mortality following resection and anastomosis is actually lower in left than right colonic obstruction. Neither intraoperative irrigation nor routine subtotal colectomy was found to be necessary in patients with acute colonic obstruction. Intraoperative decompression should be considered in left and also right colonic obstruction prior to the anastomosis following colonic resection.     

Early short segment left colon interposition for esophageal atresia

Colon Interposition is frequently used for correction of esophageal atresia. The use of both retrosternal right colon^1–5 and transthoracic left or transverse colon^2,6–10 has been recommended. Retrosternal right colon interposition may be complicated by break downs and/or stricture of the anastomosis between cervical pharyngo-esophagus and the proximal interposed colon;^3–5,9 by vascular compromise and ischemia of the colon segment;^2,5 and by peptic ulceration of the distal interposed colon where it is anastomosed to the stomach.¹¹ Long-segment transthoracic left colon interposition may be attended by the first two complications as well;¹⁰ utilization of the esophageal stump for the distal colo-esophageal anastomosis in this technique may prevent gastroesophgeal reflux.^8–10,12Because of these problems, other methods of treatment have been suggested. The use of a gastric tube as esophageal replacement has been recommended;^13–15 however, peptic ulceration of the gastric esophagus may result.¹⁶ Elongation of the upper and, sometimes, the lower esophageal pouch with delayed primary anastomosis has been advocated.^17–19 Anastomotic leaks and/or stricture frequently accompany this procedure.Short-segment transthoracic left colon interpositions for esophageal stricture or varices have been attended by relatively fewer complications.^6–8 Therefore, a modified procedure was adopted for wide-gap esophageal atresia in 1968. A short segment of left colon was interposed transthoracically between the distal esophageal stump and proximal esophageal pouch in two infants after several weeks of bougienage had stretched the proximal pouch well below the aortic arch, so that a colo-esophageal anastomosis could be accomplished within the thorax without difficulty.