Effect of intraosseous fat on the measurements of bone mineral of distal radius

Summary Intraosseous fat is one of the main sources of error in²⁴¹Am bone mineral densitometry of distal radius. In this work we have calculated the magnitude of errors which are possible if the influence of fat is not taken into consideration. Without the fat correction the mineral density of distal radius is underestimated 50–60% with low-density osteoporotic bones.     

辛伐他汀对桡骨远端骨折老年女性骨密度及骨折愈合的影响

目的探讨辛伐他汀对老年女性桡骨远端骨折骨密度及骨折愈合的影响。方法分析98名桡骨远端骨折老年女性术前及术后3个月健侧桡骨远端1/3处骨密度,依据术后是否口服辛伐他汀治疗其他内科疾患分为辛伐他汀治疗组(56例)及对照组(42例)。结果治疗前辛伐他汀组与对照组健侧桡骨远端1/3处骨密度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗3个月后辛伐他汀组健侧桡骨远端1/3处骨密度与治疗前骨密度相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组健侧桡骨远端1/3处骨密度均值增高,与初始时差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗3个月后辛伐他汀组与对照组两组间骨密度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。通过卡方检验分析发现辛伐他汀组与对照组相比骨折愈合数存在统计学差异,辛伐他汀可以促进骨折愈合;分析两组间治疗前后骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松数之间差异无统计学意义,辛伐他汀不影响骨质疏松患病率。结论桡骨远端骨折老年女性应用辛伐他汀(20 mg/d)可以改善桡骨远端骨密度、促进骨折愈合,但不影响骨质疏松患病率。     

绝经后妇女桡骨远端骨折术后桡骨短缩与骨密度的相关性研究

目的分析绝经后妇女的骨密度与桡骨远端骨折术后出现桡骨短缩的相关性。方法回顾性分析自2012-01—2014-06行手术治疗的252例绝经妇女桡骨远端骨折,术后均达到解剖复位或基本达到解剖复位,获得1年完整随访。将术后3个月桡骨短缩距离4 mm的患者纳入观察组,其余的按年龄、骨折类型及绝经时间进行1∶1个体匹配,纳入与观察组同样数量的病例进入对照组(术后3个月桡骨短缩距离4 mm)。术前、术后3个月及术后6个月用双能X线骨密度仪对2组健侧桡骨进行骨密度测量。结果观察组骨密度值:术前(0.69±0.14)g/cm2,术后3个月(0.67±0.12)g/cm~2,术后6个月(0.62±0.10)g/cm~2。对照组骨密度值:术前(0.79±0.15)g/cm~2,术后3个月(0.76±0.13)g/cm~2,术后6个月(0.71±0.10)g/cm~2。2组骨密度值随时间增加而降低,且观察组术前(F=7.588,P=0.008)、术后3个月(F=8.520,P=0.005)、术后6个月(F=11.203,P=0.001)骨密度值均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于桡骨远端骨折患者术后出现桡骨短缩的原因,骨密度降低是一个不容忽略的重要因素,在术后应重视对低骨密度的患者采取相应措施。     

Decreased bone mineral density at the distal radius, but not at the lumbar spine or the femoral neck, in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients

The purpose of this study is to assess the association between type 2 diabetes and bone mineral density. This study included 145 Japanese patients (64 men and 81 women) with type 2 diabetes and 95 non-diabetic control subjects (41 men and 54 women) of similar age. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) at the sites with different cortical/cancellous bone ratio (lumbar spine, femoral neck, and distal radius) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD and Z score at the distal radius were significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients than those in control subjects, and in type 2 diabetic patients, the Z score at the distal radius was lower than that at their own lumbar spine and femoral neck. In type 2 diabetic patients, negative correlation between BMD and the mean HbA1c during the previous 2 years was found significantly at the distal radius in both genders and at the femoral neck in women. These results indicate the selective cortical bone loss in type 2 diabetes and suggest the importance of also determining BMD at the radius and keeping good metabolic control to prevent bone loss in type 2 diabetic patients.     

Distal radius fracture is an early sign of general osteoporosis: Bone mass measurements in a population-based study

To evaluate the bone mass by bone density measurements in patients with distal radius fracture, a prospective open case-control study was carried out in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, with population-based cases and controls. There were 111 patients with a distal radius fracture who were otherwise healthy and aged 53–76 years, together with 60 healthy controls of similar age, sex and menopausal status. The main outcome measures were bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine and hip measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and in the (non-fractured) distal forearm determined by single-photon absorptiometry. It was found that at all measuring sites BMD was significantly lower in cases than in controls. The difference in the distal forearm was around 20% (p<0.001) and in the spine and hip 5%–8% (p<0.05–0.001). In the healthy subjects there were positive correlations (r=0.39–0.65;p<0.002) between the forearm BMD and that of both the spine and hip, whereas in the patients with distal radius fracture there was only a weak correlation between the forearm and spine BMD (r=0.28;p<0.05) and no association between the BMD of the forearm and hip (r<0.01). It is concluded that patients with distal radius fracture who are otherwise healthy have a preferential bone loss at the distal forearm but also a generally low bone mass. Patients with fracture of the distal radius fracture should be considered for prophylactic measures against osteoporosis.     

The use of bone grafts and substitutes in the treatment of distal radius fractures

The interest in developing biomaterials to augment fracture healing continues to grow. New products promise early return to function with minimal morbidity; however, indications to use these products remain unclear. An ideal bone graft material stimulates bone healing and provides structural stability while being biocompatible, bioresorbable, easy to use, and cost-effective. This article reviews the biology of bone grafts and the clinical evidence in the use of bone graft substitutes for the treatment of distal radius fractures.     

Geometric variables from DXA of the radius predict forearm fracture load in vitro

Summary The purpose of this investigation was to determine the cross-sectional geometry of the radius in female and male cadaveric specimens using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), to measure the accuracy of this technique compared with a digitizing procedure, and to measure the correlation between these DXA-based geometric variables and the load required to produce a forearm fracture. Paired intact forearms were scanned at a distal site and at a site approximately 30% of the forearm length from the distal end. The cross-sectional area and the moments of inertia of two sections at 10 and 30% of the forearm length were computed from the X-ray attenuation data. One member of each pair was then sectioned at the 30% location, which is mostly cortical bone, and the section was traced on a digitizing pad. The other forearm was loaded to failure in a servohydraulic materials test system. The DXA-based area and moment of inertia at 30% correlated significantly with the digitized results (r²=0.93 for area; r²=0.95 for moment; P<0.001). The conventional bone mineral density from DXA did not associate significantly with failure load, but the minimum moment of inertia and the cross-sectional area at 10% correlated in a strong and significant manner with the forearm fracture force (r²=0.67 for area; r²=0.66 for moment; P<0.001). The determination of radial bone cross-sectional geometry, therefore, should have better discriminatory capabilities than bone mineral density in studies of bone fragility and fracture risk.     

The epidemiology of distal radius fractures

Distal radius fractures are one of the most common types of fractures. Although the pediatric and elderly populations are at greatest risk for this injury, distal radius fractures still have a significant impact on the health and well-being of young adults. Data from the past 40 years have documented a trend toward an overall increase in the prevalence of this injury in both the pediatric and elderly populations. Understanding the epidemiology of this fracture is an important step toward the improvement of treatment strategies and the development of preventive measures with which to target this debilitating injury.     

The use of bone cement in difficult distal radius fractures

Background

The lack of structural support remains a challenge in the treatment of comminuted distal radius fractures. Calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate bone cement has been used in other fracture locations in addition to fixation and has been shown to allow for retention of reduction in difficult cases.

Methods

A case-control retrospective review of 34 consecutive distal radius fractures treated with surgery was performed with the patients classified by Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classification. Complications and postoperative radiographs were evaluated.

Results

Cement was used in the most difficult cases. Radial height was retained in both groups. Volar tilt was significantly better in the cement group. There were no significant differences between the case and control groups for any complication. No complications related to the use of the cement were found.

Conclusions

The use of bone cement as an adjunct to fixation of distal radius fractures seems to include minimal risks and may afford a technical advantage in maintaining reduction during surgery for difficult fractures. Since there is an aspect of fracture difficulty that we cannot control for by using radiographic assessment alone, cement may provide an advantage over fixation without cement, despite similar outcomes. Bone cement can be part of the "tool box" for difficult distal radius fractures. Further study is necessary to define the technical advantages and limitations of each particular cement product.     

桡骨远端骨折分型研究概述

桡骨远端骨折是临床常见骨折，目前，其分型方法多样，往往会造成诊断、治疗和预后评价上的混乱，不利于临床选择最佳治疗方法。本文就桡骨远端骨折分型状况作一综述，以期更好地指导临床治疗。     

桡骨远端骨折成角改变对桡腕关节影响的生物力学研究

目的:研究桡骨远端骨折后掌倾角及尺偏角改变对桡腕关节的影响.方法:12只成人上肢标本于距关节面3cm处截骨去除1cm骨块,制作桡骨远端骨折成角畸形模型.利用压敏片测试桡腕关节面的应力分布和受力面积改变情况.结果:随着桡腕关节面背倾加大,舟骨和月骨接触面向关节面背侧移位,随着背倾角度和桡偏角度的加大,舟骨的接触面积、接触应力显著减少(P＜0.01),月骨的接触面积、接触应力显著增大(P＜0.01).结论:桡腕关节面背倾10°以上时,桡偏10°以上时,舟骨和月骨的接触面积及接触应力有显著变化,影响腕关节功能.     

Recovery after fracture of the distal radius

Stretching exercises are an important part of recovery after sustaining a fracture of the distal radius. However, from the patient's perspective, painful stretching exercises can be counterintuitive after injury. Stretching exercises are straightforward and do not require a significant amount of coaching. It is ultimately the protectiveness, passivity, and sometimes a sense of futility that require coaching. The key for the provider is to empathize with the difficult and counterintuitive nature of the recovery process.     

The outcome of intra-articular distal radius fractures treated with fragment-specific fixation

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical, radiographic, and functional outcome of treating intra-articular distal radius fractures with fragment-specific fixation. METHODS: A retrospective review of 81 patients with 85 intra-articular distal radius fractures who were treated with fragment-specific fixation was performed. Minimum time to follow-up evaluation was 1 year, with a mean time of 32 months. The immediate postoperative films were compared with those taken at the final follow-up evaluation. Radiographs of the uninjured wrist were also obtained at the final follow-up evaluation for comparison. Patients were examined for wrist and finger range of motion, deformity, and grip strength, and they completed a standard Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand outcome survey. RESULTS: According to Gartland and Werley scoring there were 61 excellent and 24 good results. Flexion and extension of the surgically treated wrist at the final follow-up evaluation averaged 85% and 91%, respectively, of the uninjured wrist; grip strength averaged 92% compared with the uninjured side. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand outcome score for the injured wrist was 9. Sixty-two percent of patients achieved a 100 degrees arc of flexion and extension and normal forearm rotation by postoperative week 6. Radiographic alignment was maintained between immediate postoperative and final follow-up films, and there were no cases of symptomatic arthritis at the final follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Fragment-specific fixation is a reasonable alternative for treating intra-articular fractures of the distal radius. At final follow-up evaluations, patients had good to excellent results with respect to range of motion, grip strength, radiographic alignment, and satisfaction scores. Stable fixation allowed starting active and passive motion of the wrist without compromising postoperative alignment. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.     

Calcium phosphate bone cement for treatment of distal radius fractures: a preliminary report

Distal radius fractures in osteoporotic patients are often complicated with a residual deformity and a subsequent stiff and painful wrist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC95) in the treatment of these fractures. Seven Colles type fractures in seven patients (all female; average age, 58 years) were treated. After a closed reduction, the fractures were fixed either by percutaneous pinning or by external skeletal fixation. The CPC95 was then injected into the cancellous bone defect through a small dorsal incision. The functional and radiological results were evaluated for up to 1 year. All patients were graded as good or excellent within 3 months, and all were graded as excellent at the final follow-up. The average duration of immobilization was 3.5 weeks. The overall shortening of the radius was 2.3 mm. In one patient, CPC95 extruded into the extensor tendon sheath and was surgically removed. Injection of CPC95 is a promising augmentation of osteosynthesis for distal radius fractures, although a prospective control study is mandatory to prove the usefulness of this material. The equipment and surgical technique should be refined to avoid the extrusion of CPC95. Received: October 30, 2000 / Accepted: November 6, 2001     

桡骨远端骨折的手术治疗进展

本文查阅了手术治疗桡骨远端骨折的最新文献，报告其重点内容，探讨桡骨远端骨折新近的手术治疗进展。桡骨远端骨折有多种不同的手术治疗方法，包括掌、背侧联合切口双侧内固定，掌侧切开复位钢板内固定，锁定加压钢板内固定，背侧Pi形钢板内固定，支架外固定及关节镜下治疗等，治疗效果都较满意。桡骨远端骨折有众多的亚型，应根据不同的骨折类型选择适当的手术方法，以期获得最佳的疗效。     

Determinants of distal radius fracture management in polytrauma patients

Background

Over 640,000 distal radius fractures occur annually in the United States. No studies have been performed looking specifically at polytrauma patients who sustain distal radius fractures. We sought to determine variables affecting management of distal radius fractures in polytrauma patients.

Methods

An IRB-approved review of trauma patients from 2008–2011 was performed. Records for patients with distal radius fractures were examined, assessing age, gender, Glascow Coma Score, Injury Severity Score, mechanism, type, and characteristics of injury, as well as operative repair. A logistic regression was performed using SPSS 15.0.

Results

The database identified 12,054 patients, 434 sustaining a distal radius fracture. No statistically significant difference in operative repair based on mechanism of injury (p = 0.465) was identified. A total of 285 patients (65.7 %) underwent surgery for distal radius fractures. In univariate analysis, younger age was the only statistically significant demographic predictor of surgical intervention (p = 0.003). In both univariate analysis and logistic regression, open, intra-articular, displaced, and comminuted fractures, as well as those with concomitant ulna fractures were statistically significantly associated with operative repair. Fracture displacement was the most likely variable to be associated with surgical intervention (OR = 12.761, 95 % CI[7.219, 22.556]) (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In polytrauma patients, surgery for distal radius fractures is associated with younger age, open, intra-articular, displaced, and comminuted fractures, as well as concomitant ulna fractures. Displaced fractures were almost 13 times more likely to undergo surgical intervention than non-displaced fractures. Gender and mechanism of injury are not predictive of surgical intervention.     

The discriminative ability of peripheral and axial bone measurements to identify proximal femoral, vertebral, distal forearm and proximal humeral fractures: a case control study

Previous studies evaluating peripheral bone measurement devices have often used discontinued technologies, compared single devices, only evaluated a single fracture syndrome or failed to make a comparison with central densitometry, which is currently the gold standard for fracture discrimination. We have used a case control study to evaluate the ability of different peripheral and central bone techniques to discriminate between fracture cases and controls, determine the impact of different measurement sites, evaluate the role of measuring the cortical or trabecular envelopes using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and determine the impact of using combinations of sites and techniques on fracture discrimination. We recruited postmenopausal women with proximal femoral (n=53), vertebral (n=73), distal forearm (n=78) or proximal humeral (n=75) fractures, and 500 population-based women (age 55-80 years). All subjects had measurements of the spine, total hip and distal forearm with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), distal forearm QCT and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel (four devices), finger (two devices), radius and metatarsal. The association of each device with fracture was expressed as the age-adjusted standardized odds ratios (sOR) per 1-SD decrease of population variance. The association of bone measurements with fracture was site-specific. We found the hip (sOR up to 3.40) and vertebral (sOR up to 4.67) fractures were more closely associated with central bone measurements than upper limb fractures (sOR 1.96 and 2.05). The performance of heel broadband ultrasound attenuation (sOR 2.09-2.41), heel speed of sound (sOR 1.79-2.28) and peripheral BMD (sOR 2.07 and 2.24) was comparable with total hip (sOR 2.46) and lumbar spine DXA (sOR 2.31) in discriminating all types of osteoporotic fracture. In general, measuring cortical or trabecular envelopes did not increase sOR. However, combining different measurement sites or technologies provided additional information, which was independent of total hip BMD. The ability of different bone measurements to discriminate between fracture cases and controls is device- and site-specific, with additional information obtained by combining measurement sites and technologies.     

An Asian perspective on the management of distal radius fractures

There is limited data regarding the epidemiology, pathology, and management of distal radius fractures from centers in Asia. The advanced economies in Asia include Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, whereas the prominent emerging economies are China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. This article examines the available epidemiological data from Asia, compares the management of distal radius fractures in the advanced and emerging Asian economies and how they compare with the current management in the west. It concludes by offering solutions for improving outcomes of distal radius fractures in Asia.     

The treatment of severely comminuted intra-articular fractures of the distal radius

Comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius are caused by high-energy trauma and present as shear and impacted fractures of the articular surface of the distal radius with displacement of the fragments. The force of the impact and the position of the hand and carpal bone determine the pattern of articular fragmentation and their displacement and the amount and the extent of frequent concommitant ligament and carpal bone injury. The result of the osseous lesion in comminuted fractures was termed "pilon radiale", which emphasizes the amount of damage to the distal radius and the difficulties to be expected in restoring the articular congruity. Besides this the additional injury, either strain of disruption of the ligaments and the displacement of the carpus and/ or the triangular fibrocartilage complex will equally influence the functional outcome. This review will expand on the relevant anatomy, correct classification and diagnosis of the fracture, diagnostic tools and operative treatment options. Current treatment concepts are analysed with regard to actual literature using the tools of evidence based medicine criteria. A new classification of severely comminuted distal radius fractures is proposed using CT data of 250 complex intraarticular radius fractures. Finally a standardized treatment protocol using external fixation in combination with minimal invasive internal osteosynthesis is described.