椎管内麻醉与全身麻醉对关节置换术效果的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析的方法评价椎管内麻醉与全身麻醉对关节置换术的效果。方法计算机检索Pubmed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网、中国生物医学数据库,检索中华系列杂志相关文献,收集所有评价椎管内麻醉与全身麻醉对关节置换术效果的随机对照试验(RCT),筛选出符合的文献,并严格评价纳入研究的方法学质量。统计学软件采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.3。结果最终纳入21篇符合标准的RCT,共包含1 874例患者。Meta合并分析显示:与全身麻醉比较,椎管内麻醉可明显减少关节置换术术中出血量(WMD=-97.52ml,95%CI=-173.60~-21.44,P=0.01),明显降低关节置换术深静脉血栓发生率(RR=0.68,95%CI=0.48~0.95,P=0.02)、肺栓塞发生率(RR=0.58,95%CI=0.35~0.91,P=0.03)、术后恶心呕吐发生率(RR=0.74,95%CI=0.60~0.92,P=0.008)。亚组分析显示,未使用抗凝药时椎管内麻醉可明显降低深静脉血栓发生率(RR=0.51,95%CI=0.38~0.69,P0.001)和肺栓塞发生率(RR=0.34,95%CI=0.18~0.65,P=0.001)。结论椎管内麻醉在关节置换术中可有效改善患者术中情况,降低术后不良反应发生率。     

全身麻醉与椎管内麻醉用于全髋关节置换术比较

目的分析比较全身麻醉与椎管内麻醉用于全髋关节置换术中的临床疗效。方法本研究选取本院2013年4月至2015年6月医治的全髋关节置换术患者40例为研究对象,根据术中采用麻醉方法的不同,将患者分为A,B两组。其中A组患者为全身麻醉,B组患者为椎管内麻醉。治疗结束后,观察两组患者的临床效果及不良反应情况。结果在本研究中,A组患者的手术时间及术后麻醉室留观时间均比B组患者的手术时间及术后麻醉室留观时间长,P0.05;A组患者一个月内的并发症联合发病率显著高于B组患者,且A组患者在术中低血压、术后深静脉血栓、输血率、尿路感染等方面,发病率显著高于B组,P0.05。结论临床对全髋关节置换术患者的治疗过程中,与全身麻醉相比,椎管内麻醉不仅可以降低全髋关节置换术患者的手术时间及术后麻醉室留观时间,还可以降低1个月内的联合并发症发生率、术中低血压、术后深静脉血栓、输血率、尿路感染的发生率。     

麻醉方式对全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的：评价不同的麻醉方法对全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的影响。方法：84例全髋关节置换术患者随机均分为2组。硬膜外麻醉组、全麻组：术后4～7d内通过静脉造影，了解深静脉血栓发生情况。结果：硬膜外麻醉组有4例发生DVT，未见症状性DVT和肺栓塞(PE)患者。全麻组有11例发生DVT，有2例症状性DVT，未见症状性PE患者。结论：硬膜外麻醉能减少全髋关节置换术后DVT的发生率，是全髋关节置换术首选的麻醉方法。     

麻醉方式与全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生率分析

[目的]比较全麻与连续硬膜外麻醉下人工全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的发生率.[方法]根据入选标准选择2009年9月～2011年1月入院治疗的72例进行人工全膝关节置换术患者,随机分成2组,其中全麻组36例,硬膜外组36例,平均年龄66岁(50 ～ 80岁).所有患者术后5～7d均采用彩色多普勒超声仪检查深静脉血栓的发生情况.并对2组深静脉血栓发生率进行分析.[结果]术后发生深静脉血栓的患者为14例,深静脉血栓发生率为19.44％ (14/72).全麻组发生11例深静脉血栓,发生率为30.56％ (11/36),硬膜外组发生3例深静脉血栓,发生率为8.33％ (3/36),全麻组深静脉血栓发生率明显高于硬膜外组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]采用连续硬膜外麻醉方式对降低人工全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓的发生率效果明显.     

椎管内麻醉的脊神经并发症及防治

椎管内麻醉包括蛛网膜下腔、硬膜外腔以及蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外腔联合阻滞（CSEA）麻醉,主要优点为：（1）在下腹部和下肢手术,抑制手术刺激引起的应激反应作用强于全身麻醉;（2）诱发轻度低血压,减少术中出血;（3）用于术后镇痛效果较全身用药更确切,全身副作用较轻;（4）胸段硬膜外腔麻醉通过阻滞胸交感神经使心率减慢并减轻左心后负荷,从而改善心肌氧供需平衡;（5）腰段椎管内麻醉后下肢血流速度加快,深静脉血栓发生率降低;同时促进肠蠕动,利于肠功能恢复。     

硬膜外低压麻醉在髋关节置换中预防血栓性疾病的作用

目的 研究全髋关节置换术中使用硬膜外低压麻醉的有效性和安全性.方法 对993例全髋关节置换术采用硬膜外低压麻醉(平均动脉压维持在45～55 mm Hg).处理股骨侧髓腔之前2～3 min,静脉给予肝素10～15 U/kg.结果 本组平均手术时间83 min(35～268 min),平均失血量183 ml(50～1 400 ml).术后随访3个月,共有13例发生血栓性疾病,占总数的1.3％,其中确诊为下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的有10例,发生率为1.0％.无心血管疾病、硬膜外血肿发生.随访期间无死亡病例.结论 全髋关节置换术中使用硬膜外低压麻醉安全,术中出血少,术后血栓发生率低,术后无相关的并发症.     

再谈围术期服用阿司匹林对手术和椎管内麻醉的影响

背景 对患有心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)正在进行抗血小板治疗的患者,目前不仅无具体的、可被接受的围术期管理建议,而且对该类患者行椎管内麻醉存在争议,因接受抗血小板治疗可增加硬膜外血肿的风险. 目的 对阿司匹林的作用机制及其剂量、临床疗效与安全性关系进行综述. 内容 随着CVD患病率的不断增加,对接受阿司匹林治疗的高风险患者给予恰当的围手术期管理,是外科医师和麻醉医师共同面对的一个临床问题.为此,对需要行心血管或非心血管手术的CVD患者,必须在临床作出诸多治疗决策. 趋向 围术期抗凝治疗是以对血栓和出血事件的风险评估为依据的,应通过多学科协作来实现简化患者管理和最小化临床不良结局的治疗目标.     

老年全髋关节置换术椎管内麻醉临床分析

目的分析老年全髋关节置换术椎管内麻醉的临床效果。方法将60例接受全髋关节置换术的老年患者根据麻醉方式的不同分为2组,每组30例。对照组患者予以全身麻醉,对观察组患者采用椎管内麻醉。比较2组手术时间、术后麻醉复苏室留观时间及术中和术后不良反应发生率。结果观察组手术时间、术后麻醉复苏室留观时间、住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组,术中及术后不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对老年全髋关节置换术患者选择椎管内麻醉,术中及术后不良反应少,安全性高。     

椎管内麻醉对于全关节置换术后快速康复的影响

与全身麻醉相比,椎管内麻醉可以提高全关节置换术的临床效果。作者分析了5914例行全关节置换术患者资料,包括住院时间、输血率、红细胞比容、出院情况以及再入院情况。结果发现:椎管内麻醉病例住院时间短、输血率更低、术后红细胞比容更高、术后更容易出院、术后90 d再入院率更低。因此,作者认为椎管内麻醉对于全关节置换术后快速康复有积极的影响。     

全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生的随机对照研究

目的 通过随机对照研究,探讨全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的发生率和预防措施.方法 2007年5月至2008年12月行全髋关节置换术的141例患者,男53例,女88例;年龄17～86岁,平均(63.20±13.78)岁.根据是否使用低分子肝素随机分成抗凝组(82例)和非抗凝组(59例),术后均行患肢深静脉顺行性造影,明确血栓发生的部位、大小及数量.诊断标准根据1972年Rabinov和Paulin提出的诊断标准,结合国内吕厚山的相关经验进行统一诊断.根据下肢血栓的部位将血栓分为中央型、周围型和混合性血栓.结果 全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的发生率为32.62%(46例),其中中央型1例,混合型2例,周围型43例.临床症状有小腿后侧疼痛,沉重或紧张,足和踝关节周围轻度肿胀.临床体征有肌肉压痛、Homans征或Neuhof征阳性.将症状和体征都作为临床依据,其中无临床依据者共34例,占73.9%.抗凝组(82例)和非抗凝组(59例)深静脉血栓形成发生率的差异无统计学意义.结论 采用数字化下肢深静脉造影技术能准确地发现全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成,临床症状与其无直接关联,低分子肝素抗凝后虽能降低深静脉血栓形成的发生率,但差异无统计学意义.     

Impact of anesthesia modality and mechanical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis on the incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis after TKA

Background

Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are a common complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Prior studies have discussed the utility of mechanical VTE prophylaxis as a monotherapy for low-risk TKA patients. We assess the incidence of clinically significant deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in low-risk TKA patients who receive mechanical VTE prophylaxis and undergo spinal, epidural, or general anesthesia for their surgery.

Effects of anesthesia on pain after lower-limb amputation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of epidural, spinal, and general anesthesia on pain after lower-limb amputation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Postamputation clinic. PATIENTS: 150 patients who were evaluated one to 24 months after their lower-limb amputation. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received epidural, spinal, or general anesthesia for their amputation. MEASUREMENTS: Standardized questions were used to assess stump pain, phantom sensation, or phantom limb pain preoperatively and postoperatively. Pain intensity was assessed on a verbal rating scale of 0 to 10. After the interview, each patient's medical history and anesthetic record were assessed. RESULTS: Patients who had received epidural anesthesia and those who had received spinal anesthesia recalled significantly less pain in the week after their surgery (P < 0.05). After an average of 14 months, there was no difference in stump pain, phantom limb sensation, or phantom limb pain between patients who received epidural anesthesia, those who received spinal anesthesia, and those who received general anesthesia for their amputation. Phantom limb pain continued to be frequent and severe despite patients' use of opioid analgesics, amitriptyline, and gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received epidural anesthesia and those who received spinal anesthesia recalled better analgesia in the first week after their amputation than did patients who received general anesthesia. Anesthetic technique had no effect on stump pain, phantom limb sensation, or phantom limb pain at 14 months after lower-limb amputation.     

Pulmonary embolism after spinal surgery: report of two cases

We present two cases of pulmonary embolism (PE) without deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after spinal surgery with an anterior approach. On the seventh day after surgery, the patients’ plasma D-dimer levels were high without symptoms, so computed tomography (CT) was performed from chest to lower limb, revealing PE without lower limb DVT. After the exam, we immediately started anticoagulation therapy with heparin and warfarin. The patients were discharged with no complications. Previous reports have documented that DVT causes most cases of PE; however, our cases had no lower limb DVT. Some reports hypothesize that anterior spinal surgery might have a differential pathogenesis of PE. Simple mechanical prophylaxis for DVT may not protect these patients. On the other hand, the administration of chemical anticoagulants therapy after spinal surgery is controversial because of the risk of epidural hematoma. We should explain the risk of PE to patients undergoing spinal surgery with an anterior approach.     

Spinal epidural hematoma after removal of an epidural catheter: case report and review of the literature

We report a case of spinal epidural hematoma after removal of an epidural catheter. The patient had no background of anticoagulant therapy or coagulopathy; sudden severe back pain occurred immediately after removal of the catheter. The chance of this occurring is estimated to be between 1:150,000 and 1:190,000. We studied 40 previous reports from 1952 to 2000, and we also investigated anticoagulant therapy and pathologic states, puncture difficulties and bleeding at the point of insertion, and its onset. In 23 cases (57.5%), anticoagulant therapy had been performed, and in 5 cases (12.5%), coagulopathy or liver dysfunction had been recognized. In 20 cases (50%), the initial symptoms were recognized within 24 hours after removal of the epidural catheter. Although spinal epidural hematoma is a very rare condition, it is a serious complication of continuous epidural anesthesia.     

三种抗凝药物在单侧全膝关节置换术后预防静脉血栓性疾病的病例对照研究

目的:探讨3种不同抗凝药物在单侧全膝关节置换术后预防静脉血栓栓塞症的有效性和安全性。方法:收集2011年11月至2014年3月因膝关节骨性关节炎行单侧全膝关节置换术患者149例临床资料,其中男66例,女83例;年龄48～76岁。按抗凝药物不同分为阿司匹林组、低分子肝素组和利伐沙班组,阿司匹林组48例,男23例,女25例,平均年龄(61.52±13.42)岁;低分子肝素组54例,男20例,女34例,平均年龄(64.37±11.81)岁;利伐沙班组47例,男23例,女24例,平均年龄(63.83±12.04)岁。分别观察3组患者术后6、8、12周下肢深静脉血栓形成,肺栓塞及出血并发症(包括切口瘀斑、切口血肿等局部并发症,消化系统、心脑血管系统、泌尿系统出血等出血事件).结果:阿司匹林组48例,下肢深静脉血栓形成 4例,肺栓塞1例,出血并发症2例;低分子肝素组54例,下肢深静脉血栓形成3例,肺栓塞1例,出血并发症3例;利伐沙班组47例,下肢深静脉血栓形成3例,肺栓塞0例,出血并发症11例。3组下肢深静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),出血并发症发生率利伐沙班组高于阿司匹林、低分子肝素组。结论:阿司匹林、低分子肝素、利伐沙班均能有效预防全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓的发生,且疗效相近。利伐沙班引起出血并发症发生率高,安全性须进一步研究。     

Incidence in Catalonia of spinal cord compression due to spinal hematoma secondary to neuraxial anesthesia

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence in Catalonia of spinal cord compression due to spinal hematoma secondary to neuraxial anesthesia. METHODS: The incidence of hematoma was based on published cases (MEDLINE, the Spanish Medical Index [Indice Medico Espa?ol], and Google) or cases reported at medical meetings or conferences by anesthesiologists from Catalan hospitals from 1996 to 2005, inclusive. The annual number of neuraxial anesthesias (spinal, epidural, and combined) was estimated based on the ANESCAT 2003 survey and the total number of anesthesias was calculated using the ANESCAT 2003 survey in conjunction with the surgical reports of Catalan hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 11 cases of spinal hematoma after neuraxial anesthesia (7 after spinal anesthesia and 4 after epidural anesthesia) were reported or published from 1996 to 2005, inclusive. A total of 194 154 neuraxial anesthesias were performed in 2003 (126 560 spinal anesthesias and 5926 combined spinal-epidural anesthesias) and it was estimated that somewhat over 1 700 000 neuraxial anesthesias were performed over the 10 years reviewed. The incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of hematoma was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.3-1.2) per 100 000 neuraxial anesthesias, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.3-1.3) per 100 000 spinal anesthesias, and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.2-1.9) per 100 000 epidural anesthesias. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of spinal hematoma after neuraxial anesthesia is slightly more than 1 per 150 000 anesthesias-a similar finding to that of other epidemiological studies. The incidence is slightly higher in epidural anesthesia. These data imply a risk of approximately 1 spinal hematoma per year in Catalonia.     

The incidence of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a specific hypotensive epidural anesthesia protocol.

We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive unilateral primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures performed by 3 attending surgeons on the Arthroplasty Service at our institution from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1993. All surgery was performed under a specific hypotensive epidural anesthesia protocol. Hypotensive epidural anesthesia at our institution provides a lower level of hypotension (mean arterial pressure of 50-60 mmHg) as compared to hypotensive anesthesia used more generally around the world (mean arterial pressure >70 mmHg). For each patient, hospital and postdischarge office records for a minimum of 3 months after surgery were reviewed for the type of postoperative screening test, the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and the incidence of symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). Overall, 2,592 primary unilateral THAs were performed with 78.6% (2,037 of 2,592) of patients receiving a venogram. Our protocol for thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in these patients included aspirin postoperatively as well as antithromboembolic disease stockings and early ambulation (24-48 hours postoperatively). The 555 patients who did not receive venography were managed with a different protocol that included warfarin postoperatively as well as antithromboembolic disease stockings and early ambulation. This high-risk group consisted of patients who received warfarin preoperatively (ie, cardiac valve) or patients with a history of DVT who were to receive warfarin postoperatively, regardless of venography result. Overall, DVT was diagnosed in 10.3% (210 of 2,037) of patients who had a venogram. Of these patients who had venography, 2.3% (46 of 2,037) had an isolated proximal DVT; 6.0% (123 of 2,037), a distal DVT; and 2.0% (41 of 2,037), both a proximal and a distal DVT. Of the 87 cases of proximal DVT identified, 60.9% (53 of 87) were femoral DVT; 18.4% (16 of 87), popliteal DVT; and 20.7% (18 of 87), both femoral and popliteal DVT. Of the 164 distal DVT, 68.3% (112 of 164) were major calf DVT and 31.7% (52 of 164) were minor calf DVT. The overall incidence of major venous thrombosis (sum of proximal and major calf thrombi) was 9.8% (199 of 2,037) in patients who had venography. Ventilation-perfusion scanning was used selectively in patients symptomatic for PE. Overall, symptomatic PE was diagnosed by ventilation-perfusion scan in 1.0% (26 of 2,592) of patients, with 0.58% (15 of 2,592) of patients having an in-hospital PE. Of the 15 patients who had an in-hospital PE, 11 patients had a venogram, and only 3 of 11 were positive. Late symptomatic PE was defined from discharge (mean, 7 +/- 2 days) to 3 months after discharge from the hospital and occurred in 0.42% (11 of 2,592) of patients. One of the 11 late symptomatic PEs was fatal. In the overall study, this represents 0.04% (1 of 2,592) fatal PE. Of the 11 patients with a late symptomatic PE, 10 had venograms in the hospital, and all 10 were negative for DVT. Overall, in the patients with a positive venogram, the incidence of symptomatic PE was 1.4% (3 of 210), whereas in the patients with a negative venogram, the incidence of symptomatic PE was 0.44% (8 of 1,827). At our institution, patients who undergo primary THA performed with hypotensive epidural anesthesia, postoperative aspirin, antithromboembolic disease stockings, and early ambulation have a low risk for thromboembolic disease.     

Deep Venous Thrombosis in Spine Surgery Patients: Incidence and Hematoma Formation

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a significant health care problem; a variety of factors place spinal surgery patients at high risk for DVT. Our aim is to define the incidence of DVT occurrence in spite of prophylactic measures (mechanical and chemoprophylaxis), and the development of spinal epidural hematoma as a complication of chemoprophylaxis. In a single-center prospective study, 158 patients who underwent spinal surgical procedures were evaluated by clinical evaluation and lower limb Doppler ultrasonography imaging. Only one patient (0.6%) developed DVT; this patient was treated successfully without thrombus progression, with full recanalization. Three patients (1.8%) developed spinal epidural hematoma, but only one required surgical evacuation, and none sustained neurologic deficit. Careful evaluation for DVT risk on an individual basis and good prophylaxis helps to minimize the risk of DVT. The neurosurgeon is thus left to weigh the risks of postoperative hematoma formation against the benefits of protecting against DVT.     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉期间胃粘膜pH的变化及意义

目的 研究全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉期间胃粘膜ｐＨ（ｐＨｉ）的变化及ｐＨ与术后应激性溃疡的关系。方法 ３０例择期下腹部手术患者,随机分为两组,全麻组,芬太尼＋依托咪酯＋琥珀胆碱诱导,维库溴铵＋安氟醚维持,硬膜外组２％利多卡因。麻醉前１小时将Ｔｒｉｐ导管置入内,麻醉诱导前（Ｔ１）诱导后６０分钟（Ｔ２）,１２０分钟（Ｔ３）分别测定ｐＨｉ,Ｐｈａ,ＰａＣＯ２,ＭＡＰ和ＨＲ,术后随访３天观察胃经流管的出血情况。     

妇科手术病人不同麻醉方法绩效的比较

目的 比较妇科手术病人单纯全麻和硬膜外复合全麻的绩效.方法 择期妇科手术病人30例,年龄18～64岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=15):单纯全麻组(G组)和硬膜外复合全麻组(EG组).EG组硬膜外注射2%利多卡因试验剂量3 ml.两组静脉注射地塞米松、氟哌利多、芬太尼、异丙酚和琥珀酰胆碱麻醉诱导,气管插管后机械通气.G组吸入七氟醚及间断静脉注射芬太尼维持麻醉;EG组吸入七氟醚及间断硬膜外注射利多卡因和丁卡因维持麻醉;两组静脉注射维库溴铵维持肌松.术毕入PACU,G组采用病人自控静脉镇痛;EG组采用病人自控硬膜外镇痛.记录苏醒时间、拔管时间和PACU停留时间;记录七氟醚、芬太尼、肌松药和血管活性药物用量;于术后6、24、48 h时记录静息状态和活动状态的VAS评分以及镇痛泵实际按压次数和有效按压次数;记录术后不良反应的发生情况;计算麻醉有关费用.结果 与G组比较,EG组拔管时间和PACU停留时间缩短,七氟醚和芬太尼用量减少,术后6 h时实际按压次数和有效按压次数减少(P＜0.05或0.01),苏醒时间、各时点镇痛效果、不良反应发生率和麻醉总费用差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与单纯全麻相比,妇科手术病人硬膜外复合全麻麻醉药物用量少,术后早期镇痛效果好,且麻醉总费用相当.