2019—2021年某医院骨科住院患者医院感染调查与分析

目的 了解医院骨科住院患者医院感染现状及感染病原菌耐药情况。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年12月骨科住院患者的临床资料,分析感染患者的病原菌分布及主要病原菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 在骨科住院的9 145例患者中,共有241例发生医院感染,感染率为2.64%。共检出病原菌338株,革兰阳性菌占45.27%,革兰阴性菌占53.55%;革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主,革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林和头孢曲松耐药性较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、复方新诺明和头孢他啶耐药性较高。肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林耐药性较高;铜绿假单胞菌对呋喃妥因100%耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢西丁、青霉素、克林霉素和红霉素耐药性较高;表皮葡萄球菌对头孢西丁、红霉素、苯唑西林、青霉素和克林霉素耐药性较高。结论 骨科住院患者感染病原菌主要是革兰阴性菌,科学积极地进行病原菌培养及体外药敏试验是临床抗感染治疗成功的重要保证。     

胃肠外科患者术后感染危险因素及病原菌药敏试验分析

〖HT5”H〗摘要 目的 探究胃肠外科患者术后发生医院感染的危险因素,分析病原菌的药敏试验结果,为临床应用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 前瞻性分析南通大学附属海安医院胃肠外科手术患者发生医院感染的资料,确定患者感染的独立危险因素,对感染患者的主要致病菌进行药敏试验分析。结果 共收集手术患者518例,糖尿病、手术时间>120 min、Ⅲ类切口、急诊手术、保留引流管是患者感染的独立危险因素。共分离出病原菌90株,其中革兰阴性菌54株,主要为大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌|革兰阳性菌27株,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌。大肠埃希菌对头孢唑林耐药率为62.50%|铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢唑林耐药率为64.29%|金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢唑林的耐药率为58.33%。结论 胃肠外科手术患者易发生感染,且感染患者病原菌对头孢唑林耐药率较高,临床医生应根据药敏试验结果选择合适的抗菌药物进行治疗。     

脑卒中相关性肺炎患者病原学及药物敏感分析

目的探讨脑卒中相关性肺炎患者的病原学和耐药性特点。方法 116例脑卒中合并相关性肺炎患者,分别采集血液、痰液和咽拭子标本,采用BACTAC 9240全自动培养箱进行培养,分析病原学分布特点、抗菌药物耐药率和病原体耐药性特点,采用VITEK 32系统进行病原体的分离与鉴定,采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。结果 116例脑卒中相关性肺炎患者共培养病原菌129株,其中革兰阴性菌95株(73.64%),以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和鲍氏不动杆菌为主;革兰阳性菌30株(23.26%),以金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、肠球菌属和结核分枝杆菌为主;真菌4株(3.10%),为白色假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌;革兰阴性菌对头孢他啶、氨苄西林、氨曲南、诺氟沙星、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟等耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟和头孢哌酮敏感性较高;革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、罗红霉素、克林霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢唑林耐药率较高,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁、甲氧苄啶和利福平耐药率较低;真菌未发现耐药菌株。结论脑卒中合并相关性肺炎病原体以革兰阴性菌为主,主要革兰阴性菌对头孢类药物、氨苄西林、氨曲南、诺氟沙星耐药率较高,革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、罗红霉素、克林霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢唑林耐药率较高,临床应严格按照药物敏感试验结果,合理应用抗菌药物。     

我院2011-2013年细菌的菌群分布特点与耐药性分析

目的 了解我院2011-2013年病原菌检出情况和耐药性变迁趋势.方法 对2011年1月-2013年12月我院住院患者送检的各类标本进行病原菌分离培养,同时用VITEK2-Compact全自动细菌分析仪进行鉴定和药敏试验,按最新版本的CLSI标准对检出的27 399株病原菌进行回顾性分析.结果 27 399株病原菌中,革兰阳性菌检出7367株,占26.9％,前3位革兰阳性球菌分别是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肠球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌.革兰阴性菌检出14 815株,占54.1％,其中前6位分别是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.真菌检出5217株,占19.0％.凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率较低,在38.9％以下,对青霉素和红霉素的耐药率较高,分别在96.1％和84.9％以上.肠球菌对头孢唑啉100％耐药,对克林霉素的耐药率最低,在23.8％以下.肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素亚胺培南的耐药率均较低,但呈逐年上升趋势.肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林的耐药率最高,在99.7％以上,大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林和头孢唑啉的耐药率均较高,阴沟肠杆菌对头孢唑啉和氨苄西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率均较高,在90.7％以上.三种主要非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的耐药情况较严重,仅对米诺环素、多粘菌素B和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感性较高.结论 我院感染以革兰阴性菌为主,细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性逐年增加.应动态监测本地区病原菌谱和耐药性变迁,合理选择抗生素,降低细菌的耐药性.     

老年血流感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的对老年患者血流感染(BSI)病原菌分布及耐药情况进行分析,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法收集2016—2018年上海建工医院≥65岁住院患者血培养标本1 346例,分析病原菌分布及耐药情况。结果共分离病原菌112株(8.3%),其中革兰阴性菌占60.71%,以肠杆菌科细菌(52.7%)为主,检出率居前2位的是大肠埃希菌(32.14%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(12.5%);肠杆菌科细菌中,碳青霉烯类耐药菌检出率为17.3%,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶耐药菌占35.6%。革兰阳性菌占39.29%,以葡萄球菌属为主,包括凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(10.7%)及金黄色葡萄球菌(8.9%);凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌及甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分别占83.3%及16.7%;金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌各占50.0%。3年阳性菌株检出数无显著变化。革兰阴性菌中,肠杆菌科细菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、亚胺培南及头孢替坦的耐药率为16.9%～20.4%,对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉的耐药率分别为94.2%、97.6%;非发酵菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为16.7%、20.0%,对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢替坦的耐药率均为100%。革兰阳性菌中,葡萄球菌属细菌对万古霉素、替加环素、奎奴普丁-达福普丁及利奈唑胺均不耐药,对利福平的耐药率仅为4.8%,对红霉素、青霉素的耐药率分别为72.7%、88.9%;肠球菌属细菌对万古霉素、替加环素及利奈唑胺均敏感,但对红霉素的耐药率达93.3%。结论上海建工医院老年患者BSI病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌是最常见的病原菌,不同病原菌对抗菌药物表现出不同的耐药性,临床应注意合理用药。     

1350例眼结膜囊分泌物病原菌及耐药性分析

目的分析1350例眼结膜囊分泌物病原菌分布状况及耐药性。方法选取我院2015年5月至2017年5月收治的细菌性结膜炎患者1350例,取其结膜囊分泌物进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验。结果本研究检出病原菌1161株,阳性率为86.00%,其中革兰阴性菌284株,构成比为24.46%,革兰阳性菌877株,构成比为75.54%;除此之外还检出了真菌51株。分离率前五的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃希菌(4.96%)、铜绿假单胞菌(8.00%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(4.00%)、嗜麦芽假单胞菌(1.85%)、不动杆菌属(2.22%);分离率前五的革兰阳性菌为表皮葡萄球菌(36.37%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(11.63%)、肺炎链球菌(7.78%)、溶血葡萄球菌(6.52%)、产气葡萄菌(2.67%)。革兰阴性菌对苯唑西林耐药率最高(83.87%～100%),对头孢他啶耐药性最低为2.84%;革兰阳性菌对苯唑西林耐药率最高(63.44%～98.63%),对利奈唑胺、莫西沙星、万古霉素等药物耐药性最低为0%。结论掌握眼结膜囊分泌物病原菌分布状况及耐药性,对临床合理用药,提高疗效有指导性作用。     

2012例血培养病原菌种类与耐药性分析

目的：总结我院三年来血培养病原菌的检出种类及耐药情况，以期对临床合理使用抗生素有所帮助。方法：应用Bact／Alert-120全自动血培仪对2012例血标本进行培养，标本检出病原菌用Vitek-32全自动微生物分析系统进行鉴定药敏试验采用K—B纸片扩散法。结果：三年来血培养标本2012份，检出细菌236株，培养阳性率11．7％，革兰氏阳性菌137株，革兰氏阴性菌87株，真菌12株。结论：血培养检出病原菌仍以条件致病菌为主，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌最多（共69株）达到29％，其次较多的细菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠球菌等。革兰氏阳性菌对环丙沙星、庆大霉素耐药率达到50％左右，对青霉素、氨苄西林、苯唑西林、红霉素的耐药率较高达到80％以上；大肠埃希氏菌对哌拉西林、头孢唑林、阿莫西林／棒酸、环丙沙星、庆大霉素耐药率均在50％以上，铜绿假单胞菌对头孢唑林、阿莫西林／棒酸耐药率高达80％以上，所有革兰氏阴性菌对氧苄西林耐药率已高到90％以上．提示临床医师应高度重视合理使用抗生素。     

血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解本院血培养病原菌的分布及常见致病菌的耐药特点,为临床用药提供依据。方法:采用Bact/Alert120进行自动血培养,并以Vitek-32微生物分析系统进行细菌鉴定及药敏分析。结果:10 291份临床标本中分离出病原菌651株。其中,革兰阳性菌323株(49.62%),革兰阴性菌265株(40.71%),真菌63株(9.68%)。在革兰阳性球菌中最常见的为血浆凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,占革兰阳性菌63.78%,占总分离菌31.64%;其次为肠球菌,占革兰阳性菌16.10%,占总分离菌7.99%。革兰阴性菌中最常见的为大肠埃希菌,占18.13%,占革兰阴性菌的44.15%。葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率分别为83.98%和59.26%,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。屎肠球菌对青霉素及氨苄青霉素全部耐药,对庆大霉素的耐药率较高。革兰阴性菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为56.78%和40.00%,对亚胺培南、头孢西丁耐药率较低;铜绿假单胞菌除对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、庆大霉素、奈替米星较为敏感外,对其他抗生素均有较高的耐药性。结论:血培养病原菌以条...     

平谷地区血流感染病原菌种类及耐药性研究

目的调查平谷地区临床血流感染(bloodstream infections,BSI)患者的发病原因、病原菌种类及耐药特点。方法对临床可疑BSI患者进行血培养,对分离菌株进行鉴定,并进行抗生素敏感性测试。结果本研究血培养阳性453例(12.84%),同一患者重复菌株28例,其中有基础疾病397例,无基础疾病28例。分离出革兰阴性菌281株(62.03%),革兰阳性菌172株(37.97%)。检出率前5位的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(26.49%)、人葡萄球菌(8.39%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(8.17%)、表皮葡萄球菌(7.28%)、阴沟肠杆菌(4.86%)。主要革兰阴性菌中,阴沟肠杆菌对氨苄西林全部耐药,对头孢呋辛耐药率为55.56%;大肠埃希菌耐药率检测氨苄西林为84.17%,复方新诺明71.67%,头孢呋辛50%。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦全部敏感,对米诺环素、替加还素耐药率均为5.40%;铜绿假单胞菌对羧苄西林耐药率13.64%。主要革兰阳性菌对青霉素、红霉素耐药率粪肠球菌为14.29%、71.43%,人葡萄球菌为84.21%、84.21%,表皮葡萄球菌为87.88%、78.78%,金黄色葡萄球菌为57.14%、35.71%。结论临床BSI以有基础疾病者为主,革兰阴性菌分离率及耐药率均较高,应加强本地区抗菌药物的使用和管理,以减少耐药性。     

中性粒细胞缺乏伴发热骨髓衰竭患者的病原菌分布及药敏情况分析

目的探讨中性粒细胞缺乏(粒缺)伴发热骨髓衰竭患者标本中病原菌分布及其耐药性情况。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年1月上海市12家医院血液科1 260例粒缺伴发热骨髓衰竭患者标本中的病原菌分布特点及其药敏结果。采用纸片扩散法(K-B)检测分离菌株的药敏情况。采用WHONET5.6软件分析菌株的构成及药敏特点。结果共检出阳性菌174株,其中革兰阴性菌102株(58.6%),革兰阳性菌72株(41.4%)。排名前5位的病原菌分别为肺炎克雷伯菌(13.8%)、大肠埃希菌(9.2%)、铜绿假单胞菌(6.9%)、缓症链球菌(6.9%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(6.9%)。肠杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、复方磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶等耐药率高(60.0%);非发酵菌除对氨苄西林耐药率高(88.2%)以外,对其他药物的耐药率均低于50.0%。检出2株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及24株耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;肠球菌对氨苄西林和左氧氟沙星耐药率较高(≥60.0%);未检出对利奈唑胺耐药的葡萄球菌和肠球菌。结论粒缺伴发热的骨髓衰竭患者致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,肠杆菌和非发酵菌常见,且肠杆菌耐药情况较严重。葡萄球菌、肠球菌及肠杆菌的耐药情况均值得重视。     

151株血培养分离菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解我院血培养分离病原菌的分布及耐药情况。方法收集2012年6月-2013年12月我院门诊及住院患者的1178份血液标本,采用Bact／Alert-3D全自动血培养仪进行培养,阳性标本采用VITEK—COMPACT2全自动细菌鉴定仪进行菌种鉴定,采用K—B法及VITEK—COMPACT2定量MIC药敏分析系统进行药敏试验,并采用WHONET5．4软件对菌种检出情况及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果1178份血液标本中共分离出病原菌151株,分离率为12．8％。151株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌97株（64．2％）,革兰阳性菌49株（32．5％）,真菌5株（3.3％）。97株革兰阴性菌中,分离率在前三位的为大肠埃希菌（39株,25．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（25株,16．6％）和马耳他布鲁菌（15株,9．9％）;49株革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌（24株,15．9％）和表皮葡萄球菌（8株,5-3％）为主,真菌多为白色念珠菌（4株,2．6％）。39株大肠埃希菌和25株肺炎克雷伯菌中,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（extended spectrum betalactamases,ESBLs）的菌株分别为18株（46．2％,18／39）和8株（32．0％,8／25）;24株金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率为50．0％（12／24）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率在40．0％以上,金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢西丁和红霉素的耐药率在41．7％以上。结论我院血培养分离菌以革兰阴性杆菌居多,其中马耳他布鲁菌偏多是因为本地区牧民较多所致。分离病原菌的耐药情况严重,临床医师应根据细菌鉴定及药敏试验选择敏感药物治疗。     

In vitro combination effects of cefotetan with four aminoglycosides, piperacillin and mezlocillin on gram-positive and gram-negative nosocomial bacteria

The in vitro efficacy of cefotetan in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter cloacae and with piperacillin and mezlocillin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae was compared by use of the checkerboard agar dilution technique. On average, 60% of the gram-negative and 46% of the gram-positive strains were inhibited by additive, but only 22% of the gram-negative and 2% of the gram-positive bacteria were inhibited by synergistic cefotetan-aminoglycoside combinations. Netilmicin combinations were least active. On gram-negative bacteria, 63% of the cefotetan-penicillin combinations were additive and 11% synergistic. No antagonism occurred with any of the combinations.     

Epidemiology of beta-lactamases in Africa: correlation with resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics

In 45 centers from eight African countries, 2,888 bacterial isolates were collected from patients with community-acquired infections. Isolated pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Escherichia coli (20%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (6%), Proteus species (6%), Klebsiella species (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4%). An overall sensitivity of 16.2% was shown to penicillin G (number of isolates tested = 2,467), 31.8% to ampicillin (2,687), 45% to amoxicillin (1,959), and 84.9% to cefuroxime (2,888). Beta-lactamase presence was measured by a chromogenic method. Beta-lactamase was found in 75% of all pathogens tested, including 69.5% of gram-negative and 83.3% of gram-positive pathogens; 73% of E coli isolates, 76% of N gonorrhoeae, 75% of Klebsiella species, and 84% of S aureus were beta-lactamase positive. Beta-lactamase presence was associated with bacterial resistance for penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, but not cefuroxime, whose sensitivity remained high. The higher resistance rates and beta-lactamase prevalence in Africa suggest the need for national antibiotic prescribing policies and surveillance schemes and replacement of relatively ineffective penicillins with newer agents such as cefuroxime.     

In vitro antistaphylococcal activity of pefloxacin alone and in combination with other antistaphylococcal drugs.

MICs of pefloxacin and nine antistaphylococcal drugs were determined for 200 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. All the strains were susceptible to pefloxacin, vancomycin, and rifampin. Oxacillin-resistant strains were uniformly resistant to cephalothin and were more likely to be resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than were oxacillin-susceptible strains. Time-kill studies with 23 strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. haemolyticus indicated that the relative order of bactericidal activities was gentamicin greater than or equal to pefloxacin greater than oxacillin greater than vancomycin greater than rifampin. Pefloxacin combined with oxacillin or vancomycin killed staphylococci more rapidly than oxacillin or vancomycin alone but less rapidly than pefloxacin alone. Gentamicin combined with oxacillin, vancomycin, or pefloxacin resulted in the most rapid killing of gentamicin-susceptible strains. Rifampin combined with oxacillin, vancomycin, or pefloxacin reduced the bactericidal activities of those drugs, but rifampin resistance was not observed as it was with rifampin alone. Pefloxacin is a potentially useful antistaphylococcal agent.     

In vitro antibacterial activity of men 10700, a new penem antibiotic

We report here the antibacterial activity of the new penem antibiotic Men 10700 against a total of 740 gram-positive and gram-negative clinical isolates, in comparison to imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Men 10700 has shown a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity, with a potent activity both against gram-positive species (with the exception of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) as indicated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC(90)) values < or =0.5 mg/l, and gram-negative species, with MIC(90) values generally < or =2 mg/l. Men 10700 was the most potent antibiotic against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and S. epidermidis, while the overall spectrum of activity resembled that of imipenem; meropenem was more active against most gram-negative species. In comparison with third-generation cephalosporins, Men 10700 demonstrated superior activity against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and S. epidermidis and some gram-negative species such as Morganella morganii, Serratia spp. and Enterobacter cloacae; moreover, in contrast to third-generation cephalosporins, Men 10700 showed moderate activity against Enterococcus spp. The activity of Men 10700 against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 strains) and some gram-negative strains selected for their resistance to cefotaxime (20 strains) was particularly interesting. Copyright Copyright 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel.     

In vitro activity of teichomycin compared with those of other antibiotics

The glycopeptide antibiotic teichomycin had in vitro activity comparable to that of vancomycin against most gram-positive species, and it inhibited methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It was twofold more active against many S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates than was vancomycin. Teichomycin had activity comparable to that of vancomycin against Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus faecalis. It was generally more active against streptococci than was vancomycin. There were no major differences between minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations of these drugs. Teichomycin acted synergistically with gentamicin against some bacteria.     

北京市某医院老年下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析老年下呼吸道感染患者病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床防治提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年2月—2013年11月在北京市隆福医院呼吸科住院的老年下呼吸道感染438例痰标本培养分离的病原菌种类及其药物敏感试验结果。结果 438例标本中共检出病原菌392株,其中革兰阴性菌226株(57.7%),以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主;革兰阳性菌125株(31.9%),以金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主;真菌41株(10.5%),以白假丝酵母菌为主。药物敏感试验结果显示:肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠及亚胺培南耐药率较低,铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星耐药率最低。金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁全部敏感。结论老年下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,细菌耐药性严重,应根据药物敏感试验结果选用合适的抗菌药物。     

3968株常见病原菌耐药情况统计分析

目的：对我院临床微生物实验室2003年分离的3968株临床常见病原菌,进行耐药分析,为临床感染性疾病的抗菌药物选择提供实验室依据。方法：菌株经美国Dade公司MicroSean鉴定所得。药物敏感试验采用微量肉汤稀释法进行。结果：临床常见病原菌中,仍以革兰阴性杆菌占优势,前三位为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼／溶血不动杆菌。8种病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较高。阴沟肠杆菌,大肠埃希菌,对氨苄西林的耐药率均超过90%。革兰阴性杆菌,除嗜麦芽窄食单孢菌外,亚胺培南的耐药率最低,其次为阿米卡星。结果还表明,金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率较表皮葡萄球菌低,金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率为57．17％;而表皮葡球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率为84．15％,二者均呈上升趋势,应引起临床高度重视。还可看出,金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为0,我院尚未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论：临床常见病原菌中,仍以革兰阴性杆菌占优势,且耐药率较高。对革兰阴性杆菌,除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌外,亚胺培南的耐药率最低。金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率较表皮葡萄球菌低,我院尚未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株。     

In vitro antibacterial activity of E-0702, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin.

E-0702 is an antipseudomonal cephalosporin derivative which has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its in vitro antibacterial activities were less than those of cefoperazone and cefotaxime against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but were significantly high against gram-negative bacteria including the Pseudomonas group. It was most characteristic that E-0702 showed high antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E-0702 was relatively stable to inactivation by plasmid-mediated penicillinases and cephalosporinases produced by gram-negative bacteria.     

Ultrasonic enhancement of antibiotic action on gram-negative bacteria.

The effect of gentamicin upon planktonic cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus was measured with and without application of 67-kHz ultrasonic stimulation. The ultrasound was applied at levels that had no inhibitory or bactericidal activity against the bacteria. Measurements of the MIC and bactericidal activity of gentamicin against planktonic cultures of P. aeruginosa and E. coli demonstrated that simultaneous application of 67-kHz ultrasound enhanced the effectiveness of the antibiotic. A synergistic effect was observed and bacterial viability was reduced several orders of magnitude when gentamicin concentrations and ultrasonic levels which by themselves did not reduce viability were combined. As the age of the culture increased, the bacteria became more resistant to the effect of the antibiotic alone. Application of ultrasound appeared to reverse this resistance. The ultrasonic treatment-enhanced activity was evident with cultures of P. aeruginosa and E. coli but was not observed with cultures of gram-positive S. epidermidis and S. aureus. These results may have application in the treatment of bacterial biofilm infections on implant devices, which infections are usually more resistant to antibiotic therapy.