蟾皮中蟾毒配基类成分的分离与鉴定

目的研究中华大蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizansCantor)皮中的蟾毒配基类成分。方法利用反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、半制备高效液相色谱、重结晶等手段分离纯化蟾皮中的蟾毒配基类成分,根据化合物的理化性质和各种波谱学数据鉴定其化学结构。结果分离得到11个蟾毒配基类化合物,分别鉴定为脂蟾毒配基(resibufogenin,1)、华蟾毒精(cinobufagin,2)、蟾毒灵(bufalin,3)、远华蟾毒精(telocinobufagin,4)、蟾毒它灵(bufotalin,5)、去乙酰华蟾毒它灵(desace-tylcinobufotalin,6)、嚏根草苷元(hellebrigenin,7)、沙蟾毒精(arenobufagin,8)、日蟾毒它灵(gam-abufotalin,9)、11β-羟基脂蟾毒配基(11β-hydroxylresibufogenin,10)、华蟾毒它灵(cinobufotalin,11)。结论化合物10和11为首次从中华大蟾蜍皮中分离得到。     

毒性中药蟾酥质量检测方法研究

目的:建立蟾蜍中多种药效及毒性成分蟾蜍毒素的定性定量检测方法。方法:采用液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用方法检测蟾酥中多种蟾蜍毒素成分。结果:建立了华蟾毒它灵、蟾蜍灵、华蟾毒配基及脂蟾毒配基的LC-MS/MS检测方法。比较了蟾酥样本的液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用分析数据。对4个不同来源中华大蟾蜍及黑眶蟾蜍的蟾酥样本进行检测,检出华蟾毒它灵、蟾蜍灵、华蟾毒配基及脂蟾毒配基的含量范围为0.05%~5.12%(w/w)。结论:液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用方法可用于蟾酥定性定量检测,并为质量评价提供参考。     

干蟾皮及其炮制品的指纹图谱建立与化学模式识别

目的:建立干蟾皮生品及炮制品UPLC指纹图谱,并同时测定干蟾皮中指标性成分日蟾毒它灵、沙蟾毒精、蟾蜍它里定、蟾毒它灵、华蟾毒它灵、蟾毒灵、华蟾酥毒基、脂蟾毒配基、沙蟾毒精-3-辛二醇辛酯的含量,通过化学模式识别控制干蟾皮质量。方法:干蟾皮的甲醇提取液的分析采用Waters Acquity UPLC BEH色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm),以乙腈-0.5%乙酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为296 nm。结果:12批生品和12批炮制品的总含量分别为3.18～4.69 mg·g^-1和0.91～2.77 mg·g^-1,指纹图谱中均有9个共有峰,相似度分别为0.963～0.991和0.692～0.988,主成分分析和聚类分析能很好地识别干蟾皮的生品和炮制品。结论:该方法稳定、可靠,可为干蟾皮的质量控制、炮制工艺,进一步开发研究提供科学依据。     

蟾毒灵抗肿瘤作用及其研究进展

蟾毒灵(bufalin)是中药蟾酥中提取的一种毒性配基之一,属强心甙类物质.近年来许多研究发现,蟾毒灵具有抑制多种肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,如血液系统肿瘤、肝癌、胃癌等.其能抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,并诱导肿瘤细胞分化和凋亡,抑制内皮细胞增生和血管生成等.本文就蟾毒灵在其抗肿瘤作用及其机制方面的研究进展作一综述.     

蟾毒灵抗肝细胞癌作用及机制研究

肝细胞癌早期诊治困难,手术切除率低,放化疗疗效差,蟾毒灵是蟾酥中抗肿瘤作用最强蟾毒配基,蟾毒灵对人正常细胞没有作用,而对肝癌细胞具有明显的杀伤,抑制肝癌细胞生长。本文从蟾毒灵抗肝细胞癌生长作用及其相关作用机制进行论述,说明蟾毒灵在肝细胞癌治疗中重要意义和研究前景。     

蟾酥的镇痛活性成分

药效学实验结果表明：蟾酥镇痛的活性成分主要存在于氯仿提取物中．分离蟾酥的氯仿提取物得到了脂蟾毒配基等６种单体化合物．６种单体化合物均具有一定的镇痛作用．华蟾毒精和脂蟾毒配基有非常显著的镇痛作用；蟾毒灵镇痛作用较平稳；南美蟾毒精镇痛作用较弱     

蟾毒灵对裸鼠人胰腺癌的作用和诱导细胞调亡的研究

目的观察蟾毒灵对裸鼠人胰腺癌的疗效和诱导细胞凋亡作用。方法建立裸鼠人胰腺癌移植瘤模型,随机分为蟾毒灵低剂量组(1.0mg/kg)、蟾毒灵高剂量组(1.5mg/kg)、5-Fu组(24mg/kg)、5-Fu+低剂量蟾毒灵组(24mg/kg+1.0mg/kg),生理盐水(NS)组。腹腔注射给药,1次/d,连续给药6d。各组保留6只荷瘤鼠观察带瘤生存期,其余6只于用药第7天处死,测量鼠重变化、肿瘤生长抑制率;TUNEL法检测瘤体凋亡指数。结果治疗后,与NS相比,蟾毒灵高、低剂量组裸鼠体重无显著差异(P>0.05),5-Fu组、5-Fu+低剂量蟾毒灵组裸鼠体重明显降低差异(P<0.01);各用药组瘤体体积与NS组相比均显著缩小(P<0.05),蟾毒灵高剂量组较低剂量组瘤体体积显著缩小(P<0.05),蟾毒灵+5-Fu组较单纯蟾毒灵组瘤体体积显著缩小(P<0.05);蟾毒灵高、低剂量组平均生存期较NS组显著延长(P<0.05);蟾毒灵高剂量组凋亡指数明显高于其他各组(P<0.01)。结论蟾毒灵对裸鼠人胰腺癌移植瘤有显著的抑制作用,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡可能是蟾毒灵的抗肿瘤机理之一。     

蟾毒灵抑制人前列腺癌PC3细胞迁移侵袭的机制研究

本研究主要探讨了蟾毒灵(bufalin)对人前列腺癌PC3细胞的体外增殖、迁移和侵袭的抑制能力,初步探讨蟾毒灵抑制上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, EMT)过程的分子机制。采用MTT法评价PC3细胞活力;划痕和Transwell实验用于检测细胞的迁移和侵袭能力;采用Western blot实验检测EMT和整合素家族蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,蟾毒灵对人前列腺癌PC3细胞的半数抑制浓度值为0.26±0.03μmol·L-1,蟾毒灵处理后, PC3细胞的迁移速度变慢(P <0.05),穿过微孔滤膜的PC3细胞数量减少(P <0.05),这表明蟾毒灵能够浓度依赖性地抑制PC3细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭能力。本研究发现蟾毒灵可以影响EMT相关蛋白的表达,包括E-钙黏附素(E-cadherin)的上调以及N-钙黏附素(N-cadherin)、β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、基质金属蛋白酶9 (MMP9)、基质金属蛋白酶2 (MMP2)、癌基因c-myc、锌指转录因子Snail的下调;蟾毒灵还可以抑制整合素家族蛋白的表达,包括...     

HPLC法同时测定FT-CS胶囊中4种有效成分的含量

目的建立同时测定Tegafur-Venenum Bufonis(FT-CS)胶囊中4种有效成分含量的方法,提高制剂的质量控制标准。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱:Luna Phenyl-Hexyl柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(体积比60∶40);流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:40℃;检测波长:296 nm;进样量:10μL。结果蟾毒灵、脂蟾毒配基、华蟾毒精、替加氟能够达到基线分离;蟾毒灵质量浓度在1.1~21.0 mg.L-1内、脂蟾毒配基质量浓度在2.2~44.0 mg.L-1内、华蟾毒精质量浓度在2.0~40.0mg.L-1内、替加氟质量浓度在10.0~40.0 mg.L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;蟾毒灵、脂蟾毒配基、华蟾毒精、替加氟的回收率分别为98.05%、99.92%、100.02%、101.56%,RSD分别为2.52%、1.19%、0.43%、1.74%。结论该方法可作为FT-CS胶囊的质量控制方法之一。     

蟾毒灵对人膀胱癌T24细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

摘要目的：研究蟾毒灵对人膀胱癌T24细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,初步探讨其在膀胱癌中的抗肿瘤机制。方法：采用MTT法测定蟾毒灵对人膀胱癌T24细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术（FCM）检测蟾毒灵对癌细胞凋亡和细胞周期的影响;RT—PCR法检测癌细胞周期蛋白D1（CyclinDl）基因表达情况。结果：蟾毒灵可抑制人膀胱癌T24细胞的增殖,并呈现出时间和浓度依赖性;蟾毒灵能诱导T24细胞凋亡;20nmol／L浓度的蟾毒灵预处理膀胱癌T24细胞后,与对照组（36．42％）进行比较,可分别在12h（69．76%）和24h（88．14%）显著诱导细胞G0／G1期阻滞（P〈0．05）,且可降低膀胱癌T24细胞的CyclinDlmRNA表达水平。结论：蟾毒灵能显著抑制人膀胱癌T24细胞增殖,诱导T24细胞G0／G1周期阻滞,下调人膀胱癌T24细胞CyclinDl基因表达。     

The mode of cardiac action of cardiotonic steroids isolated from Toad Cake in perfused working guinea-pig heart and effect of cinobufagin on experimental heart failure

The effects of bufadienolides (bufalin, bufotalin, cinobufagin, cinobufotalin, gamabufotalin and resibufogenin) isolated from Toad Cake was compared to that of cardenolides (digitoxin and ouabain) on cardiac function in a guinea-pig working heart preparation. All the steroids showed the cardiotonic effect in a concentration-dependent manner, and the minimum threshold concentration was 10(-8) M for bufalin, cinobufagin, gamabufotalin and digitoxin and 10(-7) M for bufotalin, cinobufotalin and ouabain. In addition, the order of maximum efficacy of cardiotonic action was as follows: cinobufagin (3 X 10(-7) M) = ouabain (3 X 10(-7) M) greater than digitoxin (1 X 10(-7) M) = gamabufotalin (3 X 10(-7) M) greater than cinobufotalin (3 X 10(-7) M) greater than bufotalin (1 X 10(-7) M). The effect of cinobufagin was examined on experimentally induced heart failure caused by acute local ischemia through ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in perfused guinea-pig heart. Cinobufagin (3 X 10(-7) M) and digitoxin (1 X 10(-7) M) reestablished the coronary flow of perfused guinea-pig heart to 90% and 98% of the level prior to the coronary artery ligation. The cardiac output and left ventricular pressure of perfused heart were increased to the level prior to the acute local ischemia, and the left ventricular work was increased by cinobufagin (3 X 10(-7) M) and digitoxin (1 X 10(-7) M) to 108% and 106%, respectively, of the pre-ligation level. These results indicate that cinobufagin possesses strong cardiotonic action, similar, to digitoxin, in experimentally induced heart failure due to acute local ischemia.     

Studies on cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans

To study the chemical composition of the skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans, many kinds of chromatography methods were used in the isolation procedures, while the structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of their NMR and MS spectral analysis. As a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as cinobufotalin 3-nonanedioylarginine ester (8) and bufotalin 3-pimeloylarginine ester (14). Furthermore, 13 known compounds were obtained. Isolated bufadienolides showed significant inhibition effect against SMMC-7721 cell lines in vitro.     

Glucuronide-sulfate diconjugate as a novel metabolite of glycyrrhetic acid in rat bile

To study the metabolites of glycyrrhetic acid (GA) in rat bile, an analytical method was developed to identify GA and its metabolites by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Rat bile was collected after i.v. injection of GA. Three major GA-related peaks were detectable in rat bile by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis at 254 nm. LC-MS spectra showed their protonated molecular ions at m/z 727, 647, and 551. Furthermore, the three metabolites were also confirmed to exist in rat bile on LC-MS total ion chromatogram (TIC). Taken together with the susceptible nature to beta-glucuronidase digestion and alkaline conditions, they were identified to be a novel sulfate-glucuronide diconjugate and the known monoglucuronide and sulfate conjugate, respectively.     

Biotransformation of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) in animals and in man. II. Quantitative determination of the unchanged drug and principal phenolic metabolites, in urine and bile.

1. Quantitative determinations of unchanged diclofenac and two of its major phenolic metabolites were made by reverse isotope dilution analysis on urine of rat, dog, rhesus monkey, baboon and man and on bile of rat, dog and man. Isotope dilution analysis was performed before and after various methods of enzymic and chemical hydrolysis. 2. The same samples were also analysed by two-dimensional t.l.c. and subsequent autoradiography, to estimate the remaining phenolic metabolites. 3. In contrast to rat, rhesus monkey, baboon and man, which excrete mainly hydroxylated metabolites, the dog does not oxidize diclofenac. Dog urine contained a relatively stable taurine conjugate of diclofenac, and in the bile an ester glucuronide was excreted, which decomposed even in weakly alkaline soln. 4. The unstable ester glucuronide found in dog bile was also demonstrable in rat bile. It presumably hydrolyses in the duodenum, releasing diclofenac which undergoes enterohepatic circulation.     

Comparative metabolism and elimination of acetanilide compounds by rat

1. ¹⁴C-labelled propachlor, alachlor, butachlor, metolachlor, methoxypropachlor and some of their mercapturic acid pathway metabolites (MAP) were given to rat either by gavage or by perfusion into a renal artery. MAP metabolites were isolated from bile and urine.

2. Rat gavaged with propachlor and methoxypropachlor eliminated ¹⁴C mostly in urine, whereas rat gavaged with alachlor, butachlor and metolachlor eliminated ¹⁴C about equally divided between urine and faeces. When bile ducts were cannulated, the gavaged rat eliminated most of the ¹⁴C in bile for all compounds. The amount of ¹⁴C in bile from the propachlor-gavaged rat was less than that for the other acetanilides, with the difference being in the urine.

3. The mercapturic acid metabolites 2-methylsulphinyl-N-(1-methylhydroxyethyl)-N-phenylacetamide and 2-methylsulphinyl-N-(1-methylmethoxyethyl)-N-phenylacetamide were isolated from the urine and bile of the methoxypropachlor-gavaged rat.

4. Bile was the major route for ¹⁴C elimination when MAP metabolites of alachlor, butachlor and metolachlor were perfused into a renal artery. Urine was the major route for ¹⁴C elimination when MAP metabolites of propachlor and methoxypropachlor were perfused. Mercapturic acid conjugates were major metabolites in bile and urine when MAP metabolites were perfused.

5. We conclude that alkyl groups on the phenyl portion of the acetanilide causes biliary elimination to be favoured over urinary elimination.     

Pharmacokinetics,metabolism and excretion of the glycine antagonist GV150526A in rat and dog

1. The pharmacokinetics, metabolic fate and excretion of 3-[-2(phenylcarbamoyl) ethenyl-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid (GV150526), a novel glycine antagonist for stroke, in rat and dog following intravenous administration of [C14]-GV150526A were investigated. 2. Studies were also performed in bile duct-cannulated animals to confirm the route of elimination and to obtain more information on metabolite identity. 3. Metabolites in plasma, urine and bile were identified by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. 4. GV150526A was predominantly excreted in the faeces via the bile, with only trace metabolites of radioactivity in urine (< 5%). Radioactivity in rat bile was predominantly due to metabolites, whereas approximately 50% of the radioactivity in dog bile was due to parent GV150526. 5. The principal metabolites in bile were identified as glucuronide conjugates of the carboxylic acid, whereas in rat urine the main metabolite was a sulphate conjugate of an aromatic oxidation metabolite. Multiple glucuronide peaks were observed and identified as isomeric glucuronides and their anomers arising from acyl migration and muta-rotation.     

Pharmacokinetics,metabolism and excretion of the glycine antagonist GV150526A in rat and dog

1. The pharmacokinetics, metabolic fate and excretion of 3-[-2(phenylcarbamoyl) ethenyl-4,6-dichloroindole-2-carboxylic acid (GV150526), a novel glycine antagonist for stroke, in rat and dog following intravenous administration of [C14]-GV150526A were investigated. 2. Studies were also performed in bile duct-cannulated animals to confirm the route of elimination and to obtain more information on metabolite identity. 3. Metabolites in plasma, urine and bile were identified by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy. 4. GV150526A was predominantly excreted in the faeces via the bile, with only trace metabolites of radioactivity in urine (< 5%). Radioactivity in rat bile was predominantly due to metabolites, whereas approximately 50% of the radioactivity in dog bile was due to parent GV150526. 5. The principal metabolites in bile were identified as glucuronide conjugates of the carboxylic acid, whereas in rat urine the main metabolite was a sulphate conjugate of an aromatic oxidation metabolite. Multiple glucuronide peaks were observed and identified as isomeric glucuronides and their anomers arising from acyl migration and muta-rotation.     

Metabolism of pamaqueside, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, in Long-Evans rat: effect of bile duct cannulation on absorption

The metabolism of pamaqueside, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, was studied in the bile duct cannulated and non-cannulated rat after an oral dose (100 mg/kg) and an i.v. dose (6 mg/kg) of [14C]pamaqueside. Faeces was the major route of excretion in all rat. Only 0.1% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine of the non-cannulated rat. In contrast, approximately 17% of the total dose was recovered in the bile and urine in the bile duct cannulated rat. Following an i.v. dose, an almost equal percentage of radioactivity was excreted in the bile and urine of the bile duct cannulated rat. 3. The aglycone (M1) was the major metabolite in rat and was present in greater amounts in the faeces of the bile duct cannulated rat. The structural elucidation of metabolites in the bile and urine indicated that M1 was metabolized oxidatively via a novel ring opening, and the oxidative metabolites further underwent sulphate conjugation. The oxidative ring opening of pamaqueside (the cellobioside ring intact) was also observed following an i.v. dose to rat suggesting that oxidative ring opening was the major route of metabolism of saponins, at least in rat. The study demonstrated that the absorption and metabolism of pamaqueside was altered by surgical cannulation of rat.     

蓝萼甲素在大鼠体内外的代谢转化

目的研究蓝萼甲素在大鼠体内外的代谢转化。方法采用大鼠肝微粒体体外温孵法,研究对蓝萼甲素的代谢转化。采用RP-HPLC法同时分离检测蓝萼甲素及其体外代谢产物。结果用液-液萃取、制备HPLC法,从大鼠胆汁中分离了一个代谢产物,经质谱分析推测结构为羟基化蓝萼甲素,并采用HPLC-MS连用,分析了肝微粒体体外温孵样品中的代谢产物,推测了蓝萼甲素的可能代谢转化途径。结论蓝萼甲素在大鼠肝微粒体和胆汁中可被代谢转化,主要代谢产物为羟基化蓝萼甲素。