医学图像压缩算法研究及进展

高分辨率的X光片和高对比度的CT、MRI等三维医学影像具有很大的信息量,使医学影像诊断系统、PACS系统及远程医疗等数字化技术应用面临巨大的挑战,迫切需要高效实用的医学图像压缩技术.与一般图像压缩相比,医学图像压缩具有其特殊性和复杂性,其压缩必须严格保证诊断的可靠性.本文从医学图像的特殊性出发,对医学图像压缩算法进行了系统的论述和比较,并对未来的研究进行了展望.     

基于提升格式整数小波变换的超声图像压缩算法

本文提出了一种基于提升格式整数小波变换和改进的SPIHT编码(多级树集合分裂算法)的医学超声图像压缩算法.在压缩对象选择和小波变换方面充分考虑了超声扫描线图像的分辨率特性.与基于Mallat小波变换的标准SPIHT编码算法相比,本文算法在压缩比和重建图像峰值信噪比至少不降低的情况上,运算时间不到前者的40％,内存消耗也大大减小,因而更适合于实时图像压缩.     

Lossless Compression on MRI Images Using SWT

Medical image compression is one of the growing research fields in biomedical applications. Most medical images need to be compressed using lossless compression as each pixel information is valuable. With the wide pervasiveness of medical imaging applications in health-care settings and the increased interest in telemedicine technologies, it has become essential to reduce both storage and transmission bandwidth requirements needed for archival and communication of related data, preferably by employing lossless compression methods. Furthermore, providing random access as well as resolution and quality scalability to the compressed data has become of great utility. Random access refers to the ability to decode any section of the compressed image without having to decode the entire data set. The system proposes to implement a lossless codec using an entropy coder. 3D medical images are decomposed into 2D slices and subjected to 2D-stationary wavelet transform (SWT). The decimated coefficients are compressed in parallel using embedded block coding with optimized truncation of the embedded bit stream. These bit streams are decoded and reconstructed using inverse SWT. Finally, the compression ratio (CR) is evaluated to prove the efficiency of the proposal. As an enhancement, the proposed system concentrates on minimizing the computation time by introducing parallel computing on the arithmetic coding stage as it deals with multiple subslices.     

Performance improvement of the SPIHT coder based on statistics of medical ultrasound images in the wavelet domain

This paper proposes some modifications to the state-of-the-art Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) image coder based on statistical analysis of the wavelet coefficients across various subbands and scales, in a medical ultrasound (US) image. The original SPIHT algorithm codes all the subbands with same precision irrespective of their significance, whereas the modified algorithm processes significant subbands with more precision and ignores the least significant subbands. The statistical analysis shows that most of the image energy in ultrasound images lies in the coefficients of vertical detail subbands while diagonal subbands contribute negligibly towards total image energy. Based on these statistical observations, this work presents a new modified SPIHT algorithm, which codes the vertical subbands with more precision while neglecting the diagonal subbands. This modification speeds up the coding/decoding process as well as improving the quality of the reconstructed medical image at low bit rates. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the original SPIHT on average by 1.4 dB at the matching bit rates when tested on a series of medical ultrasound images. Further, the proposed algorithm needs 33% less memory as compared to the original SPIHT algorithm.     

一种基于改进零树小波算法的选择性医学图像压缩技术

针对传统零树编码的三个不足，利用游程编码结合人眼视觉特性，对其进行了改进，在此基础上根据医学图像压缩的特点，探讨了选择性医学图像压缩技术，并将其和小波压缩算法结合。实验结果表明，改进方法减少了编码比特率和编码时间，达到了较好的压缩效果。     

Watermark Compression in Medical Image Watermarking Using Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) Lossless Compression Technique

In teleradiology, image contents may be altered due to noisy communication channels and hacker manipulation. Medical image data is very sensitive and can not tolerate any illegal change. Illegally changed image-based analysis could result in wrong medical decision. Digital watermarking technique can be used to authenticate images and detect as well as recover illegal changes made to teleradiology images. Watermarking of medical images with heavy payload watermarks causes image perceptual degradation. The image perceptual degradation directly affects medical diagnosis. To maintain the image perceptual and diagnostic qualities standard during watermarking, the watermark should be lossless compressed. This paper focuses on watermarking of ultrasound medical images with Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless-compressed watermarks. The watermark lossless compression reduces watermark payload without data loss. In this research work, watermark is the combination of defined region of interest (ROI) and image watermarking secret key. The performance of the LZW compression technique was compared with other conventional compression methods based on compression ratio. LZW was found better and used for watermark lossless compression in ultrasound medical images watermarking. Tabulated results show the watermark bits reduction, image watermarking with effective tamper detection and lossless recovery.     

An Improved Medical Image Fusion Algorithm for Anatomical and Functional Medical Images

In recent years,many medical image fusion methods had been exploited to derive useful information from multimodality medical image data, but, not an appropriate fusion algorithm for anatomical and functional medical images. In this paper, the traditional method of wavelet fusion is improved and a new fusion algorithm of anatomical and functional medical images,in which high-frequency and low-frequency coefficients are studied respectively. When choosing high-frequency coefficients, the global gradient of each subimage is calculated to realize adaptive fusion,so that the fused image can reserve the functional information;while choosing the low coefficients is based on the analysis of the neighborbood region energy, so that the fused image can reserve the anatomical image＇ s edge and texture feature. Experimental results and the quality evaluation parameters show that the improved fusion algorithm can enhance the edge and texture feature and retain the function information and anatomical information effectively.     

Projection-Based Medical Image Compression for Telemedicine Applications

Recent years have seen great development in the field of medical imaging and telemedicine. Despite the developments in storage and communication technologies, compression of medical data remains challenging. This paper proposes an efficient medical image compression method for telemedicine. The proposed method takes advantage of Radon transform whose basis functions are effective in representing the directional information. The periodic re-ordering of the elements of Radon projections requires minimal interpolation and preserves all of the original image pixel intensities. The dimension-reducing property allows the conversion of 2D processing task to a set of simple 1D task independently on each of the projections. The resultant Radon coefficients are then encoded using set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) encoder. Experimental results obtained on a set of medical images demonstrate that the proposed method provides competing performance compared with conventional and state-of-the art compression methods in terms of compression ratio, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and computational time.     

嵌入式零树小波编码在医学图像压缩中的应用

目的:对嵌入式零树小波编码算法提出改进,实现CT图像压缩。方法:分析嵌入式零树小波编码的原理和算法并探讨小波基的选择,针对嵌入式零树小波编码算法的缺点进行改进,研究设计实现改进算法的程序,进行CT图像压缩。结果:在相同压缩比的情况下,改进的嵌入式零树小波编码算法获得的峰值信噪比比原有算法获得的峰值信噪比高,特别是在高压缩比的情况下,图像的主观质量和峰值信噪比都有了较大的改善。结论:改进的嵌入式零树小波编码算法比原有EZW算法更加优越,能够满足医学图像的传输和诊断要求。     

基于小波变换和矢量量化的二维ECG数据压缩算法

本研究针对心电数据的压缩问题,提出了一种新的基于小波变换的二维心电（ECG）数据压缩算法。该算法首先将一维原始ECG信号转化为二维序列信号,从而使ECG数据的两种相关性可得到充分地利用;然后对二维ECG序列进行小波变换,并对变换后的系数应用了一种改进的矢量量化（VQ）方法。在改进的VQ方法中,根据小波变换后系数的特点,构造了一种新的树矢量（TV）。利用本算法与已有基于小波变换的压缩算法和其他二维ECG信号的压缩算法,对MIT/BIH数据库中的心律不齐数据进行了对比压缩实验。结果表明：本算法适用于各种波形特征的ECG信号,并且在保证压缩质量的前提下,可以获得较大的压缩比,具有一定的应用价值。     

一种基于随机回归辨识理论的医学图像无损压缩方法

详细地介绍了一种基于随机回归识理论的医学图像无埚压缩方法，该方法的性能通过十幅Ｘ线胸部图像与ＤＰＣＭ方法进行了比较，实验结果表明：这种方法对实现医学图像的无损压缩是非常有效的。     

基于最佳截断嵌入码块编码和离散小波变换的医学图像复合压缩算法

根据医学图像信息相对集中的特点,提出了一种基于最佳截断嵌入码块编码和离散小波变换的医学图像任意形状感兴趣区域复合压缩方法,通过对图像感兴趣区域和背景区采用不同的编码方式,提高了医学图像压缩比,并确保了医学图像感兴趣区域的高质量重建。实验表明:该方法在重建图像质量和压缩比方面均达到了较好的性能。     

A New Method of CT MedicalImages Contrast Enhancement

A new method of contrast enhancement is proposed in the paper using multiscale edge representation of images, and is applied to the field of CT medical image processing. Comparing to the traditional Window technique, our method is adaptive and meets the demand of radiology clinics more better. The clinical experiment results show the practicality and the potential applied value of our methodin the field of CT medical images contrast enhancement.     

Diagnosis of Solid Breast Tumors Using Vessel Analysis in Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Images

This study aims to evaluate whether the distribution of vessels inside and adjacent to tumor region at three-dimensional (3-D) power Doppler ultrasonography (US) can be used for the differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors. 3-D power Doppler US images of 113 solid breast masses (60 benign and 53 malignant) were used in this study. Blood vessels within and adjacent to tumor were estimated individually in 3-D power Doppler US images for differential diagnosis. Six features including volume of vessels, vascularity index, volume of tumor, vascularity index in tumor, vascularity index in normal tissue, and vascularity index in surrounding region of tumor within 2 cm were evaluated. Neural network was then used to classify tumors by using these vascular features. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Student’s t test were used to estimate the performance. All the six proposed vascular features are statistically significant (p < 0.001) for classifying the breast tumors as benign or malignant. The A_Z (area under ROC curve) values for the classification result were 0.9138. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the diagnosis performance based on all six proposed features were 82.30 (93/113), 86.79 (46/53), 78.33 (47/60), 77.97 (46/59), and 87.04 % (47/54), respectively. The p value of A_Z values between the proposed method and conventional vascularity index method using z test was 0.04.     

基于二进小波变换和快速主动轮廓模型的医学图像边缘提取

医学图像的病灶边缘一般呈弱边缘特性,噪声干扰使得提取病灶边缘更加困难,传统的分割方法不能取得令人满意的效果.我们提出了一种基于二进小波变换和主动轮廓模型的病灶边缘提取方法.该方法采用二进小波检测出真正的边缘点,将其作为初始轮廓,再利用改进的快速主动轮廓模型算法连接边缘点,得到病灶的边缘.将该算法用于脑部MRI的肿瘤边缘提取的实验结果表明这种方法可以有效减少噪声的影响,能够准确地提取出复杂的病灶边缘.     

An ECG signal compressor based on the selection of optimal threshold levels of discrete wavelet transform coefficients

Compression of electrocardiography (ECG) is necessary for efficient storage and transmission of the digitized ECG signals. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for ECG signal compression due to its multi-resolution signal decomposition and locality properties. This paper presents an ECG compressor based on the selection of optimum threshold levels of DWT coefficients in different subbands that achieve maximum data volume reduction while preserving the significant signal morphology features upon reconstruction. First, the ECG is wavelet transformed into m subbands and the wavelet coefficients of each subband are thresholded using an optimal threshold level. Thresholding removes excessively small features and replaces them with zeroes. The threshold levels are defined for each signal so that the bit rate is minimized for a target distortion or, alternatively, the distortion is minimized for a target compression ratio. After thresholding, the resulting significant wavelet coefficients are coded using multi embedded zero tree (MEZW) coding technique. In order to assess the performance of the proposed compressor, records from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database were compressed at different distortion levels, measured by the percentage rms difference (PRD), and compression ratios (CR). The method achieves good CR values with excellent reconstruction quality that compares favourably with various classical and state-of-the-art ECG compressors. Finally, it should be noted that the proposed method is flexible in controlling the quality of the reconstructed signals and the volume of the compressed signals by establishing a target PRD and a target CR a priori, respectively.     

The Application Research of a Fast Recursive Predictive Algorithm on Medical X-ray Image Compression

GENERAL　　As the rapid developmentof modern medical imaging technology and image pro-cessing technology,the traditional method of image grabbing and archiving based onfilm will be replaced by medical digital imaging technology forinstance CT and MRI.Specially,the rapid development of remote medical consultation and the appearanceof PACS system have already proved thatthe non- film medical digital imaging tech-nologies have life- force.Because of the large amount data of medical image,it…     

医学图像三维重建系统的数据结构表达及表面模型的构建

医学图像三维重建在诊断、放射治疗规划及医学研究中均有着重要应用，本文论述了医学图像三维重建系统程序流程，设计了自动及手工轮廓勾画两种分割方法，并提出了建立了合理的系统数据结构。该数据结构能较好地描述系统数据的层次关系和表达重建的几何模型。对由自动分割和手工勾画出的组织，用MT算法构建其三维表面几何模型 。实现了网格简化的边收缩算法，并对由MT算法生成的表面模型进行了网格简化处理。模型网格经简化90％，依然能较好地保持模型的特征，大大加快了绘制速度。     

基于结合小波变换与FastICA算法的脑电信号降噪(英文)

该文提出一种结合小波变换(WPT)与快速独立分量分析(Fast ICA)算法的方法来分析脑电信号。首先,原始脑电信号是通过使用WPT分解为三个层。然后,设置第三层最高频率的系数为零,以减少脑电信号的随机噪声,同时尽可能的保留信号的细节。其次,采取快速独立分量分析算法的优势,从脑电信号中分离所有类型的噪声。提出一种准预期值(QEV)的方法确定脑电图信号来自何处。最后,为了检验系统的性能,所有信道的相关信号在快速独立分量分析的输出进行分析。实验结果证实,交叉相关系数是10-15或10-16的量级,几乎可以被视为零。所提出性能良好的方法可以去除脑电信号所有类型的噪声。     

改良Henry肘关节前外侧入路钢板内固定治疗桡骨干近1/3骨折

目的探讨改良Henry肘关节前外侧入路锁定加压钢板内固定治疗桡骨干近1/3骨折,为临床手术提供方法。方法本院2006年8月～2010年6月18例桡骨干近1/3骨折应用改良Henry肘关节前外侧入路锁定加压钢板内固定治疗,我们对其疗效进行总结并分析。结果患者均获得随访,时间2～30个月,平均12个月,骨折均达到骨性愈合,愈合时间8～14周,无1例出现手及腕的麻痹、伸拇指障碍等桡神经卡压及受损现象。按照Anderson评分标准。优16例,良1例,可1例,失败0例,优良率达94.4%。结论改良Henry肘关节前外侧入路是一个良好而安全的手术入路,可有效保护桡神经深支,因此改良Henry肘关节前外侧入路在手术治疗桡骨干近1/3骨折中防止损伤桡神经深支有重要意义。