氯气接触者鼻灌洗液某些氧化及抗氧化指标的变化

目的 观察鼻灌(NAL)认中氧化及抗氧化指标的变化，探讨氯气对上呼吸道损害的机制，以及NAL在职业医学中的应用价值。方法 17名工人接触氯气前，接触氯气4周后鼻灌洗液中一氧化氮（NO），丙二醛（MDA0，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），谷胱甘肽（SH），维生素C的含量及活性进行检测。结果 接触氯气后，鼻灌洗液中NO及GSH含量显著升高，未发现MDA，SOD，维生素C浓度有显著性改变。结论 氧化及抗氧化平衡状态的改变在氯气损害呼吸道的机制中可能起一定的作用。鼻灌洗方法简便，无创伤，可重复检查，适宜于职业医学现场研究。     

Ⅱ-型拟除虫菊酯处理小鼠睾丸某些氧化和抗氧化指标的变化

目的探讨Ⅱ-型拟除虫菊酯对雄性昆明种小鼠生殖系统损伤的影响。方法将50只体重18～22g的雄性昆明种小鼠随机分为5组(每组10只),即溴氰菊酯(DM)3.6、1.8mg/kg组,氯氰菊酯(CP)8.0、4.0mg/kg组,色拉油对照组;连续1个月经口灌胃染毒后处死,制备睾丸组织匀浆,采用分光光度法检测睾丸组织中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、羟自由基(HO.)水平的变化。结果DM3.6mg/kg组、CP8.0mg/kg组CSH-Px活力均低于对照组(P<0.05);CP4.0、8.0mg/kg组、DM3.6mg/kg组MDA含量均高于对照组(P<0.01),DM1.8mg/kg组MDA含量高于对照组(P<0.05);DM3.6mg/kg组、CP8.0mg/kg组T-AOC均低于对照组(P<0.05)、HO.水平高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论Ⅱ-型拟除虫菊酯类农药可引起小鼠睾丸内某些氧化和抗氧化指标的改变。     

高糖高脂饮食对新西兰兔肾功能的影响

[目的]观察高糖高脂饮食对新西兰兔肾功能的影响.[方法]将20只雄性新西兰兔随机分为2组,10只饲以基础饲料为对照组;10只饲以高糖高脂饲料为模型组.每月末测空腹血糖、甘油三酯(TG)、肌酐(Cr)和尿素(UREA)水平,5个月后测尿糖、尿蛋白和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG),并进行对氨基马尿酸清除率和酚红(PSP)排泄试验.[结果]与对照组相比,模型组动物1个月后即出现高TG血症,3个月后血糖升高,5个月后出现尿糖、微量白蛋白和NAG升高,对氨基马尿酸清除率和酚红排泄率下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而血、尿Cr、UREA未见升高(P＞0.05).[结论]高糖高脂饲料对新西兰兔具有肾毒性,可导致肾功能损伤.     

高糖高脂饮食对新西兰兔肝功能的影响

[目的]研究长期高糖高脂饮食对新西兰兔肝功能的影响。[方法]雄性新西兰兔10只喂基础饲料为对照组,10只喂高糖高脂饲料为模型组。每月末测空腹血糖、甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆汁酸(TBA)和总胆红素(T-BIL)水平。5个月后,测肝匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和羟脯氨酸(Hyp)的水平。[结果]与对照组相比,模型组1个月后即出现TG升高,2个月后TBA升高,3个月后血糖和ALT升高,4个月后AST升高(P﹤0.05或P﹤0.01);5个月后肝匀浆中MDA和Hyp含量增加,而SOD活性下降(P﹤0.01);血TP、ALB和T-BIL组间差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。[结论]高糖高脂饮食对新西兰兔具有肝毒性,可导致肝功能损伤。     

氟、砷染毒对大鼠空间学习记忆影响及机制

目的 探讨氟、砷及氟砷联合染毒对大鼠空间学习记忆及大脑皮质氧化损伤的影响.方法 初断乳SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分4组,对照组(自由饮用蒸馏水),氟、砷处理组和氟砷联合染毒组(分别自由饮用120 mg/L氟化钠、70 mg/L亚砷酸钠、120 mg/L氟化钠+70 mg/L亚砷酸钠水溶液),染毒3个月;采用Morris水迷宫测试空间学习记忆能力,检测大鼠血清和大脑皮质总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力.结果 氟、砷处理组和联合染毒组第4d逃避潜伏期分别为[(10.34±1.18)、(11.76±1.23)、(13.78 ±3.49)s],均高于对照组的(5.85±1.98) s(P ＜0.01);与对照组比较,染毒组大鼠首次到达平台时间明显延长,目标象限停留时间和穿越次数明显降低(P＜0.05);氟、砷处理组和联合染毒组大脑皮质T-AOC水平与GSH-Px活力分别为[(1.02 ±0.25)、(1.18 ±0.54)、(0.99±0.28) U/mgprot]和[(5.34±0.70)、(4.34±1.49)、(5.34±0.88) U/gprot],均低于对照组的(1.75±0.66)U/mgprot和(6.82±0.85) U/gprot;与对照组、氟处理组和联合染毒组比较,砷处理组大鼠大脑皮质SOD酶活力较低(P＜0.05);氟处理组和联合染毒组大脑皮质MDA含量均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 氟、砷及其联合作用可损害大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,其机制可能与大脑皮质氧化损伤有关.     

高同型半胱氨酸血症对大鼠血管内皮功能和抗氧化系统的损伤作用

目的:研究高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHey)致大鼠动脉粥样硬化的作用机制. 方法:20只大鼠平均分为对照组和HHcy组.对照组给予分析化学家协会(AOAC)推荐的配方饲料,HHcy组则给予在AOAC配方基础上添加3%L-蛋氨酸的饲料.用高效液相色谱法测定血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)含量,分析血清一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、内皮素-1(ET-1),丙二醛(MDA)、羟自由基(OH-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等.取人鼠腹主动脉作病理学检查和电镜观察. 结果:HHey组大鼠血清Hcy含量均随时间的延长而显著提高,NO含量显著低于对照组,而ET-1含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01),两组间NOS含量无明显差异.病理学检查显示,对照组主动脉内膜完整,无脂肪颗粒沉着;HHcy组主动脉内膜中有泡沫细胞聚集,有脂肪颗粒沉着.HHcy组MDA和H2O2含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01).OH一含量也明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而T-AOC含量较对照组显著降低(P<0.01).HHcv组SOD和GSH-Px活性较对照组显著降低(P<0.01),LDH较对照组显著提高.两组间CAT无显著差异.结论:Hcy可通过氧化应激机制损伤血管内皮细胞,促进动脉粥样硬化的形成.     

慢性氟中毒大鼠氟、抗氧化酶类变化及硒的影响

Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠饮１．５８、２．６３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ高氟水１４个月造成慢性氟中毒，另２组大鼠在饮高氟水同时加饲２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒饲料。在氟中毒不同时期分３批测其血清、尿液氟（Ｆ）、硒（Ｓｅ）含量；全血、血清、肝、肾脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性；还原、氧化型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ、ＧＳＳＧ）和脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量。结果：氟中毒大鼠尿、血Ｆ升高；血清、组织ＬＰＯ在氟中毒早、中、晚期持续升高；ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ早期上升，中、晚期明显下降。提示氟中毒大鼠存在明显脂质过氧化损伤，抗氧化酶类和抗氧化剂表现为从代偿到失代偿，最终造成自由基代谢紊乱。补Ｓｅ后氟中毒大鼠尿Ｆ排泄，血Ｆ下降；ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ恢复，ＬＰＯ下降。此与Ｓｅ拮抗高Ｆ及对抗氧化酶类、抗氧化剂和脂质过氧化物产生直接或间接作用有关。     

长期碘氟联合染毒对大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的研究高碘高氟联合对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响。方法断乳1个月的Wistar大鼠随机分为5组,即对照组(自来水)、高碘组(1.685 mg/L KIO_3)、高碘高氟Ⅰ组(自来水+5 mg/L Na F+1.685 mg/L KIO_3)、高碘高氟Ⅱ组(自来水+10mg/L Na F+1.685 mg/L KIO_3)、高碘高氟Ⅲ组(自来水+20 mg/L Na F+1.685 mg/L KIO_3),每组30只,雌雄各半,通过自由饮水进行高碘高氟联合染毒,在2、4、8个月时,每组随机抽取10只大鼠(雌雄各5只),进行空间学习记忆能力测试。结果染毒8个月高碘高氟Ⅲ组大鼠的潜伏期及路径高于对照组和单纯高碘组,平台所在象限的时间(路径)与总时间(总路径)的比值较对照组降低(P0.05)。结论高碘高氟联合染毒引起Wistar大鼠的定位航行和空间探索能力明显下降,提示高浓度的氟在高水碘的情况下长期暴露可对智力造成损伤。     

乙醇染毒对果蝇寿命及某些生化指标的影响

目的探讨不同浓度乙醇对果蝇寿命以及果蝇体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。方法收集8小时内羽化未交配雌雄果蝇7200只,雌雄各半。取其中2400只,随机分为6组,每组雌雄果蝇各200只,给予不同浓度乙醇染毒,每4天更换1次培养基,每天记录死亡数,用生存实验检测乙醇对果蝇寿命的影响。另取4800只,随机分为4组,每组雌雄各600只,给予含不同浓度乙醇的培养基喂养,分别于喂养0天、10天、20天和30天测定SOD和GSH-Px活力,同时检测MDA的含量。结果随着乙醇剂量的增加,雌雄果蝇的寿命均呈下降趋势,高剂量乙醇染毒组果蝇寿命显著降低(P<0.05)。在相同染毒剂量下,随着染毒时间的增加,果蝇体内SOD、GSH-Px活性逐渐降低,MDA含量逐渐升高;当染毒20天和30天时,90mmol/L、270mmol/L剂量组SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA含量与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论乙醇暴露能降低果蝇寿命,并导致果蝇体内SOD和GSH-Px活力的降低和MDA含量的增高。     

丙烯腈染毒大鼠不同脑区某些生化指标的变化

目的探讨亚急性丙烯腈(AN)染毒对大鼠不同脑区某些生化指标的变化。方法32只大鼠随机分成4组,经腹腔注射给予AN0(对照组给予生理氯化钠)、25、50、75 mg/kg体重,每天1次,连续染毒7 d,测定大脑皮层、小脑、纹状体和海马中丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果与对照组相比,皮层、小脑和海马的MDA含量均呈现剂量依赖性升高,皮层的低剂量组与小脑的高剂量组发生了显著性升高(P<0.05);皮层低剂量组、小脑的中剂量和高剂量组GSH含量较对照组降低有显著性(P<0.05);低剂量组皮层、海马和纹状体SOD活力较对照组降低有显著性(P<0.05);小脑、海马和纹状体在低剂量染毒时GSH-Px活力显著下降(P<0.05)。结论皮层和小脑对MDA增加和GSH含量的减少最为明显,而海马和纹状体对SOD和GSH-Px活力的下降最为明显,提示AN对大鼠氧化性损伤具有脑区特异性。     

Preventing child unintentional injury deaths: prioritising the response to the New Zealand Child and Adolescent Injury Report Card

Objective: To develop recommendations for child unintentional injury prevention by comparing New Zealand's child unintentional injury mortality and injury prevention policies with those of European countries. Methods: Unintentional child injury death rates based on external cause of injury were calculated and ranked. NZ's score for each of the 12 domains (based on external causes of injury) from the New Zealand Child and Adolescent Report Card was compared to European scoring. Policy priorities are identified by domains where mortality makes up a high proportion of overall child unintentional injury mortality (high burden of injury) and where report card score for that domain is low in comparison to other countries (under‐utilisation of effective interventions). Results: Death as a motor vehicle occupant accounts for 49% of all child unintentional injury deaths, followed by pedestrian (10%) and drowning deaths (8%). The overall score for the 12 policy domains of the NZ Report Card ranks NZ as 15^th among the 25 European countries. There are important policy and legislative actions which NZ has not implemented. Conclusions: A number of evidence‐based injury prevention policy and legislative actions are available that could target areas of greatest childhood injury mortality in NZ. Implications: A set of injury prevention policy and legislation priorities are presented which, if implemented, would result in a significant reduction in the injury mortality and morbidity rates of NZ children.     

Carotenoids of endive and New Zealand spinach as affected by maturity, season and minimal processing

It is increasingly recognized that the nutrient/phytochemical composition in foods can be optimized through agriculture and food technology. To put this strategy into practice, the compositional variation throughout the food chain has to be known. Additionally, natural variation in carotenoid composition must be distinguished from analytical variability. In endive, as well as lettuce, the carotenoid concentrations of the mature leaves were two to four times greater than those of the young leaves. In contrast, the younger leaves of New Zealand spinach had slightly higher carotenoid levels than the mature leaves. The carotenoid contents of marketed minimally processed endive and New Zealand spinach were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter, reflecting seasonal rather than processing effects. β-Carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin were reduced 18%, 19%,12% and 8%, respectively, in minimally processed endive during 5 days of storage at 7–9 °C. The corresponding losses in New Zealand spinach were 42%, 32%, 20% and 20%.     

Cross classification of the New Zealand population by ethnicity and deprivation: trends from 1996 to 2006

Objectives: To describe trends in the distribution of New Zealand's major ethnic groups by small area deprivation and trends in the ethnic composition of each deprivation category. Methods: Data sources were the 1996, 2001 and 2006 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. Ethnicity (Māori, Pacific, Asian or European/Other) was defined using total response output. Each person was assigned a deprivation score by geocoding their usual residence (as recorded in the census) to meshblock level. For each time period (1996, 2001 and 2006) the deprivation score for each meshblock was calculated by principal components analysis from nine socio‐economic variables included in the corresponding census (the New Zealand Index of Deprivation). Results: Throughout the observation period, Māori and Pacific ethnic groups were over‐represented at the more deprived and under‐represented at the less deprived end of the deprivation spectrum. The European ethnic group displayed less‐marked skewing, and in the opposite direction, while the Asian ethnic group showed close to the expected uniform distribution. Neither the deprivation distribution of any ethnic group, nor the ethnic composition of any deprivation decile, showed any statistically significant change over the 10‐year observation period. Conclusions: Monitoring trends in the relative deprivation distributions of the ethnic groups helps assess progress towards social justice. Similarly, monitoring trends in the ethnic compositions of the different deprivation deciles is important in the formulation of social policy. Little change was found in either of these distributions over the relatively short observation period.     

The role of bluespaces in experiencing place,aging and wellbeing: Insights from Waiheke Island,New Zealand

This paper examines how bluespaces inform experiences of place, being aged, and wellbeing among seniors on Waiheke, an island within the greater Auckland area in northern New Zealand. We draw on photo-elicitation interviews with seniors aged 65–94 to argue that bluespaces shape metaphors of ‘islandness’ that, in turn, help maintain wellbeing. We conclude that, although island settings pose unique challenges for seniors, (e.g. potential isolation, and a lack of advanced care), drawing on the qualities of bluespaces helps maintain a secure sense of self anchored in strong affective ties to place.     

Changes to smoking habits and addiction following tobacco excise tax increases: a comparison of Māori,Pacific and New Zealand European smokers

Objective: To compare changes in smoking habit and psychological addiction in Māori/Pacific and NZ European smokers in response to two annual excise tax increases from 2012 to 2014. Methods: Smokers from New Zealand cities completed questionnaires at three time points before and after two excise tax increases. Results: There were no significant differences in cigarettes per day or psychological addiction at baseline, but a linear decline in both measures was observed in Māori/Pacific and NZ European smokers. Cigarettes per day reduced at a greater rate for Māori/Pacific than NZ European smokers but dependence did not. Conclusion: Results indicated that Māori/Pacific smokers’ demand for cigarettes may be more price sensitive than NZ European smokers. Implications for Public Health: Tobacco excise tax may be particularly effective for Māori/Pacific smokers and may contribute to reductions in smoking‐related health inequalities in NZ.     

Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers

Objectives: To describe the prevalence, characteristics and impact of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers.
Methods: A postal survey asked participants about MSDs, (low back, neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand or knee pain lasting longer than one day), and demographic, physical and psychosocial factors. Nurses were randomly selected from the Nursing Council database, postal workers from their employer's database and office workers from the 2005 electoral roll.
Results: The response rate of potentially eligible participants was 58% (n=443). Participants were aged 20–59 years; 86% were female. Over the 12 months prior to the survey 88% of respondents had at least one MSD lasting longer than a day and 72% reported an MSD present for at least seven days. Of the 1,003 MSDs reported, 18% required time off work and 24% required modified work duties. In the month prior to the survey 17% of MSDs made functional tasks difficult or impossible. Low back, neck and shoulder pain prevalence did not differ by occupation. Postal workers had the highest prevalence of elbow and wrist/hand pain; nurses of knee pain.
Conclusions: The high prevalence of MSDs among these workers indicates that they are indeed in 'at risk' occupations. In each occupational group MSDs encompass a range of anatomical sites, however the overall pattern of MSDs differs by occupation. MSDs have a significant impact on activities at work and home.
Implications: Primary and secondary prevention strategies should encompass a range of anatomical sites and specifically target different occupational groups.     

Conceptions and uses of public health ideas by New Zealand government policymakers: report on a five-agency survey

OBJECTIVES: This article describes New Zealand government policymakers' awareness of, attitudes toward and self-reported use of ideas about the determinants of health. Some comparison with an earlier Canadian study is provided. METHODS: Employees with policymaking and advisory responsibilities in government departments of health, social development, housing, education and finance were surveyed. RESULTS: More than half of the respondents (58%) were familiar with ideas about health determinants. Eighty percent felt that health determinants should be considered in all government policy, but that more practical information on effective policy interventions is needed. Commitment to the idea that the economy should take precedence over reducing health inequalities was low. CONCLUSIONS: There is a demand for literature on health determinants that is sector specific and which provides practical and proven information about effective interventions that influence health.     

Stigma,lack of knowledge and prevalence maintain HIV risk among Black Africans in New Zealand

Objective: The AfricaNZ Health project aimed explore HIV risks in Black African communities in NZ with a view to informing HIV infection prevention and health promotion programs. Methods: AfricaNZ Health was completed in two phases. The first developed desk estimates of the resident Black African population in New Zealand, and Africans living with HIV. The second comprised two arms: an anonymous survey administered at African community events and a series of focus groups around the country. Results: High levels of knowledge and positive attitudes about HIV were more often found in older than younger age groups. Condom use was higher in the younger group than in older age groups. Traditional attitudes still inform some beliefs about HIV. Stigma about HIV and anyone at risk for HIV remains very high among Africans. Western sexual identity constructs are not meaningful. Conclusions: A culturally informed strategy for risk and stigma reduction is urgently needed. Implications: The existing prevention and care infrastructure, informed by MSM experiences, must address increased risk to Black African new settlers, but this is not a reason to discriminate or further stigmatise an already vulnerable population.     

Private choices,public costs: Evaluating cost-shifting between private and public health sectors in New Zealand

New Zealand’s dual public-private health system allows individuals to purchase health services from the private sector rather than relying solely upon publicly-funded services. However, financial boundaries between the public and private sectors are not well defined and patients receiving privately-funded care may subsequently seek follow-up care within the public health system, in effect shifting costs to the public sector. This study evaluates this phenomenon, examining whether cost-shifting between the private and public hospital systems is a significant issue in New Zealand.We used inpatient discharge data from 2013/14 to identify private events with a subsequent admission to a public hospital within seven days of discharge. We examined the frequency of subsequent public admissions, the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and estimated the direct costs of inpatient care incurred by the public health system.Approximately 2% of private inpatient events had a subsequent admission to a public hospital. Overall, the costs to the public system amounted to NZ$11.5 million, with a median cost of NZ$2800. At least a third of subsequent admissions were related to complications of a medical procedure.Although only a small proportion of private events had a subsequent public admission, the public health system incurred significant costs, highlighting the need for greater understanding and discussion around the interface between the public and private health systems.     

Prevalence and Types of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners in the New Zealand Food Supply, 2013 and 2019

The widely recognized association between high sugar intakes and adverse health outcomes has increased consumer demand for products lower in sugar. This may lead to increased use of other sweeteners by the food industry. The current study investigated the prevalence and types of non-nutritive sweeteners over time (2013–2019) in New Zealand’s packaged food and beverages, overall and between categories. A New Zealand database of packaged foods and beverages was used to investigate the presence of Food Standards Australia New Zealand Code-approved non-nutritive sweeteners (n = 12). Products available in 2013 (n = 12,153) and 2019 (n = 14,645) were compared. Between 2013 and 2019, the prevalence of non-nutritive sweeteners in products increased from 3% to 5%. The most common non-nutritive sweeteners in both years were acesulphame-potassium, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia, which were predominantly found in special foods (breakfast beverages and nutritional supplements), non-alcoholic beverages, dairy products, and confectionery. The prevalence of non-nutritive sweeteners is increasing over time in New Zealand’s packaged foods and beverages and is likely a consequence of consumer demand for lower-sugar products. Ongoing monitoring of the prevalence and type of NNS is important to detect further increases.