磁共振脑灌注成像在慢性颈内动脉狭窄与闭塞患者中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振脑灌注成像对单侧慢性颈内动脉(ICA)重度狭窄、闭塞患者中的临床应用价值。方法62例单侧慢性ICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者行磁共振脑灌注加权成像(PWI)检查,计算出有关脑灌注参数图,包括相对脑血流量(rCBF)、相对脑血容量(rCBV)、相对平均通过时间(rMTT)和达峰时间(TTP)图。其中14例进行外科或介入治疗,治疗后复查MR脑灌注成像,对治疗前后结果进行比较分析。结果62例ICA慢性重度狭窄或闭塞患者,PWI均发现病变侧脑灌注异常,表现为TTP、rMTT明显延迟,而rCBF正常轻度下降,rCBV正常或轻度增高。病变侧rMTT、TTP、rCBV、与对侧比较有显著性差异(P<0.01),rCBF无显著差异(P<0.05)。40例患者TTP、rMTT延迟累及大脑中动脉分布区和分水岭区,22例仅累及分水岭区。14例患者外科或介入治疗后TTP、rMTT图灌注异常区较治疗前减小(P<0.01),病变侧TTP、rMTT值较治疗前减低(P<0.01)。结论PWI检查能够提供单侧ICA慢性重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血流动力学受损情况,观察治疗前后脑灌注的改善情况,为评价疗效提供影像学依据。     

颈内动脉起始段狭窄合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄发生频率

目的 分析国人颈内动脉起始部重度狭窄合并其他颅内和(或)颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞的发生率.方法 回顾性总结我院自2001年1月至2008年5月收治的颈动脉重度狭窄患者198例.所有患者均经颈动脉彩色超声和经颅多普勒(TCD)检查,部分患者进行r数字减影血管造影、头颅磁共振血管显像或头领部CT血管成像检杳.结果 在198例颈动脉重度狭窄患者中,86.8%合并其他颅内外动脉狭窄,合并至少一条颅内动脉狭窄者占62.1%,其中以大脑中动脉最多见,26.3%的患者合并串联病变(同侧颈内动脉虹吸段或大脑中动脉狭窄),68.2%的患者合并至少一条颅外其他动脉狭窄,其中以对侧颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞最多见.结论 国人颈内动脉狭窄患者合并串联颅内动脉狭窄或广泛颅内外动脉狭窄的几率较高,此特殊的动脉狭窄分布对颈内动脉内膜剥脱术或支架成型术将造成不可低估的影响.     

磁共振血管成像、彩色多普勒超声及经颅多普勒在短暂性脑缺血发作中的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振血管成像、彩色多普勒超声和经颅多普勒对短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值。方法90例短暂性脑缺血发作患者分别行磁共振血管成像、彩色多普勒超声及经颅多普勒检查,并进行分析。结果磁共振血管成像示76例短暂性脑缺血发作患者颅内—外动脉狭窄或闭塞;单纯颅外动脉、单纯颅内动脉、颅内—颅外动脉多发狭窄或闭塞分别为27.8%(25/90)、24.4%(22/90)和32.2%(29/90);颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作组单纯颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞明显高于椎—基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作组(P<0.01),而椎—基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作组颅内—颅外动脉多发狭窄或闭塞高于颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作组(P<0.05),两组单纯颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞相近。所有短暂性脑缺血发作患者中,颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞(54.1%)高于颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞(45.9%),颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作组颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞(53.3%)高于颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞(46.7%),椎—基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作组颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞(64.1%)明显高于颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞(35.9%;P<0.05)。彩色多普勒超声示45例短暂性脑缺血发作患者有颈动脉或椎动脉狭窄或闭塞,73例有颈动脉或椎动脉斑块。72例经颅多普勒异常。结论磁共振血管成像、彩色多普勒超声及经颅多普勒联合应用可对短暂性脑缺血发作的病因作出客观评价,指导治疗。     

颈动脉狭窄和闭塞患者空间工作记忆的功能磁共振成像研究

目的探讨左侧颈内动脉、大脑中动脉狭窄和闭塞患者与正常人空间工作记忆的激活脑区差异。方法选择左侧颈动脉狭窄和闭塞患者10例(病例组),其中左侧颈内动脉狭窄4例,左侧颈内动脉闭塞2例,左侧大脑中动脉狭窄3例,左侧大脑中动脉闭塞1例,另选健康体检者20例(对照组),对病例组和对照组进行空间记忆任务的功能磁共振成像,采用AFNI软件进行分析。结果病例组空间位置记录正确率较对照组明显降低[(79.2±16.5)%vs(88.6±11.8)%,P<0.05]。对照组空间工作记忆的编码期、保持期、提取期脑激活明显强于病例组。结论左侧颈动脉狭窄和闭塞患者空间记忆任务的脑激活区存在损害,功能磁共振成像研究能为早期诊断认知障碍提供影像学依据。     

磁共振弥散像血管造影及颈动脉超声对短暂脑缺血发作的诊断价值

目的　评价磁共振弥散加权对比成像、数字减影血管造影术 (DSA)及颈动脉超声对短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA)的诊断价值。方法　 10 2例颈内动脉及椎基底动脉系统TIA患者分别进行磁共振弥散加权对比成像、DSA及颈动脉超声检查。结果　 4 0例 (39.2 %)TIA患者显示脑梗死或小血管腔隙性梗死 ,其中 12例 (11.8%)患者弥散加权对比成像可显示T2 加权像不能显示的超早期梗死灶 ,有 30例患者行颈动脉多普勒超声及DSA检查 ,管腔中、重度狭窄的 10例 (33.3%)。 2 3例 (76 .7%)TIA患者DSA显示颈动脉狭窄和 (或 )相应脑动脉的狭窄及闭塞。结论　磁共振弥散加权对比成像及DSA是诊断TIA患者中超早期脑梗死和显示动脉狭窄及闭塞的敏感手段 ,颈动脉超声对管腔正常或轻度狭窄诊断的吻合率较高 ,对中、重度狭窄或闭塞诊断的准确性不如DSA。     

多层CT脑灌注成像联合血管成像评价颈动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作

目的探讨多层CT脑灌注成像联合血管成像评价颈动脉狭窄性短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的临床价值。方法选择颈动脉狭窄TIA患者48例,均行CT平扫、血管成像(CTA)及灌注成像(CTP)扫描,获得相关图像进行评价。结果对照组26例CT平扫、行CTP均无异常。观察组36例未发现异常,12例显示腔隙性脑梗死。共40例灌注异常的TIA患者患侧脑血流量(CBF)明显低于健侧(P0.05),患侧峰值时间(TTP)及平均通过时间(MTT)较健侧明显延迟(P0.05)。观察组共有42例发生颈动脉狭窄或闭塞,88处血管斑块形成,随访10例发生脑梗死。结论早期联合使用CT各项技术可及时准确地发现颈动脉的病变情况,获得脑组织灌注等方面的信息,及时采取针对性预防或治疗措施,以防止卒中的发生风险。     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉极重度狭窄或闭塞患者可行性和安全性的评价

目的探讨对颈动脉极重度狭窄（狭窄率为95％～99％）或闭塞患者行颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科2001年1月-2012年12月入院的65例症状性颈动脉极重度狭窄或闭塞患者的临床资料。术前行CT灌注（CTP）或氙CT评价大脑半球的血流灌注情况及经DSA评估病变血管,根据具体病变分别行单纯CEA、CEA＋Fogarty球囊取栓、CEA＋颈动脉支架置入的复合手术。结果①65例患者均接受DSA评估颈动脉病变,其中颈动脉完全闭塞32例,极重度狭窄33例;采用氙CT评价脑血流15例,其中脑血流量（CBF）部分区域下降6例（40．0％）,患侧脑血管反应性（CVR）明显降低11例（73．3％）;采用CTP评价32例,CBF部分区域下降11例（34．4％）,达峰时间延长32例（100％）。②对65例患者行CEA＋Fogarty球囊导管取栓术10例,9例再通;行复合手术4例,一例再通失败;51例单纯行CEA,5例未能再通。本组患者再通率为89．2％。③术后30d内共5例患者出现卒中,3例为出血性卒中,1例死亡;另2例为缺血性卒中。术后卒中和病死率为7．7％。结论对症状性颈动脉极重度狭窄或闭塞患者,经过严格的适应证选择,术前对颈动脉和大脑半球的血流灌注进行充分的影像学评估后,可行血管再通手术。短期随访显示,CEA及其复合手术治疗具有较好的可行性和安全性．     

老年患者单侧颈内动脉病变磁共振灌注加权成像表现及其相关性分析

目的分析老年患者单侧颈内动脉系统血管狭窄或闭塞后的磁共振灌注加权成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)表现及影响灌注受损程度的相关性因素。方法通过数字减影血管造影筛选出单侧颈内动脉或大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞,且对侧颈内动脉系统无严重狭窄的老年患者33例;采集入选患者的一般临床资料;利用PWI采集入选患者的灌注参数,根据灌注损伤的严重程度分为4期,作为PWI基线资料。对可能影响灌注损伤程度的相关因素进行统计学分析。结果对入选患者性别、年龄、临床症状、血管病变部位、代偿途径、脑血管狭窄(TICI)分级与PWI分级进行相关性分析显示,PWI分级与年龄(P=0.0040)和TICI分级(P=0.0047)有相关性;与病变部位(P=0.0568)可能存在相关性;与患者的性别、狭窄程度、代偿途径、临床症状无相关性。结论 PWI在评价单侧颈内动脉系统缺血引起灌注损伤方面具有明确作用。     

颈动脉支架置入治疗缺血性脑血管病10例

目的探讨颈动脉支架置入术治疗缺血性脑血管病在预防和延迟致死性脑中风发生、发展中的作用。方法采用Seldinger技术经股动脉置管行主动脉弓、颈动脉、椎动脉、颅内血管造影,在狭窄的颈动脉段置入自膨式支架。结果所有支架置入位置准确,释放后复查造影显示颈动脉狭窄段血管不同程度较前扩张,颅内血液灌注量较前增多,无一例死亡。结论颈动脉支架置入术治疗缺血性脑血管病是一种安全、有效的新方法。     

10例脑动脉夹层患者的影像学特点及治疗分析

目的分析10例脑动脉夹层(CAD)患者的影像学特点及治疗情况。方法收集西安高新医院神经内科2006年6月—2013年1月收治10例CAD患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其一般资料、影像学检查结果、治疗结果及预后情况。结果 10例患者中男6例,女4例;年龄15~62岁;有高血压病史者3例,吸烟史者5例,均无糖尿病家族史;自发性脑动脉夹层6例,创伤性脑动脉夹层4例(2例为脑血管介入治疗引起的并发症,2例为运动后创伤);6例为颈动脉夹层,2例为大脑中动脉夹层,1例为椎动脉夹层,1例为大脑后动脉夹层。首次数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查结果显示:血管闭塞6例,其中左颈内动脉(LICA)C1段闭塞3例,左大脑中动脉(LMCA)M1段闭塞1例,右颈内动脉(RICA)C6段闭塞1例,右椎动脉(RVA)V1段闭塞1例;重度线样狭窄2例,其中右大脑中动脉(RMCA)M1远端狭窄1例,左大脑后动脉(LPCA)P2段狭窄1例;局部血管分层狭窄2例,其中LICA C1段分层狭窄1例,LICA C2段内膜分层狭窄1例。经抗血小板聚集、抗凝、支架植入等治疗后,所有患者病变血管全部再通,血管形态均恢复正常。随访2年,磁共振血管造影(MRA)示所有患者血管形态稳定,未出现再发卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作。结论 DSA检查结果显示双腔征和内瓣膜是CAD的特征性表现。目前对于抗凝治疗或是抗血小板聚集治疗仍存在争议,抗栓治疗仍是CAD确诊后的首选方案,治疗后需动态随访并及时复查DSA,血管内支架治疗可作为药物治疗的补充。     

侧支循环与缺血性脑血管病的关系

目的研究脑动脉闭塞或严重狭窄时侧支循环的代偿作用及其与临床症状的关系。方法回顾性分析10例住院的缺血性脑血管病患者,均经头颅CT和(或)MRI及磁共振血管造影术检查确诊,脑血管造影检查发现有1支以上脑动脉闭塞。结果短暂性脑缺血发作4例,反复抽搐1例,眩晕1例,一侧肢体持续瘫痪2例,无症状3例。脑血管造影发现一侧颈内动脉闭塞5例,一侧大脑中动脉闭塞2例,双侧椎动脉闭塞1例,基底动脉闭塞1例,一侧锁骨下动脉闭塞1例。10例患者侧支循环代偿充分,均通过保守治疗,控制危险因素,预后良好。1~33个月随访,患者临床症状全部消失并未再复发。结论一侧脑血管发生闭塞时,可通过多个途径建立有效的侧支循环,从而避免或减轻神经功能缺失的程度。     

Reversed blood flow during internal carotid artery stenting using Parodi Anti-Emboli System--progress in protection against cerebral stroke

Carotid artery stenosis is one of the main causes of stroke. Nowadays two techniques for treating carotid stenosis are available - surgical endarterectomy and percutaneous angioplasty combined with stent implantation at the site of stenosis. Cerebral protection devices during internal carotid stenting significantly decrease the incidence of periprocedural complications, however, during the introduction of protective devices the cerebral blood flow remains unprotected. Therefore, the quest for a system specifically protecting cerebral flow during the whole procedure is still underway. Temporary reversal of carotid flow during the procedure using the Parodi Anti-Emboli System seems a viable solution. The present study describes the first two patients who underwent internal carotid artery stenting using this technique in our institution.     

Nonsurgical carotid revascularization

Carotid endarterectomy is a well-established treatment of improving the carotid luminal diameter and preventing strokes, and the indications and complications are well-defined. Carotid angioplasty and stent placements are relatively newer ways of treating carotid artery stenosis. In certain contexts, they may have some advantages over carotid endarterectomy. However, the success rates, morbidity, and mortality associated with these procedures are less well characterized. In earlier comparative studies, the incidence of ipsilateral stroke rate was higher with angioplasty, but in later studies, this trend is reversing. Angioplasty may also have an edge in specific situations like patients with coexisting significant coronary arterial disease, contralateral carotid artery occlusion, and in instances when the narrowing is long and at multiple sites. Protective devices like distal occlusion balloon and filter protection devices may reduce the incidence of stroke. We are still awaiting the results of some major randomized head-to-head trials comparing carotid endarterectomy and stenting.     

Angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries

We performed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting in patients with carotid artery stenosis to determine the efficacy of these techniques as an alternative to surgical endarterectomy. From April 1995 through July 1999, 315 carotid angioplasty procedures were performed (right, 151; left, 164) in 290 patients ranging in age from 40 to 93 years. Of these patients, 42% were symptomatic and 58% were asymptomatic. Twenty-five patients underwent bilateral procedures. The mean percentage of stenosis was 82.3%+/-8.7% SD. Angioplasty and stenting were performed without cerebral protection in 165 arteries and with protection in 150. Two methods of protection were used: the Theron technique and the PercuSurge Guardwire temporary occlusion and aspiration system. Balloon dilation and stent placement were successful in 289 patients; in the last patient, severe arterial tortuosity prevented catheterization and stenting. We observed 13 periprocedural neurologic complications due to ischemia (4.2%): 4 transient ischemic attacks (1.3%), 4 minor strokes (1.3%), and 5 major strokes (1.6%), including 1 death. At 6 months, 210 patients had a follow-up angiogram (155) or duplex ultrasound (55). There were 10 restenoses (4.7%), 1 of which was symptomatic and 2 of which showed mild compression of a Palmaz stent without marked stenosis. Primary and secondary 4-year patency rates were 96% and 99%, respectively. These results demonstrate acceptable mortality and morbidity rates related to carotid angioplasty and stenting. However, we found the risk of embolic stroke to be substantial. Cerebral protection may improve the results of carotid angioplasty and expand the indications for this procedure.     

动脉粥样硬化性颈内动脉闭塞

动脉粥样硬化性颈内动脉闭塞并不少见,发病率也不甚清楚。经颅多普勒(TCD)和磁共振血管造影(MRA)已经渐渐取代脑血管造影用于颈内动脉闭塞的诊断。其临床表现和预后受血流动力学等因素的影响,药物治疗的作用有限,颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)和颅内-颅外搭桥术(EC/IC)的效果有待进一步证实。     

Clinical outcome for coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe carotid occlusive disease]

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the management of coexisting severe carotid stenosis in candidates for coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Twenty-six candidates for coronary artery bypass complicated with severe carotid stenosis > or = 70% were analyzed retrospectively. The prevalence of significant carotid stenosis was 6.4%. There were 21 males and 5 females with a mean age of 65.3 +/- 9.3 years. The hemodynamics of cerebral circulation, intervention for carotid stenosis, surgical mortality, morbidity, and long-term survival were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of bilateral carotid stenosis was 30.8% (8/26). Nine patients had total occlusion of the internal carotid artery, 10 had carotid stenosis of 90-99%, and 7 had carotid stenosis of 70-89%. Seven patients required mechanical support for cardiopulmonary insufficiency, including six patients requiring simultaneous artificial ventilation and intraaortic balloon pumping, and one requiring intraaortic balloon pumping. Concomitant carotid endarterectomy and coronary bypass grafting was performed in 10 patients, preceding carotid endarterectomy in 1, and preceding coronary bypass grafting with subsequent carotid endarterectomy in 7. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in 22 patients. There was no surgical death. Although one patient undergoing concomitant carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting had perioperative stroke, the remaining patients recovered without any neurological complication (morbidity of stroke: 3.8%). The five-year survival rate was 71.9 +/- 11.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery bypass grafting in candidates with carotid stenosis can be treated safely when appropriate preoperative evaluation and surgical strategies are utilized.     

Carotid artery stenting with filter protection in high-risk patients showing severe electroencephalographic alterations during carotid endarterectomy.

PURPOSE: To describe the results and efficacy of stent treatment in patients with carotid stenosis who had aborted carotid endarterectomy procedures due to the appearance of severe electroencephalographic (EEG) alterations. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 18 patients (11 men; mean age 72 years, range 62-84) with symptomatic high-grade carotid artery stenoses (> or = 70%) who experienced severe EEG alterations during carotid endarterectomy, causing the procedure to be aborted. Twelve patients had shown no hemodynamic alterations during preoperative transcranial Doppler evaluation after external compression of the common carotid artery; the remaining 6 could not be evaluated. The patients were referred for carotid artery stenting (CAS); 7 had contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis and 5 had contralateral occlusion. Endovascular intervention was carried out using standard techniques under filter protection. Follow-up was scheduled at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: All patients were successfully treated without immediate complications. The EEG did not display any significant alterations during the endovascular procedure. Mean follow-up was 43 months. Magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months showed no signs of cerebral ischemia. Color Doppler ultrasound imaging documented normal stent patency in all patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis (> or = 70%) who are considered at risk due to the appearance of severe EEG alterations during surgical treatment may benefit from CAS with respect to both major and minor complications. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.     

经颅多普勒超声对颈动脉内膜切除术中选择性分流的评价

目的 采用经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler,TCD)评价选择性分流在颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)中的实施效果.方法 采用TCD对169例接受CEA治疗的颈动脉狭窄患者行术中双侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)脑血流连续监测.根据是否实施分流术,将患者分类为分流组(n=32)和未分流组(n=137).记录术前侧支循环开放途径,比较麻醉后、颈动脉夹闭前后、分流前后以及颈动脉开放后双侧MCA的收缩期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity,PSV)、平均血流速度(mean velocity,MV)、血管搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)和MV变化率.结果 颈动脉夹闭前分流组与未分流组MV分别为(34.73±13.54)cm/s和(35.32±13.18)cm/s,无显著差异(P=0.825).颈动脉夹闭后分流组MV较未分流组显著降低(P=0.000),MCAMV下降率平均为69.34%±20.93%,较未分流组显著降低(P=0.000).分流后MCA MV显著提高,平均提高(35.68±16.69)cm/s(P=0.000).结论 TCD可客观评价分流前后的脑血流动力学改变.