P物质和谷氨酸介导辣椒素引起的脊髓γ—氨基丁酸的释放

以前的实验证明辣椒素急性处理外周神经可导致初级传入末梢大量释放Ｐ物质，同时也观察到脊髓背角浅层ＧＡＢＡ的排空。本研究的目的在于探讨外周施加辣椒素激活背角ＧＡＢＡ能神经元，是否与初级传入末梢释放的递质有关。结果表明，外周胫神经辣椒素处理３０分钟即可引起的同侧背角浅层ＧＡＢＡ免疫反应产物（ＧＡＢＡ—ＩＲ）的明显减少，予先用ＮＫ—１受体桔抗剂Ｓｐａｎｔｉｄｅ（５０ｎＭ）或ＮＭＤＡ受体拮抗剂ＡＰＶ（１００μＭ）灌流脊髓腰膨大表面，可部分阻断辣椒素引起的ＧＡＢＡ—ＩＲ密度和ＧＡＢＡ—ＩＲ阳性神经元数目的减少，使ＧＡＢＡ—ＩＲ有不同程度的恢复。本文讨论了初级传入末梢释放的Ｐ物质和兴奋性氨基酸与ＧＡＢＡ能神经元在脊髓痛觉信息调制中的作用。     

脊髓中参与痛觉调制的物质及其研究进展

脊髓在痛觉的形成及其调制中起着重要的作用,脊髓中参与痛觉调制的活性物质十分复杂,其中有些具有促痛或镇痛作用,还有一些具有双向的调节作用。本文对脊髓尤其是脊髓背角内痛信号传递过程中所参与的活性物质及受体、作用途经、及其研究进展作了综述。一些具有镇痛作用的物质及其衍生物,是临床麻醉及治疗中常用的辅助药。如果能抑制促痛物质、或者促进镇痛物质的产生,将在炎症及病理性疼痛的治疗,以及在脊髓水平的麻醉中具有十分重要的意义。     

顶盖前区前核内注射神经递质对琥珀胆碱抑制脊髓背角神经元伤害性反应的影响

采用微电极细胞外记录和核团内微量注射的方法 ,以大鼠脊髓背角广动力型 (WDR)神经元伤害性诱发反应 (C 反应 )为痛反应指标 ,观察了顶盖前区前核 (APtN)内单独微量注射吗啡、纳洛酮和γ 氨基丁酸 (GABA)前后 ,静脉注射琥珀胆碱 (Sch)所诱发的肌梭传入活动对WDR神经元C 反应的影响。结果表明 :静脉注射Sch对WDR神经元C 反应呈明显的抑制作用 ;APtN内单独微量注射吗啡、纳洛酮后 ,再静脉注射Sch所诱发的肌梭传入活动对WDR神经元C 反应的抑制作用分别明显增强和减弱 ;注射GABA后 ,可明显减弱Sch所诱发的肌梭传入活动对WDR神经元C 反应的抑制效应。结果提示 ,内源性阿片肽样物质及GABA能纤维参与APtN在肌梭传入镇痛中的作用。     

顶盖前区前核内注射神经递质对琥珀胆碱抑制脊髓背角神经元伤害性反应的影响

采用微电极细胞外记录和核团内微量注射的方法,以大鼠脊髓背角广动力型(WDR)神经元伤害性诱发反应(C-反应)为痛反应指标,观察了顶盖前区前核(APtN)内单独微量注射吗啡、纳洛酮和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)前后,静脉注射琥珀胆碱(Sch)所诱发的肌梭传人活动对WDR神经元C-反应的影响.结果表明:静脉注射Sch对WDR神经元C-反应呈明显的抑制作用;APtN内单独微量注射吗啡、纳洛酮后,再静脉注射Sch所诱发的肌梭传人活动对WDR神经元C-反应的抑制作用分别明显增强和减弱;注射GABA后,可明显减弱Sch所诱发的肌梭传入活动对WDR神经元C-反应的抑制效应.结果提示,内源性阿片肽样物质及GABA能纤维参与APtN在肌梭传人镇痛中的作用.     

白细胞介素2抑制脊髓痛敏神经元的活动

白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）是免疫系统中的一种重要的免疫调节物质。ＩＬ－２及其受体不仅存在于外周组织也分布在脑的许多部位，参与对神经系统的调节。本文旨在研究ＩＬ－２是否调制痛觉信息的传递。在猫的脊髓背角记录了１８个痛敏神经元。（１）侧脑室注射ＩＬ－２（９３０Ｕ／μｌ，２０－１００μｌ）９４．４％的神经元（ｎ＝１０）的电刺激外周神经引起的Ｃ反应受到明显的抑制，抑制时程４－２５分钟。而静脉或脊髓表面局部经药，对Ｃ反应没有明显影响。（２）记录了５个神经元对辐射热（５０℃）刺激下肢庶部诱发的反应。感受野局部注射ＩＬ－２（１０—２０μｌ），使伤害性热反应抑制了７６％，但不影响轻触感受野引起的反应。纳洛酮可反转ＩＬ－２引起的伤害性反应的抑制。本实验表明，ＩＬ－２通过感受器水平的外周机制和脑干下行抑制机制参与脊髓痛觉信息的调制。     

CaMKⅡ抑制剂阻抑脊髓背角C纤维诱发电位LTP的诱导和早期维持

目的：探讨钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(calmodulin—dependent protein kinaseⅡ，CaMKⅡ)的高特异性抑制剂(autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide，AIP)在脊髓背角C纤维诱发电位长时程增强(long-term potentiation，LTP)的诱导和维持中的作用。方法：用单方波(10—20V，0．5ms，1min／次)刺激左侧坐骨神经，细胞外记录脊髓背角诱发电位。强直刺激(40V，0．5ms，100Hz，持续1s，以10s间隔重复4次，)坐骨神经诱导背角C纤维诱发电位LTP。在LTP诱导前后，在暴露的脊髓表面局部给予AIP，观察其对LTP的影响。结果：(1)200μmol／L的AIP不影响脊髓背角C纤维诱发电位的幅度(n=4)，但在强直刺激前30min给予同样浓度的AIP可完全阻断脊髓背角LTP的诱导(n=5)。(2)200μmol／L的AIP呈时间依赖性翻转脊髓背角LTP。在LTP诱导后30min给予AIP，LTP逐渐降低，于3h降至对照水平(n=6)；在LTP诱导后1h脊髓局部给予AIP，10例动物中有7例LTP被抑制；但同样浓度的AIP，在LTP诱导后3h，不能翻转业已建立的LTP(n=6)，且增加AIP的浓度至500μmol／L也不能抑制脊髓背角LTP。结论：CaMKⅡ参与脊髓背角C纤维诱发电位LTP的诱导和早期维持，但AIP对晚期LTP无抑制作用。     

大鼠脊髓背角浅层神经元中神经肽Y Y1受体与生长抑素共存

用间接免疫荧光双标记方法，研究大鼠脊髓Ⅱ层神经元中神经肽Ｙ Ｙ１受体与生长抑素共存关系。结果显示在Ⅱ层深部许多神经元含Ｙ１受体－免疫反应性物质，只观察到少量的生长抑素免疫反应阳性神经元胞体，其中个别Ｙ１受体阳性神经元也含生长抑素免疫反应性物质；在局部使用秋水仙素后，大多数Ｙ１受体免疫反应阳性神经元含有生长抑素免疫反应性物质。推论脊髓背角Ⅱ层神经元中的Ｙ１受体可能与生长抑素在脊髓水平的功能有关。     

外周formalin刺激时大鼠脊髓灰质神经元c—Fos蛋白和NMDA受体的 …

利用免疫细胞化学双标技术，研究了大鼠后脚掌注入ｆｏｒｍａｌｉｎ时脊髓ｃ－Ｆｏｓ蛋白和ＮＭＤＡ受体在脊髓灰质不同层次神经元的分布，结果表明，脊髓背角Ｉ－Ⅱ层，Ｖ－Ⅵ层和Ｘ层中的Ｆｏｓ样免疫反应阳性神经元中分别有２８．６％，５８．１％和６４．８％，呈现ＮＭＤＡ受体样免疫反应，此结果提示长时间的外周伤害性刺激作用时，脊髓不同层次的伤害性感受神经元可能由于ＮＭＤＡ受体分布的不同而在持续痛刺激过程中起着不同     

外周formalin刺激时大鼠脊髓灰质神经元c-Fos蛋白和NMDA受体的双标记免疫细胞化学研究(英文)

利用免疫细胞化学双标技术，研究了大鼠后脚掌注入ｆｏｒｍａｌｉｎ时脊髓ｃ－Ｆｏｓ蛋白和ＮＭＤＡ受体在脊髓灰质不同层次神经元的分布。结果表明，脊髓背角Ⅰ－Ⅱ层、Ⅴ－Ⅵ层、和Ｘ层中的Ｆｏｓ样免疫反应阳性神经元中分别有２８．６％，５８．１％和６４．８％呈现ＮＭＤＡ受体样免疫反应阳性。此结果提示长时间的外周伤害性刺激作用时，脊髓不同层次的伤害性感受神经元可能由于ＮＭＤＡ受体分布的不同而在持续痛刺激过程中起着不同的作用。     

中枢P物质参与电针镇痛的证据

本文采用放射免疫分析和甩尾测试法观察不同频率电针对大鼠脊髓Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）释放的影响。发现在电针有效组，２Ｈｚ（低频）电针时大鼠脊髓灌流液中ＳＰ—ｉｒ明显减少，而１５Ｈｚ（中频）、１００Ｈｚ（高频）和２／１５Ｈｚ（变频）刺激时，ＳＰ—ｉｒ明显增加。在电针无效组，各种频率电针时的ＳＰ—ｉｒ测定均无明显变化。脊髓蛛网膜下腔（ｉ．ｔ．）注射高选择性非肽类ＳＰ受体拮抗剂ＲＰ６７５８０可明显阻断１５Ｈｚ、１００Ｈｚ和２／１５Ｈｚ电针镇痛，而对ＺＨＺ电针镇痛无影响。注射ＲＰ６７５８０的同分异构体ＲＰ６８６５１则不能阻断上述各频率的电针镇痛作用。鉴于中、高频和变频电针促进脊髓ＳＰ的释放，而阻断ＳＰ受体可阻断上述电针镇痛，提示电针引起大鼠脊髓中释放的ＳＰ不是参与伤害感受，而是发挥了镇痛作用．关键词     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.