黑龙江省鼠疫防控历史演变及展望

在我国鼠疫防控的历史上,黑龙江省具有重要地位,自第一次鼠疫大流行起,为建立我国疾病预防控制体系奠定了基础。在大量文献研究基础上,从黑龙江鼠疫流行的历史背景、鼠疫防控实践与建立疾病防控体系的关系、鼠疫防控工作以及所面临的潜在威胁等四个方面进行总结。尤其对我国鼠疫防控工作面临的6个潜在威胁问题进行梳理,包括:全球有部分国家鼠疫疫情仍然严峻,我国周边国家仍有鼠疫发生,国内存在鼠疫疫情,人们对鼠疫防控的重视程度减弱,国内对鼠疫的研究能力不足,防控队伍建设和基础工作薄弱。通过总结和梳理,以期引导人们重新审视鼠疫防控工作,为加强防控措施提供借鉴。     

新疆口岸鼠疫控制与周边国家鼠疫自然疫源地的重要关系

[目的]研究新疆口岸鼠疫的流行、传播与自然疫源地的关系,为控制人间鼠疫的流行提供科学依据。[方法]从自然疫源性疾病与自然疫源地的关系;自然疫源性疾病的特点;病原体、宿主、媒介、自然疫源地划分空间、疾病流行中的作用;新疆口岸与自然疫源地分布的相关性;周边国家鼠疫流行现状等方面进行了研究。[结果]进入20世纪90年代以来,与我国毗邻的有鼠疫自然疫源地的多个国家发生鼠疫流行,其原因均与自然疫源地有关。[结论]新疆地区检验检疫部门作好周边鼠疫自然疫源地的监测工作,对预防和控制鼠疫在口岸的流行意义重大。     

中国鼠疫的历史、现状与防控措施

鼠疫是由鼠疫耶尔森菌引起的烈性传染病,世界上曾发生三次大流行。19世纪至20世纪上半叶鼠疫在我国流行,20世纪下半叶世界鼠疫疫情一直处于平稳状态,九十年代后,中国的鼠疫疫情呈现上升趋势。鼠疫发源地主要分布于富钙、富铁地区,中国历史上鼠疫流行区包括21个省的638个县,主要分布在东北、华北、西北、青藏高原、东南沿海和滇南等地区,鼠疫发病的波动周期是7～11年。从上世纪90年代以来鼠疫上升的形势分析,我国目前的鼠疫监测能力明显不足,因此建立完善的鼠疫控制应急预案及鼠疫预警系统显得尤为重要。     

图们口岸地区鼠疫监测

鼠疫是检疫传染病之一。当前,世界卫生组织要求检疫报告的疾病仍以鼠疫为首。鼠疫疫情监测就是监视鼠疫流行的动态,其中包括对病原、宿主、媒介和环境生态学等的研究,并为制定预防和消灭鼠疫措施提供科学依据。 吉林省1910～1911年东北第一次肺鼠疫大流行时,有20个市县被波及,据不完     

鼠疫卫生检疫风险分析与快速反应机制的建立

[目的]探索国境卫生检疫鼠疫风险分析及建立快速反应机制的方法.[方法]通过对世界鼠疫流行趋势和我国鼠疫流行态势的研究,分析我国国境口岸鼠疫传入及传出的风险性,并进一步建立适合于国境卫生检疫工作需要的鼠疫控制快速反应机制.[结果]从20世纪90年代以来,世界范围内鼠疫流行呈上升趋势,我国鼠疫流行也呈同样态势,鼠疫的长存性、间歇性以及国际间交通运输的发展,造成鼠疫在国境口岸传入或传出的风险性将长期存在,口岸根据实际情况建立鼠疫控制快速反应机制是非常必要的.[结论]鼠疫在我国国境口岸传入或传出的危险性是存在的,各国境口岸应建立相应的鼠疫控制快速反应机制.     

浅谈鼠疫防治工作中的健康教育

鼠疫是自然疫源性疾病 ,原发于啮齿动物并能引起人间流行。传染源主要是啮齿类动物 ,传播媒介主要是蚤类 ,由鼠疫耶尔森氏菌引起。特点是传染性强 ,传播速度快 ,病死率高 ,曾席卷全球广大地区 ,造成深重灾难。至 2 0 0 1年底我国鼠疫自然疫源地分布在 1 9个省 ,2 77个县 ,疫源面积达 98万平方公里[1] 。鼠疫防治现状新中国建立后 ,经过大规模的防治 ,2 0世纪 5 0年代中期基本控制了人间鼠疫的发生和流行 ,2 0世纪 80年代以来鼠疫疫情在局部地区重新活跃 ,近两年人间鼠疫呈现小的局部暴发流行。并呈现动物鼠疫流行范围不断扩大 ;局部地区疫情…     

东北肺鼠疫流行史考察及今后卫生检疫对策

鼠疫在我国已有悠久的历史，有确切的记录为1644年，我国东北于1910年和1921年两次肺鼠疫流行，死亡将近8万多人，鉴于我国仍有10块鼠疫自然疫源地仍趋活跃，鼠间和人间鼠疫时有发生。因此，应作好疫史调查，探索发生因素，以便提供检疫措施及时控制疫情。     

针对哈萨克斯坦国发生疑似鼠疫疫情的防制措施及建议

1998年12月4日，新华社阿拉木图分社的传真电话报道哈萨克斯坦东爆发流行鼠疫，疫情非常严重，已有600多人感染鼠疫，7人死亡，疫情仍有进一步扩大的趋势。新疆“三检”临时协调小组和乌鲁木齐卫生检疫局，遵照国家出入境检验检疫局和自治区人民政府的安排布署，积极收集疫情信息，并采取了最严格检疫措施，有效地防止了鼠疫由哈萨克斯坦传入我国。     

内蒙古边境口岸鼠疫卫生检疫

根据内蒙古边境口岸地区鼠疫自然疫源地特点和鼠疫流行情况以及不同疫源地所采取的不同捡疫方法，提出了疫情发生时必须按照有关法律采取相应的卫生检疫措施。     

医学实验室生物安全与鼠疫实验室建设

[目的]强化实验室生物安全法制、科学、严谨、完全的防护理念,规范鼠疫实验室建设和活动。[方法]收集和对比国内外有关病原微生物实验室方面的法规、标准、要求。[结果]实验室感染可发生在不同级别的实验室,甚至是生物安全防护实验室；病原微生物危害被分为4类(级)；人类对实验室感染防范逐步趋于完善；就鼠疫实验室建设而言,根据实验室承担的任务性质,建立不同级别的鼠疫实验室较为适宜。[结论]口岸鼠疫检疫体现在疫情监测、病原体快速检测、正确判定染疫和快速应急反应上。口岸鼠疫实验室建设应定位在生物安全Ⅱ级以上,在周边国家鼠疫疫情频发、长期存在疫情并有传人风险的口岸建设鼠疫生物安全Ⅲ级实验室也是必要的。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.