术前磁共振成像对乳腺癌保乳手术的临床意义

目的探讨磁共振成像（magneticresonanceimaging,MRI）对评估保乳手术可行性的价值。方法87例经临床体检和超声检查后计划进行保乳术的乳腺癌患者,均行术前乳房MRI、其中65例行钼钯X线检查,手术标本均行组织病理学检查。将MRI和钼靶X线检查结果与组织病理学结果进行对照,分析是否适宜行保乳术（breast—conservingsurgery,BCS）。结果MRI检查能够准确检测出乳腺癌灶的数目、大小和淋巴结状况,测量切除肿块／乳房体积比。通过MRI检查结果综合判断71例可行BCS、16例不可行BCS,与病理检查结果的符合率达91．6％,高于钼钯X线检查。结论术前MRI检查能为乳腺癌BCS患者的筛选提供较全面而准确的信息,是传统的影像学方法的有益补充。     

Breast magnetic resonance imaging: An essential role in malignant axillary lymphadenopathy of unknown origin

The aim of this retrospective case series was to assess the role of breast MRI in the investigation of ‘occult’ malignancy, and the associated potential to influence patient management. Between January 2000 and March 2004, 18 patients, who presented with axillary lymphadenopathy, most likely due to ‘occult’ breast cancer, were examined with MRI of the breast. The results showed 12 true positives, four true negatives, and two false positives. This gave an overall sensitivity of 85.7% and an overall accuracy of 86.7%. In those in whom malignancy was identified on MRI and subsequently proven histologically, 78% of these cancers were identified, and localized by preoperative MRI‐guided sonography. In addition, 55% of these patients were eligible for conservative surgery. As such, MRI of the breast is highly sensitive for the detection of mammographically and clinically occult breast cancer. The use of MRI enables a preoperative diagnosis to be made in a high percentage of patients and may allow retrospective targeted ultrasound localization. Definitive surgical planning, including the option of breast conservation, is made possible with the result of the MRI examination.     

Role of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance imaging--guided surgery in the evaluation of patients with early-stage breast cancer for breast conservation treatment.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be more sensitive than mammography for detecting breast cancer and may have an adjunctive role in assessing patients with early-stage disease for breast conservation treatment. This study was performed to analyze the impact of breast MRI on the clinical management of 83 patients being considered for breast conservation treatment. Eighty-three consecutive cases of patients undergoing breast MRI during standard workup and evaluation for breast conservation treatment from 1993 to 1996 were retrospectively reviewed. Records were reviewed for patient and tumor characteristics, mammographic findings, MRI findings, timing of MRI study, findings from MRI-guided surgery (when done), and whether the patient underwent breast conservation treatment. MRI definitely altered management in 15 patients (18%), may have affected management in 4 patients (5%), and did not change management in 64 patients (77%). Thirteen patients underwent additional surgery because of MRI findings; the positive predictive value for MRI-guided surgery was 38% (5 of 13). Ultimately, 82% of the patients received breast conservation treatment. No predictive factor was identified to characterize the patients most likely to have management affected by MRI findings. These findings suggest that breast MRI may be useful in the evaluation of patients with early-stage breast cancer for breast conservation treatment. A larger study population and outcome data will be required to confirm these findings and to define those patients most likely to benefit from breast MRI.     

数字乳腺断层融合X线摄影术前评估乳腺癌肿块大小的效能对比研究

背景与目的：全数字化乳腺摄影（full-field digital mammography,FFDM）的大规模使用可显著降低乳腺癌的死亡率,但对于致密型乳腺患者,其诊断灵敏度和特异度明显减低。本研究旨在对比数字乳腺断层融合X线摄影（digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT）与常规影像学检查术前评估乳腺癌肿块大小的效能。方法：回顾性分析2015年3月—2015年12月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院就诊并经病理学检查证实为乳腺癌的136例患者,所有患者均行超声、FFDM、DBT和磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）检查。选取每种检查均可测量最大径的肿块纳入本研究。由3名高年资放射诊断科医师分别测量可见肿块最大径,利用方差分析比较DBT、超声、FFDM及MRI与术后大体标本测量值之间的差异;利用Pearson相关系数分析各种检查与大体标本测量值之间的相关性,并应用配对t检验评价DBT术前评估肿块大小的能力。结果：136例患者共发现140枚肿块,排除26例患者选择先辅助化疗后再行手术,最后纳入研究的为114枚肿块。DBT及MRI测得肿瘤最大径与病理测量值之间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;FFDM和超声与病理测量值相比差异有统计学意义（与FFDM相比：t=3.30,P=0.013 4;与超声相比：t=2.58,P=0.021 5）。DBT（r=0.81）、MRI测量值（r=0.84）与病理测量值的相关性显著高于超声（r=0.68）和FFDM组（r=0.69)。结论：DBT术前评估乳腺癌肿块大小的能力显著优于超声和FFDM,与MRI相似;DBT作为乳腺X线摄影新技术,在乳腺癌术前分期中有良好的应用前景。     

Clinical Outcome of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Additional Lesions in Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcome of additional breast lesions identified with breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in breast cancer patients.

Methods

A total of 153 patients who underwent breast MRI between July 2006 and March 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-three patients (21.6&) were recommended for second-look ultrasound (US) for further characterization of additional lesions detected on breast MRI and these patients constituted our study population.

Results

Assessment for lesions detected on breast MRI consisted of the following: 25 benign lesions (73.5&), two indeterminate (5.9%), and seven malignant (20.6%) in 33 patients. Second-look US identified 12 additional lesions in 34 lesions (35.3%) and these lesions were confirmed by histological examination. Of the 12 lesions found in the 11 patients, six (50.0%) including one contralateral breast cancer were malignant. The surgical plan was altered in 18.2% (six of 33) of the patients. The use of breast MRI justified a change in treatment for four patients (66.7%) and caused two patients (33.3&) to undergo unwarranted additional surgical procedures.

Conclusion

Breast MRI identified additional multifocal or contralateral cancer which was not detected initially on conventional imaging in breast cancer patients. Breast MRI has become an indispensable modality in conjunction with conventional modalities for preoperative evaluation of patients with operable breast cancer.     

Breast cancer follow-up in the adjuvant setting

Breast cancer may recur through 15 years and beyond after diagnosis; thus, breast cancer patients require long-term follow-up after adjuvant treatment to detect recurrent disease. History taking, physical examination, and regular mammography are still the foundation of appropriate breast cancer follow-up in the adjuvant setting. Clearly, breast MRI has a role in certain high-risk patients, but in moderate-risk patients, the decision to use MRI must be based on the complexity of the clinical scenario. Other routine imaging studies (CT, positron emission tomography, and bone scans) and laboratory testing—including tumor marker assessments—in asymptomatic patients have not demonstrated an improvement in survival, quality of life, toxicity, or cost-effectiveness. Survivorship issues are also an inherent part of breast cancer follow-up; physicians should make every effort to address supportive care issues unique to breast cancer survivors including hot flashes, bone health, neuropathy, and risk-reduction strategies.     

隐匿型乳腺癌的临床诊治要点

隐匿型乳腺癌（Occult breast cancer ,OBC ）是以腋窝淋巴结转移癌为主要表现的一种少见的乳腺癌表现。对于这类患者应当进行完善的术前检查,不仅需要包括标准的双侧乳腺摄影片,还要通过超声和核磁共振评估双侧乳腺和腋窝淋巴结,以寻找原发病灶。由于此类患者具有较高的局部复发风险,因此不推荐单纯对乳腺进行观察,乳房局部治疗应包括全乳切除,也可以考虑保留乳房联合全乳放疗。同时也应进行腋窝淋巴结清扫以提高局部控制并且完善分期。此外,患者还可以接受新辅助或辅助全身治疗。虽然隐匿性乳腺癌伴腋窝转移患者的疾病分期为T0N1-2M0 期,但比同期别原发性乳腺癌预后更好,腋窝淋巴结转移数目,尤其是小于4 枚转移与4 枚或以上转移相比仍然是最为可靠的预测结局的因素。      

核糖核酸酶含量测定作为乳腺肿瘤标志物的探索

以204例正常人,91例良性乳腺疾病患者为对照组,测定和分析了45例恶性乳腺肿瘤患者和32例乳腺癌癌前病变(22例乳腺囊性增生,10例乳腺导管上皮不典型增生)患者血清、尿液核糖核酸酶(RNase)含量及其部分乳腺癌患者术前后RNase含量的变化.结果表明:恶性肿瘤组RNase水平明显高于对照组,癌前病变组亦明显高于对照组,乳腺癌术后RNase含量较术前明显降低.提示RNase是乳腺肿瘤的良好标志物,测定RNase水平对乳腺癌早期诊断、鉴别诊断以及确定乳腺癌高发人群确有一定意义,同时可作为估计疗效的一项良好指标.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Comparison to Clinical Palpation in Assessing the Response of Breast Cancer to Epirubicin Primary Chemotherapy

PURPOSE: To investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to clinical palpation in the assessment of response of breast cancer to primary chemotherapy (PC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-three patients with T2-4, N0, M0 breast cancer were treated with 3-4 cycles of single agent epirubicin before definitive surgery. MRI was performed at baseline condition and at the end of chemotherapy. RESULTS: According to the WHO criteria, 20 (27.4%) patients attained a complete response (CR) by clinical palpation and 41 (56.2%) a partial response. The corresponding response rate by MRI was 11 (15.1%) and 34 (46.6%), respectively. Residual tumor assessed by MRI better correlated with pathologic measurements (Spearman r : 0.72) than residual tumor assessed by clinical palpation (Spearman r : 0.58). Post-chemotherapy histology evaluation revealed pathologic CR in three cases, only one of them was considered as complete responder by MRI. Residual disease consisted in in situ carcinoma in four cases, one of them was complete responder at MRI, the remaining three showed residual abnormal contrast enhancement indistinguishable from that of invasive tumors. CONCLUSIONS: As compared to pathology specimens, MRI is able to represent the extent of cancer more accurately than clinical palpation. It constitutes a promising technique in assessing the BC response to PC. The current limit of MRI is the scarce specificity in predicting the nature of residual disease.     

Diagnosis of breast cancer: MDCT versus MRI

In Japan, helical CT has been applied to breast cancers for the accurate determination of cancer extent before surgery. In recent years, multidetector CT (MDCT) has become commercially available. Compared with mammography and ultrasonography, MDCT of the breast is thought to be useful for preoperative assessment of breast-conserving surgery. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is extremely accurate in the diagnosis of intraductal carcinoma and multicentricity of breast cancer. A real problem related to the use of CT is X-ray exposure. Therefore, it is controversial whether the use of CT for the patients with breast cancer is appropriate or not. Recent studies that compared the use of MDCT and MRI in the same patients concluded that MRI was more accurate for the detection and evaluation of the extent of intraductal carcinoma. We should consider the pitfalls and limitations of CT for assessing the breast cancer extent.     

动态增强MRI对乳腺癌患者术前化疗疗效评价及相关因素分析：附31例报道

目的探讨动态增强MRI（dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI）对乳腺癌术前化疗疗效评价的价值,并对近期疗效相关因素进行分析。方法 选择2010年1月至2010年8月本院收治的新发乳腺癌患者中接受术前化疗并已行手术获得组织病理学评价的31例患者为研究对象。术前化疗方案以蒽环类及紫杉类细胞毒药物为基础,对HER-2阳性患者联合应用曲妥珠单克隆抗体,参照实体肿瘤疗效评价标准（RECIST1.1）及组织学分级系统（Miller and Payne grading system）对术前化疗疗效进行综合评价。结果 31例患者中MRI影像学评价完全缓解（CR）5例（16.1%）,部分缓解（PR）23例（74.2%）,疾病稳定（SD）2例（6.5%）,疾病进展（PD）1例（3.2%）;组织分级系统评价13例G5（42.0%）,5例G4（16.1%）,8例G3（25.8%）,4例G2（12.9%）,1例G1（3.2%）。结论 对于符合适应证的乳腺癌患者,个体化选择术前化疗可以使其获益;动态增强MRI对乳腺癌术前化疗疗效的评价与组织病理评价有一定的关系     

Why Is Breast MRI so Controversial?

Advances in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) breast MRI over the past decade have led to significant improvements in the detection of early breast cancer and higher accuracy in the detection of multifocal and multicentric disease. This has resulted in the increased application of breast MRI in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer globally. Nonetheless, the true role of DCE breast MRI in the management of breast cancer patients remains controversial. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of DCE breast MRI by reviewing existing and emerging data from the past decade.     

The impact of preoperative breast MRI on the re-excision rate in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast

Re-excision rates after breast conserving surgery (BCS) of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) are high. Preoperative breast MRI has the potential to reduce re-excision rates, but may lead to an increased rate of mastectomies. Hence, we assessed the influence of preoperative breast MRI on the re-excision rate and the rate of mastectomies. We performed a retrospective cohort study of a consecutive series of patients with ILC who presented in one of two dedicated tertiary cancer centers between 1993 and 2005. We assessed the initial type of surgery (BCS or mastectomy), the re-excision rate and the final type of surgery. Patients were stratified into two groups: those who received preoperative MRI (MR+ group) and those who did not (MR− group). In the MR− group, 27% of the patients underwent a re-excision after initial BCS. In the MR+ group, this rate was significantly lower at 9%. The odds ratio was 3.64 (95% CI: 1.30–10.20, P = 0.010). There was a trend towards a lower final mastectomy rate in the MR+ group compared to the MR− group (48 vs. 59%, P = 0.098). In conclusion, preoperative MRI in patients with ILC can reduce re-excision rates without increasing the rate of mastectomies.     

Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of breast lesions and effect on treatment.

PURPOSE: To assess the value of local staging with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with suspect breast lesions and the effect on therapeutic approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and four consecutive women with suspect breast lesions on clinical examination (CE) and/or mammography (MX) and/or ultrasound (US) underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MRI. Detection of multifocal, multicentric and bilateral breast cancer by all three imaging modalities was evaluated. Results of preoperative breast MRI were discussed with the treating surgeons. The type of therapeutic change after preoperative MRI was marked on a questionnaire (none, additional fine needle aspiration, core biopsy, open biopsy, wider excision, mastectomy) and considered 'necessary' or 'unnecessary' using final histopathological results as gold standard. RESULTS: In 170 patients, breast cancer was diagnosed. MRI detected 96% of multifocal disease and 95% of multicentric disease, whereas MX depicted 37 and 18%, and US 41 and 9% of them, respectively. All bilateral breast cancers were seen on MRI; both MX and US detected 56%. Findings of more extensive disease and unsuspected multiple breast cancer foci identified on MRI only, changed the therapeutic approach correctly in 30.6% of breast cancer patients. Nine unnecessary wider excisions and three unnecessary FNA/core biopsies were performed because MRI overestimated the number or size of malignant lesions. CONCLUSION: Preoperative breast MRI is an important adjunct to conventional imaging in the loco-regional staging of breast cancer and a useful tool in treatment planning.     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Significance of Non-Mass Enhancement in the Subareolar Region on Preoperative Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

PurposeThe eligibility for nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) regarding subareolar non-mass enhancement (NME) on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the eligibility for NSM according to the NME-to-nipple distance on preoperative breast MRI.MethodsWe identified patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy with NME suspected of malignancy in the subareolar region on preoperative breast MRI. The incidence of nipple invasion was pathologically evaluated according to the NME-to-nipple distance on breast MRI, and the clinicopathologic factors related to pathologic nipple invasion were analyzed.ResultsOf 137 patients, 55 (40.1%) had NME extension to the nipple, 53 (38.7%) had radiologic distance less than 2 cm, and 29 (21.2%) had radiologic distance of 2 cm or more. The rate of pathologic nipple invasion was 52.7% (29 of 55) in patients with NME extension to nipple, 7.5% (4 of 53) in patients with NME-to-nipple distance less than 2 cm, and 3.4% (1 of 29) in patients with NME-to-nipple distance of 2 cm or more (P < .001). NME extension to the nipple was an independent risk factor for pathologic nipple invasion (odds ratio 21.702; 95% confidence interval, 2.613–180.225; P = .004). The survival outcome was not different between NSM and conventional total mastectomy/skin-sparing mastectomy in patients with radiologic distance less than 2 cm, but without NME extension to the nipple.ConclusionsNSM is an acceptable procedure in patients with breast cancer with a low incidence of pathologic nipple invasion when there is no evidence of NME extension to the nipple on preoperative breast MRI.     

Review of Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Breast Cancer: Should MRI Be Performed on All Women with Newly Diagnosed,Early Stage Breast Cancer?

Randomized controlled trials have shown equivalent survival for women with early stage breast cancer who are treated with breast‐conservation therapy (local excision and radiotherapy) or mastectomy. Decades of experience have demonstrated that breast‐conservation therapy provides excellent local control based on defined standards of care. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been introduced in preoperative staging of the affected breast in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer because it detects additional foci of cancer that are occult on conventional imaging. The median incremental (additional) detection for MRI has been estimated as 16% in meta‐analysis. In the absence of consensus on the role of preoperative MRI, we review data on its detection capability and its impact on treatment. We outline that the assumptions behind the adoption of MRI, namely that it will improve surgical planning and will lead to a reduction in re‐excision surgery and in local recurrences, have not been substantiated by trials. Evidence consistently shows that MRI changes surgical management, usually from breast conservation to more radical surgery; however, there is no evidence that it improves surgical care or prognosis. Emerging data indicate that MRI does not reduce re‐excision rates and that it causes false positives in terms of detection and unnecessary surgery; overall there is little high‐quality evidence at present to support the routine use of preoperative MRI. Randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the clinical, psychosocial, and long‐term effects of MRI and to show a related change in treatment from standard care in women newly affected by breast cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59:290–302. © 2009 American Cancer Society, Inc.     

Mass Screening for Breast Cancer: Comparison of the Clinical Stages and Prognosis of Breast Cancer Detected by Mass Screening and in Out-patient Clinics

To establish the criteria for assessing the life-prolonging effect of mass screening for breast cancer, clinical stage and prognosis of breast cancer detected by mass screening in 11 regions of Japan were compared with those for matched patients in out-patient clinics. A total of 728 patients detected by mass screening and 1,450 found in the out-patient clinics were reviewed. The stage of the disease was Tis or I in 40.9% of the patients detected by mass screening, and 28.7% of those found in the out-patient clinics. In contrast, stage III was found in 9.3% and 14.6%, respectively, indicating that early stages were significantly more common in the patients detected by mass screening. The overall survival curve for the patients detected by mass screening was compared with that for those found in the out-patient clinics. The 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in the patients detected by mass screening (91.7% vs. 85.6%; P <0.01), while the 10-year survival rate was slightly higher in the same group of patients, but the difference from the other group was not significant (80.5% vs. 78.1%). Women who had conducted breast self-examination (BSE) showed a higher survival rate than those who had not conducted BSE.     

老年人乳腺癌

老年人乳腺癌与年轻人乳腺癌相比,恶性程度相对较低。临床以局部性或局部晚期癌较多。因老年患者生理变化,且常同时伴有其他疾病,治疗原则应选择对患者创伤及不良反应最小而能获得最大疗效的综合治疗,除基于疾病的分期外,要注重了解乳腺癌的生物学特征、患者体力情况、重要脏器器官功能及对拟定疗法的耐受能力。手术是可手术乳腺癌主要治疗手段之一,早期乳腺癌ER( )者,采用肿瘤局部扩大切除或加前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB),术后加或不加放疗,辅助以内分泌治疗可达到满意控制肿瘤效果。局部晚期乳腺癌或肿瘤较大,ER( )者,可采用第三代芳香化酶抑制剂(3rdAI)行新辅助内分泌治疗,肿瘤缩小后采用缩小手术切除范围术式。对全身复发、转移高危及ER(-)患者,如体力情况尚好,可化疗。     

Diagnostic Performance of Breast MRI in the Evaluation of Contralateral Breast in Patients with Diagnosed Breast Cancer

Aims: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of contralateral breast  in patients with diagnosed breast cancer. A secondary objective was to determine accuracy of breast MRI in diagnosing multi-focal and multicentric lesions in the ipsilateral breast. Materials and Methods: Using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, patients with histopathologically diagnosed breast cancer with MRI of breast performed to exclude additional lesions were included. MRI findings were correlated with histopathology. In addition, follow-up imaging with mammography and ultrasound was also assessed for establishing stability of negative findings and for the detected of benign lesions. Results: Out of 157 MRI breast conducted during the period of 2008 to 2013, 49 were performed for patients with diagnosed breast cancer. The sample comprised of all females with mean age 50.7±11.0 years. The patient follow-up imaging was available for a period of 2-5 years. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of MRI in the detection of multifocal/multicenteric lesions was 85.7%, 88.8%, 60% and 96.6% respectively and for the detection of lesions in the contralateral breast were 100%, 97%, 83.3% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: Our study highlights the diagnostic performance and the added value of MRI in the detection of multifocal /multicenteric and contralateral malignant lesions. In patients with diagnosed breast cancer having dense breast parenchyma and with infiltrating lobular carcinoma as the index lesion MRI is particularly useful with excellent negative predictive value in the exclusion of additional malignant foci in the ipsilateral and contralateral breasts.