不同部位缺血性脑卒中患者颈动脉超声特点的研究

目的探讨不同亚型的缺血性脑卒中患者的颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度，为缺血性脑卒中的防治提供依据。方法收集急性缺血性脑卒中患者351例，按头颅CT或MRI结果分为皮质型（CI）、皮质下型（SCI）、椎基底动脉型（VBI）3个亚型，同时应用彩色多普勒超声对颅外段颈动脉病变进行量化评估，分析各型之间不同颅外段颈动脉病变的发生状况及病变程度的差异。结果皮质型脑梗死颈动脉狭窄发生率为75．9％，高于其他组，且差异显著（P〈0．05），皮质型脑梗死颈动脉狭窄〉50％者为25．3％，高于其他组，且差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论在缺血性脑卒中各亚型之间颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度存在差异，其中以CI的病变最明显，其次为VBCI，SCI最低。     

颅外段颈动脉硬化病变对老年缺血性脑卒中作用的研究

目的　探讨不同亚型的缺血性脑卒中人群的颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度是否存在差异 ,为缺血性脑卒中的防治、预测提供依据。方法　收集神经内科住院的老年急性缺血性脑卒中病例 ,对其进行卒中病灶影像学检查 ,依据病灶部位将卒中分为皮质型 (CI)、皮质下型 (SCI)和基底动脉型 (VBCI)三个亚型 ;同时采用B超对颅外段颈动脉病变进行量化评估 ,分析各型之间颅外段颈动脉病变的发生状况及病变程度的差异 ,并进行统计学分析。结果　 (1)颅外段颈动脉动脉硬化病变发生率高达 5 8 7% (12 8/ 2 18) ,血管重度度狭窄 32例 (14 7% ) ,轻度狭窄 96例 (44 0 % ) ,无血管狭窄 90例 (41 3% )。 (2 )各型脑卒中中以CI组血管病变发生率最高、程度最重 ,而且重度血管狭窄发生率最高。结论　颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度在缺血性脑卒中各亚型之间是存在差异 ,其中以CI的病变最明显。颅外段颈动脉硬化病变对CI的发生影响较SCI和VBCI明显。     

颅外段颈动脉硬化病变对老年缺血性脑卒中作用的研究

目的 探讨不同亚型的缺血性脑卒中人群的颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度是否存在差异。为缺血性脑卒中的防治，预测提供依据。方法 收集神经内科住院的老年急性缺血性脑卒中病例，对其进行卒中病灶影像学检查，依据病灶部位将卒中分为皮质型（CI），皮质下型（SCI）和基底动脉型（VBCI）三个亚型；同时采用B超对颅外段颈动脉病变进行量化评估，分析各型之间颅外段颈动脉病变的发生状况及病变程度的差异。并进行统计学分析。结果 （1）颅外段颈动脉动脉硬化病变发生率高达58.7%(128/218)，血管重度度狭窄32例（14.7%)，轻度狭窄96例（44.0%)。无血管狭窄90例（41.3%)。（2）各型脑卒中中以CI组血管病变发生率最高，程度最重，而且重度血管狭窄发生率最高。结论 颅外段颈动脉硬化病变的发生状况及病变程度在缺血性脑卒中各亚型之间是存在差异，其中以CI的病变最明显，颅外段颈动脉硬化病变对CI的发生影响较SCI和VBC明显。     

2型糖尿病无症状性颅内动脉狭窄与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病无症状性颅内动脉狭窄与颈动脉颅外段粥样硬化病变之间的关系.方法 采用经颅多普勒超声和颈动脉超声检测无脑卒中2型糖尿病患者颅内外动脉,分别判断颅内动脉狭窄及颈动脉颅外段内中膜厚度、斑块形成和狭窄程度(狭窄程度≥50%或完全闭塞),分析颅内动脉狭窄与颈动脉粥样硬化病变之间的关系及危险因素.结果 194例患者中42例(21.65%)发生颅内动脉狭窄,其中大脑中动脉受累者30例(15.46%);123例(63.40%)存在颈动脉粥样硬化性病变.颅内动脉狭窄组患者高龄(t=-3.054,P=0.003)、长糖尿病病程(U=2172.500,P=0.002)、合并高血压(x2=9.986,P=0.002)及颈动脉病变(x2=14.086,P=0.000)比例明显高于无狭窄组(均P＜0.01).单因素分析提示,颅内动脉和大脑中动脉狭窄与颈动脉粥样硬化病变程度相关(U=1929.000,1519.000;均P=0.000).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,合并高血压(OR=2.849,95%CI:1.247～6.508;P=0.013)和颈动脉病变(OR=4.838,95%CI:1.778～13.167;P=0.002)为2型糖尿病无症状性颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素.结论 2型糖尿病无症状性颅内动脉狭窄与颈动脉粥样硬化病变相关,颈动脉颅外段粥样硬化可能是国人2型糖尿病无症状性颅内动脉狭窄的独立预测因素.     

急性分水岭区脑梗死-凸面蛛网膜下腔出血三例

目的探讨颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致后分水岭区凸面蛛网膜下腔出血(cSAH)与前循环急性脑梗死(ACI)的发病机制、影像学特征及治疗,以提高对该类型卒中的认识。方法报道3例颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致cSAH患者的临床表现、CT和MRI所见及治疗。结果 3例患者临床表现以局灶性神经功能损害为主,且均存在动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,头颅CT显示病变对侧大脑皮质沟高密度影,并出现新发梗死灶。MRA证实例1病变侧颈动脉颅内及颅外段狭窄,例2病变侧大脑中动脉闭塞,例3病变侧颈动脉颅内段狭窄。结论颈动脉颅内或颅外段狭窄或闭塞导致的急性分水岭区ACI可以cSAH为首发表现。     

炎症对颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞影响的临床研究

目的筛查颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素,探讨炎症对颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞部位的影响。方法纳入2018年9月至2019年4月诊断与治疗的100例大动脉粥样硬化型急性缺血性卒中病例,测定血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,参照北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除术试验标准判断颅内外动脉狭窄程度并分为重度狭窄/闭塞组或对照组以及不同亚组;单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素。结果 Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病(OR=11.092,95%CI:2.288～53.774;P=0.003)和血清hs-CRP(OR=1.553,95%CI:1.184～2.036;P=0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素。亚组分析显示,颅内动脉病变(49例)、颅外动脉病变(11例)与颅内合并颅外动脉病变(12例;H=0.652,P=0.722),前循环病变(37例)、后循环病变(18例)与前循环合并后循环病变(17例;H=0.283,P=0.868),单支血管病变(41例)与多支血管病变(31例;Z=-0.530,P=0.596)各亚组患者血清hs-CRP水平差异均无统计学意义,不同责任血管病变亚组(大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、基底动脉、椎动脉颅内段、颈内动脉颅内段、颈动脉颅外段、椎动脉颅外段、锁骨下动脉)患者血清hs-CRP水平升高比例差异亦无统计学意义(χ~2=2.628,P=0.917)。结论血清hs-CRP可以作为颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的炎性预测因子。但炎症对颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞部位和病变数目无明显影响,对不同血管的作用机制可能相似。     

缺血性脑血管病的DSA结果分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病数字减影全脑血管造影(DSA)的检查结果及临床意义。方法对120例缺血性脑血管病患者行DSA检查,观察及评价颅内外血管病变的直接征象及侧支循环建立情况,分析影像结果与临床表现的相关性。结果检出颅外颈动脉病变者86例(71.67%),共累及血管93支,以颈动脉狭窄为主50支(53.76%),其它动脉43支(46.24%);颅外动脉狭窄62支(66.67%),颅内动脉狭窄31支(33.33%),颅外动脉狭窄的发生率明显高于颅内动脉;颈内动脉颅外段狭窄33支(53.23%),颈内动脉颅内段7支(22.58%),颈内动脉颅外段狭窄明显高于颈内动脉颅内段。结论颈动脉病变在缺血性脑血管病的发生中起重要作用,DSA检查在缺血性脑血管病的诊断中有重要的应用价值。     

缺血性脑血管病患者脑主要供血动脉狭窄分布的DSA分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者脑主要供血动脉狭窄分布特征。方法对2007-2009年诊治的脑主要供血动脉狭窄92例ICVD患者的临床和DSA资料进行回顾性分析。结果脑主要供血动脉颅外段病变发生率(82.6%)高于颅内段动脉(66.3%);多支动脉及前后循环同时病变的发生率较高(79.3%、57.6%);颈动脉系统常见狭窄部位是颈内动脉颅外段(57.6%)、大脑中动脉(34.8%),椎基底动脉系统常见狭窄部位是椎动脉颅外段(57.6%)、椎动脉颅内段(20.7%)。可干预危险因素越多,颅外合并颅内动脉狭窄的发生率越高,但无显著性差别(χ2=7.1;P=0.069)。结论 ICVD患者以颅外段动脉狭窄多见;颈动脉系统狭窄好发于颈内动脉颅外段、大脑中动脉,椎基底动脉系统好发于椎动脉颅外段。伴不同可干预危险因素组颅内合并颅内动脉狭窄的发生率无显著差异。     

脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化与OCSP分型关系的研究

目的 探讨脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化所致的颈动脉颅外段狭窄与OCSP分型各亚型的关系。方法 对161例急性脑梗死（ACI）患者进行OCSP分型，并对其中配合检查的156例以及54例单纯高血压患者和43例健康正常人进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉颅外段的狭窄程度，并探讨OCSP各亚型与颈动脉狭窄的关系。结果 脑梗死组颈动脉颅外段狭窄发生率为75％，较高血压组35．19％，和正常对照组27．91％明显升高（P〈0．01）。脑梗死组OCSP各亚型构成比为：腔隙性梗死49．1％，部分前循环梗死37．9％，和后循环梗死7．5％，完全性前循环梗死5．6％。OCSP各亚型急性脑梗死患者之间的颈动脉狭窄阳性率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。前循环和后循环梗死中重度的血管狭窄明显高于腔隙性梗死。结论 脑梗死同颈动脉颅外段的狭窄明显相关，OCSP分型不能提示脑梗死患者动脉粥样硬化病因。     

经颅多普勒超声和颈动脉超声检测无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病患者颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变

目的 分析无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病患者颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄和颅外颈动脉粥样硬化病变的发生频率及分布特征,并探讨其危险因素.方法 对94例无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病住院患者用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)和颈动脉超声判断颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变,颅内动脉只分析狭窄,颅外动脉病变包括颈动脉斑块及狭窄.分析各危险因素的影响.结果 55例(58.5%)有颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变.22例(23.4%)发现有颅内动脉狭窄,明显高于颅外颈动脉狭窄或闭塞(3/94,3.2%,χ~2=16.66,P＜0.01).大脑中动脉是颅内最常受累的动脉(狭窄率17.0%),占狭窄动脉数的58.5%.48例(51.0%)有颅外颈动脉粥样斑块或狭窄.Logistic多元回归分析显示糖尿病病程和合并高血压是颅内外动脉粥样硬化病变的独立危险因素.结论 无脑缺血症状的2型糖尿病住院患者,半数以上有颅内外动脉粥样硬化改变,且与糖尿病病程及合并高血压有关,提示对上述高危患者应常规进行超声检测.     

Study on the Prevalence and Corelation of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Stroke Patients

Objective To assess the prevalence and severity of carotid atherosclerosis in stroke patients and the risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis. Methods Two hundred fifty-one ischemic stroke patients,46 ccrcbral hemorrhagc patients and 96 control subjects were entercd into this study. Sonographic assessment of the extracranial carotid arteries was performed in all patients. Diametcr. IMT, plaques and percentage ratio of lumen stenosis were observcd. Results (1)The prevalence of carotid plaqucs was prominent in stroke patients than the control subjects(63.0%vs 36.5%). (2)The prevalencc of lumen stenosis＞50% in ischemic stroke patients was higher than the cerebral hemorrhage patients and control subjects (15.6% vs 4.3%. 2.1%).(3) The prevalence of severe carotid artery stcnosis(＞75%) was promincnt in aged 61～70 years old patients.(4)Our data revealed 30% of the cortical infarction subgroup, 17.5%of the subcortical infarction subgroup, 17% of the lacunar infarction subgroup,8% of the vcrtibral-basilar artery infarction subgroup.2.8% of thc CT normal subgroup possessed carotid stcnosis ＞50%. (5)Age, diabetes mellitus and ApoAl(inversely) were independent predictors of the extracranial carotid atherosclcrosis. Discusssion (Ⅰ)There is close relation between extracraniai carotid atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.(2)The extent of serious carotid artery stcnosis in aged patients was lower.(3)Thc severity of extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis was prominent in patients with conical infarction. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese stroke patients.     

Risk factors for atherosclerosis of cervicocerebral arteries: intracranial versus extracranial

OBJECTIVES: To search for factors determining the site of atherosclerosis of the cervicocerebral arteries in patients from Bangkok (Thailand) with ischemic stroke in the carotid territory. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with the clinical syndrome of stroke or transient ischemic attack in the carotid territory or with ocular stroke were retrospectively studied. They were divided into an intracranial and an extracranial carotid stenosis group based on their vascular imaging. The stroke risk factors were then compared. RESULTS: There were 49 cases with extracranial carotid stenosis and 51 with intracranial stenosis. Among the patients with extracranial stenosis, 98% had associated intracranial disease, whereas none of those with intracranial stenosis had more than 50% of extracranial carotid stenosis. The presence of diabetes mellitus and a history of ischemic heart disease were found to be significantly more prevalent among patients with extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus as well as a history of ischemic heart disease were found to be more significantly prevalent in patients with combined extracranial internal carotid artery and intracranial stenosis. Extracranial carotid stenosis might represent a more severe atherosclerotic process of the cervicocerebral circulation when compared with intracranial stenosis.     

急性脑梗死散在和单一弥散加权成像病损与其供血动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨急性脑梗死弥散加权磁共振成像(DWI)上大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区散在性或单一性缺血性病损与其脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系.方法 回顾性分析73例连续积累的DWI显示一侧MCA供血区脑梗死的病例,入组病例均排除心源性栓塞性脑梗死,所有患者均在发病24 h内进行MRI和MRA等检查,7例患者并进行DSA.采用DWI急性缺血性病损分类方法 分为散在病损组和单一病损组,比较两组的病灶同侧MCA、颈内动脉(ICA)颅内段和颅外段狭窄或闭塞的发生率.结果 散在病损组42例,单一病损组31例.在病损同侧ICA颅外段和MCA闭塞或重度狭窄方面两组差异有统计学意义(28.6%与0,x2=10.6,P=0.001).在病损同侧ICA颅内段并MCA轻中度狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(31.0%与9.7%,x2=4.717,P=0.03).散在病损与MCA和(或)ICA严重或多发狭窄呈正相关(OR值为13.7,95%CI:3.6～52.5).在MRA或DSA未发现颅内外大血管狭窄方面,两组间差异具有统计学意义(11.9%与32.3%,x2=4.526,P=0.033).散在病损组与无明显血管狭窄呈负相关(OR值为0.284,95%CI:0.09～0.94).结论 (1)脑梗死急性期DWI显示的MCA区散在性病损患者,MCA和ICA狭窄、甚至闭塞的可能性较大,以ICA颅外段闭塞较为常见;(2)DWI显示单一病损时提示脑供血动脉狭窄程度较轻,范围较局限,小血管病变的可能性相对较高,很少为严重的ICA颅外段狭窄或闭塞.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between scattered or single lesion of acute cerebral infarction in middle cerebral artery territory on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and stenosis of middle cerebral artery (MCA) or internal carotid artery (ICA). Methods With exclusion of cardioembolism, 73 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction of the unilateral MCA territory on DWI were analyzed. All patients got magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and angiography (MRA) within 24 hours after onset, and 7 patients also had digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The patients were classified into single lesion group or scattered lesions group according to the DWI findings. The incidence of stenosis or occlusion of ipsolateral MCA, intracranial and extracranial ICA were compared between the two groups. Results 42 patients had scattered lesions and 31 patients had single lesion. The scattered-lesions group had a high incidence of ipsilateral extracranial ICA or MCA occlusion or severe stenosis ( 25.6%versus 0, x2 = 10.6, P = 0.001 ) and a high incidence of ipsilateral intracranial ICA or MCA moderate or mild stenosis (31.0% versus 9.7% ,x2 =4.717, P =0.03 ). A positive correlation was found between the scattered lesions and severe or multifocal stenosis of ipsilateral ICA and MCA ( OR: 13.7, 95% CI: 3.6 to 52.5). There was a low incidence of absence of extra- and intracranial stenosis on MRA or DSA in the scattered-lesions group ( 11.9% versus 32.3%, x2= 4.526, P = 0.033 ). A negative correlation was found between the scattered lesions and absence of large-artery stenosis ( OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.94).Conclusions ( 1 ) Patients with acute cerebral infarction and scattered lesions on DWI were more likely to suffer from stenosis or occlusion of ICA or MCA, especially over the extracranial ICA. (2) Patients with single lesion were less likely to have severe or multiple stenosis of MCA and ICA, indicating the relevance of small-vessel pathogenesis.     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者颅内/外动脉狭窄的特点及危险因素

目的 研究下肢动脉硬化闭塞症（peripheral artery disease,PAD）并发颅内/外动脉狭窄的发生率、危 险因素以及与临床症状的关系。 方法 选取2016年7月-2017年7月PAD患者共155例,收集患者临床资料。PAD临床症状根据Fontaine 分类分为I 期无症状,II 期间歇性跛行,II I 期静息痛,I V期足趾溃疡、坏疽。根据经颅多普勒超声 （transcranial Doppler,TCD）结果将颅内外动脉狭窄程度分为无狭窄、轻中度狭窄（＜70%）和重度狭窄 或闭塞（≥70%）。分析颅内/外动脉狭窄在PAD患者中的发生率,PAD合并颅内/外动脉狭窄的危险因 素以及PAD下肢缺血程度及围手术期卒中发生与颅内/外动脉狭窄的关系。 结果 本研究中合并颅内和/或颅外动脉狭窄的PAD患者共99例（63.9%）,其中颅外段动脉狭窄与 颅内段动脉狭窄分别为66例（42.6%）和67例（43.2%）。PAD合并颅外段动脉重度狭窄或闭塞27例 （17.4%）,合并颅内段动脉重度狭窄或闭塞4例（2.6%）。年龄[比值比（odds ratio,OR）1.041,95%可信 区间（confidence interval,CI）1.004～1.080,P =0.030]和吸烟（OR 2.728,95%CI 1.125～6.619,P =0.026） 是PAD合并颅外段动脉狭窄的危险因素。糖尿病（OR 2.196,95%CI 1.079～4.470,P =0.030）是PAD合 并颅内段动脉狭窄的危险因素。吸烟（OR 3.57,95%CI 1.078～11.411,P =0.037）是PAD合并颅内/外段 动脉重度狭窄的危险因素。与无颅内动脉狭窄患者相比,PAD合并颅内动脉狭窄患者更容易发生严重 下肢缺血症状（Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期）（67.2% vs 50.0%,P =0.032）。与轻中度颅外段动脉狭窄相比,PAD合并 颅外段动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的患者更容易发生围手术期卒中（17.4% vs 1.1%,P =0.006）。 结论 PAD合并颅内/外动脉狭窄发病率较高,颅内动脉狭窄患者PAD临床症状更严重,而颅外动脉 重度狭窄或闭塞则可能导致围手术期卒中发生率升高。     

Evolving atherosclerosis at carotid and intracranial arteries in Japanese patients with ischemic heart disease: a 5-year longitudinal study with MR angiography

Progression of atherosclerosis at extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) is not well defined. We carried out a 5-year longitudinal study with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of patients with IHD to assess the incidence of progression of atherosclerosis at extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries and to determine predictors of the progression. We previously performed carotid and intracranial MRA on 67 patients who had received selective coronary angiography for the clinical diagnosis of IHD. Of these 67 subjects, 41 patients gave informed consent to undergo MRA reexaminations to evaluate changes of extra- and intracranial arteries over a 5-year period. The degree of stenosis was divided into five grades depending on the narrowness of the arteries, i.e. normal, mild, moderate, severe and occluded. The average of follow-up period with MRA examination was 58.8 months. The progression of atherosclerosis, as defined as an increase of one grade of the stenosis rating, including both the exacerbation of pre-existing stenosis and the appearance of new stenotic lesions, were found in five patients (12.2%) for the cervical carotid artery and in only one patient (2.4%) for the intracranial artery. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline carotid artery stenosis ( P  = 0.008), age ( P  = 0.047), and coronary events during the follow-up period ( P  = 0.048) were significant and independent predictors of progression of carotid atherosclerosis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that follow-up evaluation of the carotid artery is indicated for patients with IHD in whom carotid artery stenosis was detected on an initial examination. Further study is needed with larger numbers of patients to confirm these findings.     

不同年龄组TIA患者颅内/外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的分布特征比较

目的 探讨不同年龄组短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者颅内、外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的分布特征。方法 对64例TIA患者的全脑血管数字减影血管造影术（DSA）资料进行分析，计算颅内、外动脉狭窄的发生率，并对不同年龄患者颅内、外动脉狭窄或闭塞情况进行统计学比较。结果 64例患者中，54例（84%）存在脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄，颅内动脉狭窄发生率略高于颅外动脉（68.5% vs 64.8%）。在<50岁组中，单纯颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞的发生率为54.5%，高于单纯颅外动脉（27.3%）及颅内-颅外动脉多发性狭窄或闭塞（18.2%）；而≥50岁组中，单纯颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞的发生率（21.9%）低于颅内-颅外狭窄或闭塞（43.8%）及单纯颅外动脉狭窄或闭塞(34.4%)，差异具有统计学差意义（P <0.05）。结论 TIA患者颅内、外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄随年龄变化而呈特征性分布。     

Carotid stenosis in lacunar stroke.

The prevalence of extracranial carotid stenosis in patients with a clinical syndrome of lacunar stroke has not been extensively studied using noninvasive methods. We performed carotid duplex sonography on 168 patients referred to the neurosonology laboratory with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Strokes were independently classified as lacunar or nonlacunar hemispheric infarction without knowledge of the ultrasound results. We excluded patients with infarcts that were clearly vertebrobasilar, presumed to be cardioembolic, or had occurred greater than 1 year earlier, and patients for whom classification of the nature and location of the event was not possible. Fifty-five patients had lacunar and 54 had nonlacunar stroke. No differences in age, sex, distribution, or prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, prior ischemia, or Hispanic surname existed between the two groups. Tobacco use was more frequent in the nonlacunar group (p less than 0.01). The prevalence of important extracranial carotid stenosis (greater than or equal to 50% diameter reduction) in the lacunar stroke group was 13% (seven of 55) in the ipsilateral and 4% (two of 55) in the contralateral carotid artery. Of the 54 patients with nonlacunar hemispheric stroke, 41% (22) had ipsilateral (p less than 0.01) and 26% (14) had contralateral (p less than 0.01) carotid stenosis. This study suggests that important carotid stenosis is infrequent among patients presenting with a clinical syndrome of lacunar stroke. These data impact on decisions regarding cerebrovascular work-up in such patients.     

脑动脉狭窄的分布及影像学评估研究进展

我国10%～20%的缺血性卒中患者是由脑动脉狭窄所致,究其病因主要是动脉粥样硬化。 我国缺血性卒中患者颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄发生率高于颅外动脉。因此,颅内外动脉粥样硬化性 狭窄的早期诊断对预防卒中的发生具有重要临床意义。目前,磁共振血管成像（magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）、高分辨率磁共振成像（high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HRMRI）、计算 机断层扫描血管造影（computed tomography angiography,CTA）、数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）等影像学检查已广泛应用于颅内外动脉狭窄的评估。通过血管影像学显示狭窄分 布差异,从而探索卒中的发病机制已成为近些年研究的热点,本文就缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉狭窄 分布规律及影像学评估的研究进展情况做一综述。