脑血管超声检查评价前循环脑动脉粥样硬化侧支循环建立的初探

目的 联合颈部血管彩超、TCD对前循环脑动脉粥样硬化患者侧支循环建立情况进行评价.方法 选择急性前循环脑梗死患者,发病2周内完成颈部血管彩超、TCD检查,根据检查结果选择颈内动脉或大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞患者,评价侧支循环.结果 单侧颈内动脉狭窄组nVmACA/nVmMCA(1.15±0.46)大于对照组(0.90±0.34),且nVmACA/nVmMCA＞1.25出现率(14例)高于对照组(2例),dVmPCA/nVmPCA(1.08±0.24)与对照组LVmPCA/RVmPCA(1.00±0.17)比较差异无统计学意义,dVmPCA/nVmPCA＞1.2出现率(12例)高于对照组(2例);单侧大脑中动脉狭窄组dVmACA/nVmMCA(1.12±0.37)与对照组RVmACA/LVmMCA(0.93±0.32)比较差异无统计学意义,dVmACA/nVmMCA＞1.0出现率(13例)大于对照组(7例),dVmPCA/nVmPCA(1.07±0.29)与对照组LVmPCA/RVmPCA(1.00±0.17)比较差异无统计学意义,且dVmPCA/nVmpCA＞1.2出现率(7例)与对照组(2例)比较差异无统计学意义.结论 在颈部血管彩超、TCD确定颅外或颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞后,TCD所测的数据可提供有关侧支循环的定性和半定量的信息,初步分析侧支建立情况.     

急性缺血性卒中经颅多普勒超声微栓子信号监测临床研究

目的探讨大脑中动脉微栓子信号与急性缺血性卒中的相关性,以及单联和双联抗血小板治疗效果。方法采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)监测129例急性缺血性卒中患者大脑中动脉微栓子信号,单因素和多因素前进法Logistic回归分析筛查微栓子信号阳性危险因素,阿司匹林单药或联合氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗,评价药物疗效和预后。结果 129例患者中42例(32.56%)微栓子信号阳性。Logistic回归分析显示,高脂血症是微栓子信号阳性的独立危险因素(OR=0.335,95%CI:0.147~0.764;P=0.009)。经抗血小板治疗后,双抗组患者微栓子信号消失率高于单抗组(χ~2=16.701,P=0.000);与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后NIHSS评分减少(P=0.000),与单抗组相比,双抗组患者治疗后NIHSS评分亦减少(P=0.025),表明抗血小板治疗有效且双联抗血小板治疗效果优于单抗治疗。结论高脂血症是TCD监测微栓子信号阳性的独立危险因素,双联抗血小板治疗可以阻止微栓子信号形成并改善患者近期预后。     

颈部血管彩色超声和经颅多普勒超声联合检查评价前循环脑动脉粥样硬化

目的应用颈部血管彩色超声和经颅多普勒超声(TCD)联合检查方法,对急性缺血性脑卒中患者前循环脑动脉粥样硬化的程度进行评价,并讨论其临床意义。方法107例50～85岁急性前循环缺血性脑卒中患者,于发病后2周内完成颈部血管彩色超声及TCD检查。分别记录颈动脉颅外段狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段(CCA/EICA)不同回声斑块、斑块大小以及动脉狭窄程度;前循环颅内血管狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈内动脉虹吸段(SCA)、颈内动脉末段(TICA)、大脑中动脉M1段(MCA-M1)、大脑前动脉A1段(ACA-A1)狭窄程度及双侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段不同回声斑块检出率;前循环颅内外动脉联合狭窄组CT/MRI阳性侧和阴性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段、大脑中动脉M1段及大脑前动脉A1段狭窄程度。结果颈动脉颅外段狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段和阴性侧比较,不同回声斑块大小及阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);狭窄程度为40%～50%、>50%～70%的颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段,两侧狭窄血管阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);当狭窄程度达>70%～90%和>90%时,CT/MRI阳性侧检出率均大于阴性侧(P<0.05)。前循环颅内血管狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段与阴性侧之间不同回声斑块大小及阳性检出率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈内动脉虹吸段或颈内动脉末段和大脑中动脉M1段狭窄发生率,CT/MRI阳性侧大于阴性侧(P<0.05);大脑前动脉A1段狭窄发生率两侧差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。前循环颅内外动脉联合狭窄组:CT/MRI阳性侧颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段狭窄程度>70%和大脑中动脉M1段狭窄阳性检出率均大于阴性侧(P<0.05);大脑前动脉A1段狭窄血管两侧阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论同一组脑动脉粥样硬化患者颈动脉粥样硬化进展程度基本相同,根据斑块回声和溃疡形成与否不能确定动脉-动脉栓塞的"责任斑块";颈部血管彩色超声检查提示颈总动脉/颈内动脉颅外段狭窄程度>70%,以及TCD提示颈内动脉虹吸段、颈内动脉末段、大脑中动脉M1段狭窄≥50%者,与同侧脑卒中的发生明显相关,二者联合应用有助于确定急性缺血性脑卒中的"责任动脉"。     

经颅多普勒超声在不明原因缺血性脑卒中的应用研究

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)技术结合生理盐水发泡试验在不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者卵圆孔未闭(PFO)筛查中的应用价值。方法收集51例55岁以下不明原因缺血性脑卒中患者,行TCD结合生理盐水发泡试验和经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查。结果 51例患者中,23例患者TCD检查栓子信号阳性,其中18例患者TTE检查发现PFO,而在28例TCD检查栓子信号阴性的患者中未发现PFO;TCD检查阳性患者中偏头痛发病率、合并下肢深静脉血栓比例以及房间隔瘤比例较阴性者高(P<0.05)。结论 TCD结合生理盐水发泡试验是筛查PFO的有效手段,可以作为不明原因缺血性脑卒中病因筛查的手段。     

经颅多普勒超声在青年缺血性脑卒中患者的应用及临床意义

目的：探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对青年人缺血性脑卒中的应用价值及临床意义。方法：选取96例缺血性脑卒中的青年患者于入院3天内行TCD检查并与47例青年健康查体者做对照,部分病例行磁共振血管成像(MRA)、DSA、颈部血管超声检查。结果：TCD检测发现卒中组颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞率显著高于对照组,且部分病例经MRA等影像学和超声检查进一步确诊。结论：青年人缺血性脑卒中患者很多存在颅内外大动脉狭窄或闭塞等异常病理改变．而TCD可用于检测脑卒中患者脑血流动力学的改变。作为临床一线筛选性检查技术可以指导进一步的影像学或超声检查,对明确青年人缺血性脑卒中患者的发病原因和诊断具有重要的应用价值及临床意义。     

缺血性脑卒中的微栓子检测

自从 1986年Padayachee等[1] 在颈动脉内膜切除术中应用经颅多普勒超声(TranscranialDoppler,TCD)监测大脑中动脉 (MCA)时 ,第一次报道了可能代表微栓子的高强度短暂性信号 (High in tensitytriansientsignals)后 ,TCD对脑血管疾病的微栓子监测迅速发展成为一种新技术。近几年来 ,有大量文献报道关于微栓子与缺血性脑卒中的研究 ,尤其在急性缺血性脑血管病中颈动脉病变以及抗凝治疗等与微栓子的关系方面有大量报道 ,甚至应用于脑静脉窦栓塞性疾病。1　TCD与微栓子1.1　TCD检测微栓子的基本原理TCD利用探头发出一定强度的超声波 ,同…     

急性动脉硬化性缺血性脑卒中患者经颅多普勒超声微栓子信号检测的临床意义分析

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声微栓子信号检测在急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者中的应用价值。方法选择2016年2月至2017年2月收治的AIS患者120例,纳入患者均经临床检查确诊为AIS。所有患者均经颅多普勒超声微栓子信号检测,将结果显示阳性的患者按照1:1比例,随机分为研究组(低分子肝素钙)与对照组(常规治疗)。对比两组治疗3个月和6个月后的微栓子信号阳性率、微栓子信号数量及不良事件发生情况等。结果治疗前,两组微栓子数量、微栓子阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗3个月后,研究组微栓子数量明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但两组微栓子阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗6个月后,研究组微栓子数量、微栓子阳性率均较对照组减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。不良事件发生情况比较:治疗3个月后两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗6个月后两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经颅多普勒超声微栓子信号检测在AIS患者的临床诊疗过程中的应用价值较高,值得进行深入研究和推广。     

MES结合ESRS预测无症状患者缺血性脑卒中的临床研究

目的 本研究探讨MES结合ESRS预测无症状患者发生缺血性脑卒中的应用价值。以及影响MES的相关因素。方法 选取ESRS≥3分患者182例,所有患者行MES监测并随访。结果 182例患者MES阳性27例(14.8%)。MES阳性组与阴性组高密度脂蛋白[(0.96±0.21)mmol/L比(1.06±0.24)mmol/L,t=2.616,P<0.05]及血小板计数[(274.9±98.9)×10⁹/L比(218.9±65.1)×10⁹/L,t=2.937,P<0.05]有明显差异。颈内动脉系统(颈总动脉分叉至大脑中动脉M1段)重度狭窄(≥70%)患者MES阳性率(22/81,27.2%)较轻中度狭窄(<70%)患者(5/101,5.0%)高(χ²=18.698; P=0.000)。平均随访时间11.2个月(1～22个月)。总计发生缺血性脑卒中10例,其中3例TIA。MES阳性组缺血性卒中发生率18.5%(5/27),MES阴性组缺血性卒中发生率3.2%(5/155)。通过卡普兰-迈耶分析发现MES阳性组较阴性组发生缺血性脑卒中风险高(log rank=18.675,P=0.000)。结论 MES与高密度脂蛋白、血小板数量及颈动脉狭窄程度相关; MES阳性组缺血性脑卒中发生率较阴性组明显升高。     

脑电地形图与经颅多普勒超声检测脑血管病变的对照分析

探索脑电地形图能否检测脑缺血性改变。给１００例经颅多普勒超声检查有脑缺血性改变可能的病人进行脑电地形图测定。１００例ＴＣＤ异常者中，３１％有ＢＥＡＭ异常。ＢＥＡＭ对检测早期脑缺血性改变有一定参考价值。     

经颅多普勒超声对缺血性脑卒中患者的诊断价值及临床意义

目的探讨在缺血性脑卒中患者诊断中应用经颅多普勒超声的价值和意义。方法运用随机数字表法从2015-06—2016-06来我院就诊的缺血性脑卒中患者中选取196例为实验组,选取同时期来我院健康体检的人员中120例为对照组,所有患者均接受经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查,对比和分析经颅多普勒超声在缺血性脑卒中诊疗中的应用价值。结果实验组的血管异常率较对照组显著增加,2组血管异常率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与大面积脑梗死患者相比,小面积脑梗死及腔隙性梗死患者血管异常率显著降低,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),但小面积脑梗死和腔隙性梗死患者血管异常率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论缺血性脑卒中患者通过经颅多普勒超声诊疗,有助于早期发现和评估病情,为治疗和评估预后提供参考价值,整个操作过程简单、方便,容易被患者接受,值得推广。     

重视颈动脉粥样硬化与缺血性卒中关系

颈动脉粥样硬化(carotid atherosclerosis,CA)是缺血性卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)重要的危险因素之一.随着生活水平的提高及人口老化社会的到来,目前我国CA的发病呈日益增加趋势.     

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation associates with infarct size and outcome after ischemic stroke

Reinhard M, Rutsch S, Lambeck J, Wihler C, Czosnyka M, Weiller C, Hetzel A. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation associates with infarct size and outcome after ischemic stroke.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2012: 125: 156–162.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives – Cerebral autoregulation is particularly challenged in acute ischemic stroke. We investigated (1) clinical and radiological factors related to dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) in acute stroke and (2) the relationship between DCA and clinical outcome of stroke. Methods – A total of 45 patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke were analyzed pooling two previous studies. DCA was measured by transcranial Doppler in both MCAs early (within 48 h from onset) and late (day 5–7) using low‐frequency phase and correlation analysis (index Mx). Outcome was assessed by modified Rankin scale after a mean period of 4 months. Results – Mx increased (i.e. autoregulation worsened) between the early and late measurement, more so on affected (P = 0.005) than on unaffected sides (P = 0.014). Poorer autoregulation as indicated by lower ipsilateral phase (early and late) and higher Mx (late measurement) were significantly related to larger infarction. More severe stroke was significantly related to poorer ipsilateral Mx and phase. Ipsilateral phase in the early (P = 0.019) and Mx in the late measurement (P = 0.016) were related to poor clinical outcome according to univariate analysis. Conclusions – Impairment of DCA ipsilateral to acute ischemic stroke is associated with larger infarction. Dysautoregulation tends to worsen and spread to the contralateral side over the first days post‐stroke and is associated with poor clinical outcome.     

急性缺血性脑血管病患者代谢综合征与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑血管病(AICD)患者颈动脉粥样硬化(CA)的特点以及代谢综合征(MS)对CA的影响.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声仪检查514例AICD患者及300例对照组的颈动脉,比较两组颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块指数、CA发生率及MS患病率.按是否有CA将AICD患者分成CA组及非CA组,分析两组MS的患病率以及MS和其单一组分危险因素与CA的相关性.结果 (1)AICD组MS患病率、IMT、斑块指数及CA发生率均明显高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).(2)CA组MS、高血压、三酰甘油(TG)增高、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)增高及总胆同醇(TC)增高的发生率高于非CA组,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).(3)调整年龄、性别、吸烟史和其他单一组分危险因素后,MS依然增加CA患病的危险,其OR值为2.43.95%CI为1.81～3.96.(4)伴糖尿病的MS患者CA的患病危险度(OR值为22.46)是不伴糖尿病的MS患者的5.6倍(OR值为3.98).结论 AICD患者MS及CA患病率高,MS是CA的独立危险因素,并和其各单一组分危险因素及糖尿病相互作用促进CA的发生.     

The mechanism of ischemic stroke in patients with dolichoectatic basilar artery

Basilar artery dolichoectesia (BD) may cause brainstem ischemia by multiple mechanisms, including thrombosis, embolism, occlusion of deep penetrating arteries. The objective of this study was to determine and characterize clinical, imaging findings and hemodynamic mechanisms in patients with cerebrovascular event associated with BD and compare these data with those for patients with BD who did not have stroke. We studied 29 consecutive stroke, two transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients with BD who have been admitted to our stroke unit. We sought the diameter of ectasia, height of the bifurcation, lateral displacement, shape deformities, and blood flow velocity of the basilar artery (BA) by transcranial Doppler. Imaging and hemodynamic findings were compared with those found in a group of 18 patients without stroke or TIA. The main infarct localization was pons, eight (28%) with restricted single lesion, 10 (32%) with multiple lesions involving thalamus, midbrain, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territory. Patients with BD were more probably to have had stroke fitting a clinical and imaging patterns of multiple infarcts than those with restricted infarct in territories supplied by branches of the BA (60% vs. 40%). Hypertension and atherosclerotic changes of the posterior circulation were more frequent in patients with stroke than those without (P = 0.004 and P = 0.028, respectively), whilst the incidence of other vascular risk factors were not significantly different in two groups. Patients with stroke/TIA had more often low blood flow velocity but not significant in the BA when compared with those for BD patients without cerebrovascular event (71% vs. 39%; P = 0.1). Reduced blood flow velocity in the BA was correlated significantly with distal lesions involving thalamus, midbrain and PCA territory rather than those located in the territory supplied by branches of the BA (P = 0.02). In conclusion, it seems probably that BD may cause vertebrobasilar system ischemia by multiple mechanisms, especially reduced blood flow in the BA and atheromatous changes in the vertebrobasilar system may precipitate thromboembolic stroke.     

短暂性脑缺血发作病人脑循环中微栓子信号与脑卒中的危险性研究

目的 对短暂性脑缺血发作（TIAs)病人观察脑循环微栓子信号（MES）发生率及其发生脑卒中的危险率。方法 用经颅多普勒（TCD）监测TIAs病人双侧大脑中动脉（MCA）微栓子信号（MES）,并跟踪观察12个月。结果 25例短暂脑缺血发作病人有5例记录到MES（阳性率20％）,跟踪观察12个月,5例MES阳性病例中的3例（60％）发生脑梗死;而20例未记录到MES的病人中,仅有2例（10％）发展为脑梗死。结论 可检测到MES的TIAs病人发生梗死的危险性比无MES病人高。     

缺血性脑血管疾病患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平与颈动脉粥样硬化

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管疾病(ICVD)患者血浆纤维蛋白原(Fg)水平与颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)的关系及各危险因素对CAS发生发展的作用.方法 选择ICVD患者840例,包括脑梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和椎-基底动脉供血不足(VBI).应用彩色多普勒超声检查患者颈总动脉、颈内动脉颅外段及分叉处内-中膜厚度(IMT).评定标准:IMT≤0.9 mm为正常,0.9 mm1.5 mm为斑块形成,管腔狭窄≥30%为狭窄.同时检测血浆Fg及其他生化指标,记录高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟、饮酒等疾病史,测量血压,运用逻辑回归分析相关危险因素对CAS的作用大小.结果 脑梗死组血浆Fg水平最高[(3.91 ±1.05)g/L],与TIA组[(3.45±0.81)g/L]间差异有统计学意义(X2=62.812,P<0.01),其CAS发生率(77.0%)也最高,与TIA组(61.8%)间差异有统计学意义(X2=9.000,P<0.01).按Fg四分位数分等级(<3.16 g/L、3.16～3.72 g/L、3.73～4.39 g/L和>4.39 g/L),Ordinal逻辑回归分析显示随着Fg值的升高,发生CAS的危险度逐渐加大(4个等级内OR值分别为1.00、1.80、3.36和3.38).颈动脉正常组与不同CAS组间的年龄、Fg、收缩压、血糖、性别、糖尿病史及高血压病史差异均有统计学意义.多元逻辑回归分析显示仅年龄、收缩压和Fg对CAS的影响有统计学意义,其中Fg对CAS的作用最强.结论 Fg升高与ICVD患者CAS的形成及发展密切相关,其作用可能强于其他传统危险因素.     

Integrative physiological assessment of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in acute ischemic stroke

Restoring perfusion to ischemic tissue is the primary goal of acute ischemic stroke care, yet only a small portion of patients receive reperfusion treatment. Since blood pressure (BP) is an important determinant of cerebral perfusion, effective BP management could facilitate reperfusion. But how BP should be managed in very early phase of ischemic stroke remains a contentious issue, due to the lack of clear evidence. Given the complex relationship between BP and cerebral blood flow (CBF)—termed cerebral autoregulation (CA)—bedside monitoring of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation could help guide BP management, thereby improve stroke patient outcome. The aim of INFOMATAS is to ‘identify novel therapeutic targets for treatment and management in acute ischemic stroke’. In this review, we identify novel physiological parameters which could be used to guide BP management in acute stroke, and explore methodologies for monitoring them at the bedside. We outline the challenges in translating these potential prognostic markers into clinical use.     

缺血性脑血管病颅内脑动脉狭窄的TCD、MRA对比检测

目的评价TCD、MRA诊断缺血性脑血管病患者颅内脑动脉狭窄的临床应用价值。方法203例颞窗良好的缺血性脑血管病患者行经颅多普勒(TCD)检测发现颅内脑动脉狭窄,全部病例3d内再行磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查,5例行数字减影血管造影(DSA)。结果TCD检测发现狭窄大脑中动脉236支,MRA检查发现狭窄大脑中动脉225支．TCD与MRA诊断相符大脑中动脉数为219支。结论TCD和MRA是诊断颅内脑动脉狭窄准确性较好的无创性检查方法,两者联合应用评价颅内脑动脉狭窄精确性更高。