不同时期氯沙坦短暂治疗对自发性高血压大鼠心脏AT1受体、AT2受体表达的影响

目的 观察不同时期氯沙坦短暂治疗对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的血压变化及心脏AT1受体、AT2受体表达的影响,探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体(AT1R)、血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体(AT2R)在高血压发病机制中的作用,为早预防、早治疗高血压开辟新的途径.方法 选用4周龄SHR及京都Wistar大鼠(WKY),分成4组:氯沙坦4周...     

Expression and localization of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin II receptors and α1A and α1D adrenergic receptors in aorta of hypertensive and diabetic rats

Hypertension and diabetes are multifactorial diseases that frequently coexist and exacerbate each another. During the development of diabetes, the impairment of noradrenergic and renin-angiotensin systems has been reported in the response mediated by α₁-AR and AT₁ receptors. Although their participation in the development of cardiovascular complications is still controversial, some studies have found increased or diminished response to the vasoconstrictive effect of noradrenaline or angiotensin II in a time-dependent manner of diabetes. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the possible changes in the expression or localization of α₁-AR (α_1A and α_1D) and angiotensin II receptors (AT₁ and AT₂) in aorta of rats after 4 weeks of the onset of diabetes. In order to be able to examine the expression of these receptors, immunofluorescence procedure was performed in tunica intima and tunica media of histological sections of aorta. Fluorescence was detected by a confocal microscopy. Our results showed that the receptors are expressed in both tunics, where adrenergic receptors have a higher density in tunica intima and tunica media of SHR compared with WKY; meanwhile, the expression of angiotensin II receptors is not modified in both groups of rats. On the other hand, the results showed that diabetes produced an increase or a decrease in the expression of receptors that is not associated to a specific type of receptor, vascular region, or strain of rat. In conclusion, diabetes and hypertension modify the expression of the receptors in tunica intima and tunica media of aorta in a different way.     

Central overexpression of angiotensin AT(1A) receptors prevents dopamine D(2) receptor regulation of alcohol consumption in mice

BACKGROUND: While angiotensin receptors are found on the soma and terminals of dopaminergic neurons, controversy surrounds the potential role of angiotensin in alcohol consumption. METHODS: Using a transgenic mouse with a brain-specific overexpression of angiotensin AT(1A) receptors (NSE-AT(1A) mice), we have examined the role of angiotensin in alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced regulation of the dopaminergic system. RESULTS: The functional relevance of the overexpressed AT(1A) receptors was confirmed by an exaggerated rehydration response following 24-hour dehydration. NSE-AT(1A) mice showed a high preference for alcohol (similar to wild-type mice); yet, raclopride treatment had no effect on alcohol consumption in NSE-AT(1A) mice, while significantly reducing consumption in wild-type mice. In contrast, NSE-AT(1A) mice showed enhanced sensitivity to raclopride compared with wild types in terms of D(2) receptor up-regulation within the ventral mesencephalon. In addition, striatal D(2) receptors in NSE-AT(1A) mice were sensitive to up-regulation by chronic alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these data imply that while expression of angiotensin AT(1A) receptors on striatal neurons has no impact upon basal alcohol consumption or preference, AT(1A) receptors do modulate the sensitivity of dopamine D(2) receptors to regulation by alcohol and the ability of a D(2) receptor antagonist to reduce consumption.     

Modulation of haemodynamics,endogeneous antioxidant enzymes,and pathophysiological changes by selective inhibition of angiotensin II type 1 receptors in pressure-overload rats

Background

Constriction of the thoracic or abdominal aorta provides an experimental model of pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. Blockade of AT₁ receptors is beneficial in preventing target-organ damage in hypertension.

Objective

To examine the effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists on blood pressure, endogenous antioxidant enzyme and histopathological changes in pressure-overload rats.

Methods

Pressure overload was produced by abdominal aortic banding (AAB) using a blunt 22-guage needle in male rats as a model of cardiac hypertrophy. After surgery, the AAB-induced hypertension (AABIH) rats were treated with losartan 40 mg/kg/day, candesartan 10 mg/kg/day, irbesartan 10 mg/kg/day per os for 16 weeks. At 16 weeks of surgery, the rats were observed for general characteristics and mortality, and we determined non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), endogenous antioxidant enzyme catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and histology of the target organs.

Results

In the AABIH group, significant increase in systolic blood pressure was observed from weeks 3 to 16 compared with the control group, along with reduced serum catalase and SOD activities. The treated groups showed significant reduction in systolic BP and increase in serum SOD and catalase activities. The histological changes induced in the target organs, namely heart, liver, kidneys and thoracic aorta in the AABIH rats were attenuated in the treated rats.

Conclusion

Blockade of the AT₁ receptor caused an improvement in the myocardial antioxidant reserve and decreased oxidative stress in the hypertensive rats, which was evidenced by the protection observed in the treatment groups.     

Age-dependent differential crosstalk between alpha()-adrenergic and angiotensin receptors

BACKGROUND

Previous reports of crosstalk between alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors (α₁-AR) and angiotensin receptors (ATR) have pointed to the existence of physiological regulation between the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system at the receptor level. This regulation may have an important role in the control of blood pressure and may be modified in different cardiovascular pathologies. Aging is considered to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Nevertheless, neither the variation in physiological action or interaction of signal transduction between these two receptors as a result of aging has been established. To clarify these aspects, the interaction between α₁-AR and ATR was evaluated.

METHODS

The inotropic response of α₁-AR to agonists was assessed in the presence and absence of angiotensin II using the left atria of 3.5-, 12-, 18- and 24-month-old (young adult, middle aged, elderly and aged, respectively) male Wistar rats. In the four age groups of rat hearts, the activities of tyrosine kinase were measured when just the AT₁R subtype was activated, or when both α₁-AR and AT₁R were activated. The activities of cytosolic phospholipase A₂ and the levels of cyclic GMP were investigated when just the AT₂R subtype was activated, or when both α₁-AR and AT₂R were activated.

RESULTS

No effect was found on the cumulative concentration-response curve for phenylephrine when AT₁R was activated in 3.5- or 12-month-old rats. However, in 18- and 24-month-old rats, the maximum positive inotropic response and the negative logarithm of the effective 50% concentration increased markedly. No effect was found on the cumulative concentration-response curve induced by phenylephrine when AT₂R was activated. The activities of tyrosine kinase increased significantly in 3.5- and 12-month-old rats, but there was no difference in 18- and 24-month-old rats when α₁-AR and AT₁R were both activated compared with when just AT₁R was activated. Cytosolic phospholipase A₂ activity and cyclic GMP levels decreased significantly when both α₁-AR and AT₂R were activated compared with when just AT₂R was activated.

CONCLUSIONS

In the isolated left atria of elderly and aged rats, the activation of AT₁R enhanced the positive inotropic response induced by the activation of α₁-AR. The activation of AT₂R had no effect on the positive inotropic response induced by the activation of α₁-AR. The action of α₁-AR increased the signal transduction of AT₁R in young-adult and middle-aged rat hearts but had no effect in elderly and aged hearts. The action of α₁-AR had no effect on AT₂R signal transduction.     

不同类型高血压患者血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型自身抗体水平的研究

目的探讨抗血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1型(AT1R)第二细胞外环多肽的自身抗体与临床上不同类型高血压的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测170例健康志愿者和五组不同类型高血压患者的血浆中抗AT1R自身抗体。结果对照组、轻度原发性高血压组、顽固性高血压组、肾病不伴高血压组、肾实质高血压组和肾移植后高血压组中检测出抗AT1R的自身抗体分别为15%,16.7%,40%,20%,30%,50%。顽固性高血压组与对照组、轻度原发性高血压组比较、肾移植后高血压组与肾病不伴高血压组比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论抗AT1R第二细胞外环的自身抗体可能参与了不同类型的高血压恶性阶段的发生和发展。     

血管紧张素-(1-7)对二肾一夹高血压大鼠血压及血管活性物质的影响

目的观察急性血管紧张素-(1-7)[Ang-(1-7)]干预后二肾一夹(2KlC)高血压大鼠血压的变化过程,以及Ang-(1-7)对血压相关血管活性物质的影响。方法建立2KlC高血压大鼠模型后2周,经颈内静脉予Ang-(1-7)短期干预,同时多导电生理仪记录有创颈动脉压演变。放免法测定血浆AngⅡ,酶法测定血清一氧化氮(NO)、氧自由基(O2-)浓度及血清总一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,酶免疫法测定血浆前列腺素E2(PGE2)。结果Ang-(1-7)可造成2KlC大鼠血压降低。与降低血压状态相伴随,血清NO及血浆PGE2浓度显著升高(P<0.01),血清O2-浓度显著降低(P<0.01),血浆AngⅡ水平及血清NOS、SOD活力未受Ang-(1-7)影响。结论在高肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)活性状态下,Ang-(1-7)降压机制与循环NO、PGE2浓度升高及O2-浓度降低有关。     

血管紧张素1-7：肾素-血管紧张素系统新调节因子

血管紧张素（Ang）1-7是肾素-血管紧张素系统的新调节因子，它能够拮抗AngⅡ的扩血管和促增殖等效应，并对肾脏发挥复杂的调节作用。通过药物作用干预血管紧张素酶2-Ang-（1-7）-Mas轴的功能，将会为心血管疾病、肾脏、肝脏疾病和糖尿病的治疗提供新的可能。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体基因多态性与高血压左室重构的相关性研究

目的 :探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体 (AT1R)基因A116 6C多态性与原发性高血压 (EH)及其左室重构的关系。方法 :测定 10 4例EH患者和 15 4例健康对照者的血压 ,身高 ,体重 ,空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯浓度 ;测定EH患者的左室重量指数 (LVMI)并记录病程 ;多聚酶链式反应 限制性酶切法 (PCR RFLP)鉴定AT1R基因 116 6位点基因型。结果 :EH组AT1R基因AC/CC基因型频率高于对照组 (0 .2 0 2∶0 .0 97,P <0 .0 5 ) ,116 6C等位基因频率高于对照组 (0 .115∶0 .0 5 2 ,P <0 .0 1) ;用协方差分析排除病程、收缩压、总胆固醇等混杂因素的作用后发现 ,EH组中AC/CC基因型患者LVMI高于AA基因型者 (12 7.37∶115 .98,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :AT1R基因 116 6位点AC/CC基因型及C等位基因与EH及其左室重构有关。     

胰腺癌细胞系血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体蛋白表达的研究

目的：探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体（angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1）在胰腺癌细胞中的表达。方法：用免疫细胞化学染色检测胰腺癌细胞系SW1990、PaTu8988s和PANC－1中AT1蛋白的表达。结果：胰腺癌细胞系SW1990、PaTu8988s和PANC－1中均有AT1蛋白的表达，结论：AT1在胰腺癌细胞生长中可能发挥重要作用，应用AT1拮抗剂对防治胰腺癌似乎有一定意义。     

Improvement of endothelial dysfunction by angiotensin II blockade accompanied by induction of vascular hepatocyte growth factor system in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats

 Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a unique growth factor with many protective functions. Previously, we demonstrated that HGF stimulated growth of endothelial cells without replication of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and that angiotensin (Ang) II significantly decreased local HGF production in VSMC. Moreover, we also reported that high glucose significantly decreased local vascular HGF production. Therefore, we examined effects of Ang II blockade on vascular HGF expression and endothelial injury in diabetic hypertensive rats. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (quinapril) and an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist (GA-0113) or vehicle was administrated to diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-DM), in whom diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Endothelial function was evaluated by the vasodilator response to acetylcholine, and the expression of vascular HGF and its receptor, c-met, was examined by immunohistochemistry. Both quinapril and GA-0113 significantly improved the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (P < 0.01), while vehicle did not as compared to untreated normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). We next examined the effects of Ang II blockade on vascular HGF expression in SHR-DM. Importantly, the vascular HGF level was markedly decreased in SHR-DM as compared to WKY, while Ang II blockade by quinapril or GA-0113 significantly increased positive staining for HGF in SHR-DM. Similarly, staining of its specific receptor, c-met, was less in the blood vessels of SHR-DM as compared to WKY. In contrast, Ang II blockade also significantly increased c-met production in SHR-DM. The present data demonstrated the improvement of endothelial dysfunction by Ang II blockade in SHR-SM, accompanied by an increase in vascular HGF and c-met. Received: June 7, 2002 / Accepted: September 21, 2002 Acknowledgments We wish to thank Rie Kosai and Keiko Yamaguchi for their excellent technical assistance. This work was partially supported by grants from the Japan Health Sciences Foundation, a Grant-in-Aid from The Ministry of Public Health and Welfare, a Grant-in-Aid for the Development of Innovative Technology, a Grant-in-Aid from Japan Promotion of Science, and through Special Coordination Funds of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Japanese Government. Correspondence to N. Tomita     

Apelin secretion and expression of apelin receptors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes are differentially regulated by angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptors

Adipocytes play pivotal roles in regulating metabolism through secretion of a variety of adipokines, which in turn is regulated by other metabolic factors (e.g., insulin). Understanding the regulations of adipokine secretion is important because adipokines are implicated with metabolic disorders, such as, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Here, we investigated the regulatory roles of angiotensin II (AngII) on the secretion of apelin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and distinct signaling pathways mediated by AngII receptor type 1 (AT₁) and type 2 (AT₂) were revealed. It was found that activation of AT₁ receptors stimulates apelin secretion in Ca²⁺, protein kinase C, and MAPK kinase dependent ways while activation of AT₂ receptors inhibits apelin secretion through cAMP and cGMP dependent pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the expression of apelin receptor (APJ) is also similarly regulated by AT₁ and AT₂ receptors. Finally, a detailed AngII signaling map is proposed.     

Role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor during electrophysiological remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophic myocardium in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The objective was to investigate the role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor during electrophysiological remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophic myocardium in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). A total of 36, aged 10 weeks, male SHRs were divided into three groups: control, valsartan, and valsartan + PD123319 groups (n = 12 in each). The systolic blood pressure, left ventricular mass index, ventricular effective refractory period, and ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were also measured after 8 weeks. At the same time, I_Na, I_CaL, I_to, and membrane capacitance were measured in left ventricular myocytes by whole-cell patch-clamp. The VFT of valsartan was higher than that of control (valsartan vs. control: 17.4 ± 0.6 mA vs. 15.8 ± 0.5 mA, P < .05). The VFT of valsartan was higher than that of valsartan + PD123319 (valsartan vs. valsartan + PD123319: 17.4 ± 0.6 mA vs. 16.6 ± 0.9 mA, P < .05). The density of I_to of valsartan was higher than that of control (valsartan vs. control: 14.7 ± 0.42 pA/pF vs. 11.2 ± 0.15 pA/pF, P < .05). The density of I_to of valsartan was higher than that of valsartan + PD123319 (valsartan vs. valsartan + PD123319: 14.7 ± 0.42 pA/pF vs. 13.6 ± 0.30 pA/pF, P < .05). The density of I_CaL of valsartan was lower than that of control (valsartan vs. control: ?4.6 ± 0.2 pA/pF vs. ?6.9 ± 0.1 pA/pF, P < .05). The density of I_CaL of valsartan was lower than that of valsartan + PD123319 (valsartan vs. valsartan + PD123319: ?4.6 ± 0.2 pA/pF vs. ?5.4 ± 0.1 pA/pF, P < .05). These results demonstrated that the stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor improved electrophysiological remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophic myocardium in SHR.     

Effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker (candesartan) in daunorubicin-induced cardiomyopathic rats

BACKGROUND: Daunorubicin is an anthracycline anti-tumor agent; anthracycline chemotherapy in cancer can cause severe cardiomyopathy leading to a frequently fatal congestive heart failure; the first-line treatment is diuretics and digoxin. Recently, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of such toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of angiotensin II type-1 receptor antagonist (candesartan) in a rat model of daunorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Rats were treated with a cumulative dose of 9 mg/kg body weight daunorubicin (i.v.). 28 days later, after the development of cardiomyopathy, animals were randomly assigned to candesartan-treated (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or vehicle-treated groups; age-matched normal rats were used as the control group. Candesartan treatment was continued for 28 days. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters were measured, cardiac protein and mRNA were analyzed, and histopathological analyses of myocardial fibrosis, cell size and apoptosis were conducted. RESULTS: Following cardiomyopathy, left ventricular end diastolic pressure and left ventricular systolic dimension were significantly elevated; while % fractional shortening and Doppler E/A ratio were significantly reduced. Cardiomyopathic hearts showed significant increases in % fibrosis, % apoptosis, and myocyte diameter/body weight ratio; candesartan treatment reversed these changes. Fas-L protein overexpression in myopathic hearts was significantly suppressed by treatment with candesartan. Moreover, SERCA2 mRNA and protein expression were both down-regulated in myopathic hearts and restored to normal by candesartan treatment, significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that candesartan treatment significantly improved the left ventricular function and reversed the myocardial pathological changes investigated in this model of daunorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy; suggesting its potentials in limiting daunorubicin cardiotoxicity.     

Effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on neointimal formation after stent implantation

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart failure (CHF) increases substantially with age. The coexistence of COPD and CHF is common but often unrecognized in elderly patients. To avoid overlooking COPD in elderly patients with known CHF pulmonary function tests should be routinely obtained. Likewise, to avoid overlooking CHF in elderly patients with known COPD left ventricular (LV) function should be routinely assessed. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels are useful to differentiate COPD exacerbation from CHF decompensation in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Aging exacerbates skeletal muscle alterations that occur in patients with CHF and COPD. Skeletal muscle metabolic alterations and atrophy and the resulting deterioration of functional capacity progress rapidly in elderly patients with COPD and CHF. Physical conditioning reverses rapidly progressing skeletal muscle metabolic alterations and atrophy and promotes independence and life quality in the elderly. Physical conditioning is clearly an essential component of the management of elderly patients with COPD and CHF. The pharmacological management of patients with coexistent COPD and CHF should focus on not depriving these patients from long-term beta adrenergic blockade. Long-term beta adrenergic blockade has been repeatedly shown to improve survival in elderly patients with CHF due to LV systolic dysfunction and, contrary to conventional belief, is well tolerated by patients with COPD.     

Renal cortical cyclooxygenase 2 expression is differentially regulated by angiotensin II AT(1) and AT(2) receptors

Macula densa cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandins serve as important modulators of the renin-angiotensin system, and cross-talk exists between these two systems. Cortical COX-2 induction by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or AT(1) receptor blockers (ARBs) suggests that angiotensin II may inhibit cortical COX-2 by stimulating the AT(1) receptor pathway. In the present studies we determined that chronic infusion of either hypertensive or nonhypertensive concentrations of angiotensin II attenuated cortical COX-2. Angiotensin II infusion reversed cortical COX-2 elevation induced by ACE inhibitors. However, we found that angiotensin II infusion further stimulated cortical COX-2 elevation induced by ARBs, suggesting a potential role for an AT(2) receptor-mediated pathway when the AT(1) receptor was inhibited. Both WT and AT(2) receptor knockout mice were treated for 7 days with either ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Cortical COX-2 increased to similar levels in response to ACE inhibition in both knockout and WT mice. In WT mice ARBs increased cortical COX-2 more than ACE inhibitors, and this stimulation was attenuated by the AT(2) receptor antagonist PD123319. In the knockout mice ARBs led to significantly less cortical COX-2 elevation, which was not attenuated by PD123319. PCR confirmed AT(1a) and AT(2) receptor expression in the cultured macula densa cell line MMDD1. Angiotensin II inhibited MMDD1 COX-2, and CGP42112A, an AT(2) receptor agonist, stimulated MMDD1 COX-2. In summary, these results demonstrate that macula densa COX-2 expression is oppositely regulated by AT(1) and AT(2) receptors and suggest that AT(2) receptor-mediated cortical COX-2 elevation may mediate physiologic effects that modulate AT(1)-mediated responses.