The effect of oral appliance therapy on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of oral appliance (OA) therapy on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Eleven OSA patients who received OA therapy were prospectively investigated. Ambulatory blood pressure was measured for 20 h from 4:00 p.m. to 12:00 noon the next day using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor. The Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) was measured in the pretreatment and posttitration periods. The OA was titrated to reach a therapeutic jaw position over 2 to 8 months, and posttitration measurements were repeated. At posttitration, the RDI was significantly decreased from a mean (SD) of 24.7 (20.1) to 6.1 (4.5). Significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were found for the 20-h periods, and systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP, and MAP while asleep. The mean values were 79.5 (5.5) to 74.6 (6.0) for DBP and 95.9 (5.4) to 91.2 (5.9) for MAP, for over a 20-h period, and 118.4 (10.0) to 113.7 (9.1) for SBP, 71.6 (8.0) to 67.2 (7.9) for DBP, and 88.4 (8.0) to 83.9 (7.5) for MAP, while asleep. This study suggests that successful OSA treatment with an OA may also be beneficial to lower blood pressure in OSA patients, as previously suggested for nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. This study was conducted in the Division of Orthodontics, The University of British Columbia, Canada     

Condyle displacement in obstructive sleep apnea patients with oral appliance

目的 明确阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)患者戴入治疗有效的口腔矫治器后髁状突的位置变化.方法 选取21例使用口腔矫治器成功治疗的OSA患者参加研究,采用经颅咽方向投照双侧颞下颌关节的方法摄取闭口位、最大开口位及戴有效的口腔矫治器后双侧颞下颌关节的数字化X线片.测量髁状突的位置并作三个不同下颌位置的比较,对髁状突位置的变化及戴用口腔矫治器后的疗效变化作相关分析.结果 三个髁状突位置明显不同.患者戴入治疗有效的口腔矫治器后髁状突的最上点座标为X(-1.21±1.98)mm,Y(-0.68±1.08)mm.髁状突位置的变化与口腔矫治器疗效的变化无明显相关性,x值的相关系数为r=0.057,y值的相关系数为r=0.024.结论 戴入有效的口腔矫治器后髁状突的最上点为靠近于颞下颌关节的结节点.     

Association between sleep disorders and morning blood pressure in hypertensive patients

Sleep disorders are known to increase the risk of hypertension, yet few studies have investigated the relation between sleep disorders and morning blood pressure (BP). This study aimed to determine, whether the morning BP is associated with sleep quality and sleep-disordered breathing. A total of 144 hypertensive patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Each subject underwent anthropometric measurements, biochemical testing, 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, and polysomnography (PSG). Sleep quality and sleep-disordered breathing were determined by PSG parameters of sleep architecture and sleep respiratory. There were no significant differences between subjects with and without morning hypertension in the parameters of sleep architecture and sleep respiratory. In multiple regression analysis, morning BP was independently associated with night-time BP and morning BP surge, but not with the parameters of sleep architecture and sleep respiratory. Further analysis showed that both night-time BP and morning BP surge were independently associated with the sleep respiratory parameters. In conclusion, sleep-disordered breathing might indirectly affect the morning BP by elevated night-time BP, yet neither poor sleep quality nor sleep-disordered breathing was major determinants of elevated morning BP in hypertensive patients.     

高血压病合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的血压昼夜节律研究

研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对高血压病患血压昼夜节律的影响。方法１８４例研究对象根据诊所血压、２４小时动态血压和多导睡眠图监测结果分为正常对照组、高血压组、高血压病合并轻度或中重度睡眠呼吸暂停组。比较睡眠呼吸暂停指数、睡眠结构对血压昼夜节律的影响。     

Polysomnography‐derived sleep parameters as a determinant of nocturnal blood pressure profile in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea causes blood pressure (BP) surges during sleep, which may lead to increased sleep‐onset cardiovascular events. The authors recently developed an oxygen‐triggered nocturnal BP monitoring system that initiates BP measurements when oxygen desaturation (SpO₂) falls below a variable threshold. The association between nocturnal BP parameters obtained by nocturnal BP monitoring and simultaneously examined polysomnography‐derived sleep parameters in 116 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (mean age 57.9 years, 85.3% men) was studied. In multivariable analysis with independent factors of age, body mass index, sex, and polysomnography‐derived measures (apnea‐hypopnea index, apnea index, arousal index, lowest SpO₂, and SpO₂ < 90%), apnea‐hypopnea index (β = .26, P = .02) and lowest SpO₂ (β = −.34, P < .001) were independent determinants of hypoxia‐peak systolic BP (SBP), defined as the maximum SBP value measured by nocturnal BP monitoring. Similarly, apnea‐hypopnea index (β = .21, P = .04) and lowest SpO₂ (β = −.49, P < .001) were independent determinants of nocturnal SBP surge, defined as the difference between the hypoxia‐peak SBP and the average of the SBP values within 30 minutes before and after the hypoxia‐peak SBP, measured by the fixed‐interval function in the manner of conventional ambulatory BP monitoring. In conclusion, in polysomnography‐derived parameters, lowest SpO₂, defined as the minimum SpO₂ value during sleep, is the strongest independent determinant of hypoxia‐peak SBP and nocturnal SBP surge measured by nocturnal BP monitoring. Our findings suggest that the severity of the decrease in SpO₂ and the frequency of such decreases would be important indicators to identify high‐risk patients who are likely to develop cardiovascular events specifically during sleep.     

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的动态血压变化

目的：观察分析高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者的动态血压（ABP）变化。方法：选择2008～2010年我科住院诊治的高血压患者80例,对其进行多导睡眠仪及动态血压监测。据结果分为高血压病（EH）组（15例）,EH合并OSAS组（40例）,单纯OSAS组（25例）。结果：与EH组相比,OSAS组及EH合并OSAS组血压昼夜节律消失比例明显升高（40.2%比60.6%比80.4%,P〈0.05）,睡眠呼吸紊乱指数（AHI）[（4.0±0.4）比（13.3±4.6）比（18.0±8.0）]、血氧饱和度减少时间[（80.6±12.8）s比（116.1±9.8）s比（131.0±16.8）s]明显增加,最低血氧饱和度[（0.83±0.09）%比（0.74±0.08）%比（0.73±0.09）%]明显降低（P均〈0.05）,而OSAS组及EH合并OSAS组两组间这些指标无显著差异（P〉0.05）。EH合并OSAS组血压[收缩压（159.5±15.1）mmHg,舒张压（105±9.3）mmHg]显著高于EH组的血压[收缩压（147±10.3）mmHg,舒张压（91.8±5.4）mmHg],P〈0.05。结论：患睡眠呼吸暂停综合征后,血氧饱和度明显降低,血压昼夜节律消失增加。高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组的血压显著高于高血压组,说明睡眠呼吸紊乱可加重高血压。     

Nocturnal blood pressure surge in seconds is associated with arterial stiffness independently of conventional nocturnal blood pressure variability in suspected obstructive sleep apnea patients

Nocturnal blood pressure (BP) surge in seconds (sec-surge), which is characterized as acute transient BP elevation over several tens of seconds is induced by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and OSA-related sympathetic hyperactivity. The authors assessed the relationship between sec-surge and arterial stiffness in 34 nocturnal hypertensive patients with suspected OSA (mean age 63.9 ± 12.6 years, 32.4% female). During the night, they had beat-by-beat (BbB) BP and cuff-oscillometric BP measurements, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was assessed as an arterial stiffness index. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the upward duration (UD) of sec-surge was significantly associated with baPWV independently of nocturnal oscillometric systolic BP variability (β = .365, p = .046). This study suggests that the UD of sec-surge, which can only be measured using a BbB BP monitoring device, may be worth monitoring in addition to nocturnal BP level.     

老年高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍患者血压昼夜节律变化

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍对老年高血压患者血压昼夜变化的影响。方法人选老年高血压患者106例,根据多导睡眠仪监测分为单纯高血压组54例、高血压合并轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组(高血压加轻度OSAS组)25例和高血压合并中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组27例。行24小时动态血压监测．比较睡眠呼吸参数对血压昼夜节律的影响。结果老年高血压合并轻度和中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组昼夜血压曲线呈非杓型的分别占52．0％和74．1％。与单纯高血压组比较差异有统计学意义。结论应重视对老年非杓型血压患者睡眠障碍的监测。     

Effect of oral appliance therapy on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea

Oral appliance therapy is emerging as an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, its precise mechanisms of action are yet to be defined. We examined the effect of a mandibular advancement splint (MAS) on upper airway collapsibility during sleep in OSA. Ten patients with proven OSA had a custom-made MAS incrementally adjusted during an acclimatization period until the maximum comfortable limit of mandibular advancement was reached. Polysomnography with the splint was then performed. After a 1-week washout period, upper airway closing pressures during sleep (with and without MAS) were determined. Significant improvements with MAS therapy were seen in the apnea/hypopnea index (25.0 +/- 3.1 vs. 13.2 +/- 4.5/hour, p < 0.03) and upper airway closing pressure in Stage 2 sleep (-1.6 +/- 0.4 vs. -3.9 +/- 0.6 cm H2O, p < 0.01) and in slow wave sleep (-2.5 +/- 0.7 vs. -4.7 +/- 0.6 cm H2O, p < 0.02) compared with no therapy. These preliminary data indicate that MAS therapy is associated with improved upper airway collapsibility during sleep. The mediators of this effect remain to be determined.     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征对高血压病患者血压昼夜节律及心率变异性的影响

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSAS）对高血压病患者血压昼夜节律及心率变异性（HRV）的影响。方法入选62例高血压病患者,根据是否合并OSAS分为：单纯组（无合并OSAS）及合并组（合并OS-AS）,另选择同期30名健康人群作为对照组。比较三组患者呼吸紊乱指数（AHI）、夜间平均血氧水平、昼间及夜间血压水平、非杓型血压的比例、HRV频域指标（SDNN、PNN50）与时域指标（低频谱、高频谱）的差异。结果合并组与单纯组、对照患者比较夜间平均血氧水平、AHI、HRV频域指标（SDNN、PNN50）与时域指标（低频谱、高频谱）差异均有显著统计学意义（P均〈0.01）;合并组非杓型血压的比例显著高于其他两组,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 OSAS增加高血压病患者血压昼夜节律异常及心率变异性。     

Association of obstructive sleep apnea with arterial stiffness and nondipping blood pressure in patients with hypertension

Whether sex influences the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension is unknown. In this study, 95 hypertensive participants underwent carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity, 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, echocardiogram, and polysomnography after a 30‐day standardized treatment with hydrochlorothiazide plus enalapril or losartan. OSA was present in 52 patients. Compared with non‐OSA patients, pulse wave velocity values were higher in the OSA group (men: 11.1±2.2 vs 12.7±2.4 m/s, P=.04; women: 11.8±2.4 vs 13.2±2.2 m/s, P=.03). The proportion of diastolic dysfunction was significant in men and women with OSA. Compared with non‐OSA patients, nondipping systolic blood pressure in OSA was higher in men (14.3% vs 46.4%) and in women (41.4% vs 65.2%). OSA was independently associated with pulse wave velocity (β=1.050; P=.025) and nondipping systolic blood pressure (odds ratio, 3.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–8.55; P=.035) in the regression analysis. In conclusion, OSA is independently associated with arterial stiffness and nondipping blood pressure in patients with hypertension regardless of sex.     

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者昼夜血压的变化

目的研究轻中度高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者昼夜血压变化的特点。方法入选心功能(NHYA)Ⅰ级的轻中度高血压患者177例,经多导睡眠呼吸监测后,按睡眠呼吸暂停指数分为4组,单纯高血压组(A组)42例,高血压合并轻度OSAS组(B组)66例,高血压合并中度OSAS组(C组)25例和高血压合并重度OSAS组(D组)44例,进行24 h动态血压监测。结果 D组患者昼间和夜间血压水平明显高于A组(P<0.05,P<0.01),与A组比较,B、C和D组夜间舒张压显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。夜间低血氧水平与醒时、醒后舒张压、昼间、夜间收缩压和舒张压呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论轻中度高血压合并OSAS患者的夜间舒张压更高,合并重度OSAS的高血压患者全天血压水平均明显高于单纯高血压患者,血压升高幅度与夜间低氧血症程度呈负相关。     

经鼻持续气道内正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血压的影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)是一种睡眠呼吸障碍性疾病,高血压是其最常见的并发症和合并症之一,近年来研究显示,OSAS引起的高血压多为难治性.常规药物降压效果较差.而经鼻持续气道内正压通气可以取得良好的疗效,本文就OSAS与高血压关系及经鼻持续气道内正压通气对OSAS患者血压影响的研究进展作相应综述.     

高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血压水平及血压变异性分析

目的探讨高血压合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者血压水平和血压变异性特点。方法选择在我院高血压科诊治的126例高血压患者,经多导睡眠呼吸监测仪监测,分为4组:单纯高血压组34例,高血压合并轻度OSAHS组35例,高血压合并中度OSAHS组25例,高血压合并重度OSAHS组32例。对研究资料行单因素方差分析和多元线性回归分析,比较4组患者日间、夜间平均血压和血压变异,探讨夜间血压变异的影响因素。结果高血压合并重度OSAHS组日间、夜间平均血压(144.7/100.3±12.5/10.0 mm Hg,136.5/91.1±13.3/9.5mm Hg)较单纯高血压组(131.2/92.4±15.6/8.6 mm Hg,124.9/84.7±18.3/11.7 mm Hg)明显升高(P<0.05),而高血压合并轻、中度OSAHS组与单纯高血压组的日间血压、夜间血压比较差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。高血压合并重度OSAHS组患者日间血压变异性(13.0/10.5±3.0/2.0 mm Hg)较单纯高血压组(11.3/9.3±3.2/1.8mm Hg)明显增加(P<0.05),高血压合并重度OSAHS组夜间血压变异性(12.6/12.4±4.2/4.2 mm Hg)与单纯高血压组(12.1/9.9±2.8/2.3 mm Hg)、高血压合并轻度OSAHS组(11.3/10.0±2.8/3.0 mm Hg)、高血压合并中度OSAHS组(11.9/9.4±3.6/2.5 mm Hg)比较均显著增加(均为P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,夜间最低血氧饱和度是影响OSAHS患者夜间收缩压变异和舒张压变异的重要因素(B=-0.103,P<0.00;B=-0.086,P<0.003)。结论高血压患者如合并重度OSAHS,全天血压水平均明显增高,血压变异性明显增加,夜间缺氧是高血压合并OSAHS患者夜间血压变异性增加的重要原因。     

Higher effective oronasal versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea: Effect of mandibular stabilization

BACKGROUND:

In some individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), oronasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) leads to poorer OSA correction than nasal CPAP. The authors hypothesized that this results from posterior mandibular displacement caused by the oronasal mask.

OBJECTIVE:

To test this hypothesis using a mandibular advancement device (MAD) for mandibular stabilization.

METHODS:

Subjects whose OSA was not adequately corrected by oronasal CPAP at pressures for which nasal CPAP was effective were identified. These subjects underwent polysomnography (PSG) CPAP titration with each nasal and oronasal mask consecutively, with esophageal pressure and leak monitoring, to obtain the effective pressure (Peff) of CPAP for correcting obstructive events with each mask (maximum 20 cmH₂O). PSG titration was repeated using a MAD in the neutral position. Cephalometry was performed.

RESULTS:

Six subjects with mean (± SD) nasal Peff 10.4±3.0 cmH₂O were studied. Oronasal Peff was greater than nasal Peff in all subjects, with obstructive events persisting at 20 cmH₂O by oronasal mask in four cases. This was not due to excessive leak. With the MAD, oronasal Peff was reduced in three subjects, and Peff <20 cmH₂O could be obtained in two of the four subjects with Peff >20 cmH₂O by oronasal mask alone. Subjects’ cephalometric variables were similar to published norms.

CONCLUSION:

In subjects with OSA with higher oronasal than nasal Peff, this is partially explained by posterior mandibular displacement caused by the oronasal mask. Combination treatment with oronasal mask and MAD may be useful in some individuals if a nasal mask is not tolerated.     

Effect of vertical dimension on efficacy of oral appliance therapy in obstructive sleep apnea

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bite opening induced by a mandibular advancement splint (MAS) on efficacy and side effects in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. In a randomized crossover fashion, 23 adult patients received either MAS-1 (4 mm of interincisal opening) or MAS-2 (14 mm of interincisal opening) for 2 weeks, followed by the alternate treatment for 2 weeks, with an intervening 1-week washout. Complete response was defined as a resolution of symptoms and a reduction in apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) to less than 5 per hour. Partial response was defined as improved symptoms and a reduction in AHI of 50% or more, with the AHI remaining at a value of 5 or more per hour. Both MAS-1 and MAS-2 produced similar reductions in mean (+/- SEM) AHI from baseline: 21 +/- 2 versus 8 +/- 1/hour and 21 +/- 2 versus 10 +/- 2/hour, respectively (p < 0.001). Either complete response or partial response occurred in 74 and 61% of patients with MAS-1 and MAS-2, respectively. Subjective improvements were reported with both appliances by the majority of patients. Patients preferred MAS-1 (78 versus 22%, p = 0.007). This study suggests that the amount of bite opening induced by MAS does not have a significant impact on treatment efficacy but does have an impact on patient acceptance.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停对动态血压影响的研究

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA)夜间低氧血症对动态血压变化的影响。方法　选择阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)患者 60例和正常对照组 2 0例进行多导睡眠图检查和 2 4h血压监测。结果　轻度OSAS患者的动态血压及其昼夜节律的改变与正常对照组相比无显著性差异 ;中度OSAS患者的nMDP及血压昼夜节律与正常对照组相比已有显著性差异 ;而重度OSAS组的动态血压改变则更加明显 ,2 4hMDP、2 4hMAP、dMSP、dMDP、dMAP、nMSP、nMDP、nMAP均明显高于对照组 ,其中 2 4hMDP、dMDP、dMAP、nMSP、nMDP与轻、中度组比较有显著性差异 ,同时夜间血压下降节律紊乱 ,昼夜血压差值减小。OSAS患者 2 4hMDP、dMDP、nMSP、nMDP、nMAP与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数 (AHI)呈显著正相关 ,而 2 4hMSP、2 4hMAP、nMSP、nMAP、ΔSBP、ΔDBP与睡眠中经皮血氧饱和度(SpO2 )降低大于 0 0 4的总次数、SpO2 低于 0 90的时间均呈正相关 ,而与睡眠中SpO2 最低值、SpO2 平均值呈负相关。结论　OSAS患者各期血压的平均水平与AHI、呼吸暂停持续时间及SpO2 降低的程度显著相关 ,OSAS的病情越重 ,这种血压变化及昼夜节律改变越显著     

The multisystemic effects of oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: A narrative review

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition accompanied by repeated obstruction of the upper airway during sleep despite respiratory efforts, resulting in intermittent hypoxemia, altered sleep structure, and sympathetic activation. Previous studies have shown a significant association between OSA and general health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, neurocognitive function decline, and poor quality of life. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been considered as the first line treatment for OSA. However, accumulating evidence supports the role of oral appliance (OA) therapy, including mandibular advancement devices, as an alternative option for snoring and OSA patients who do not comply with or refuse CPAP usage. Despite a generally favorable outcome of OA therapy for OSA related respiratory indices, studies focusing on the impact of systemic effects of OA therapy in OSA patients are relatively scarce compared with the extensive literature focusing on the systemic effects of CPAP. Therefore, this article aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence regarding the multisystemic effects of OA therapy for OSA.     

老年高血压病并发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血压特点及与炎症因子的关系

目的研究并发中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）的老年高血压患者血压的变化情况及炎症因子的水平,从而揭示此类患者的疾病特点。方法将60例年龄大于60岁的研究对象根据诊所血压、24 h动态血压和多导睡眠图监测结果分为单纯高血压病组（n=30）和并发OSAS组（高血压病并发中重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,n=30）。用ELISA法测定白介素-6（IL-6）、sCD40L、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、可溶性细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）及血管细胞黏附分子1（VCAM-1）的浓度。结果①并发OSAS组中非杓型血压的发生率为67%,明显高于单纯高血压组的发生率37%（P<0.05）。②并发OSAS组24 h、白天、夜间平均脉压（mean arterial blood pressure,MAP）分别为（51±13）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,（50±13）mmHg和（51±17）mmHg均明显高于单纯高血压组（45±7）mmHg,（46±8）mmHg和（44±6）mmHg,并有统计学意义（P<0.05）。③并发OSAS组的IL-6、sCD40L、hs-CRP、ICAM-1、VCAM-1浓度明显高于单纯高血压组。④并发OSAS组的hs-CRP、ICAM-1、VCAM-1浓度变化与呼吸紊乱指数、睡眠血氧下降程度正相关（r=0.852,P<0.05）。hs-CRP与MAP呈正相关（P<0.01）,ICAM-1与夜间血压下降率呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论中重度睡眠呼吸暂停影响老年人血压昼夜节律的变化,同时对脉压产生明显影响,炎症反应也明显加重。