孕烷X受体及组成性雄甾烷受体的研究新进展

孕烷受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)和组成性雄甾烷受体(constitutive androstane receptor,CAR)是核受体(nuclear receptor,NR)亚家族的重要成员;为配体活化的转录因子,能调控大量的靶基因。本文主要对其基本结构、机制及参与转录活化的辅助因子作简要介绍,重点讲述了它们在调节药物代谢与转运、糖异生及生酮作用、脂质代谢以及炎症反应等方面的意义。通过对PXR及CAR的研究,可以有效预测和防止药物相互作用;为寻找疾病治疗新靶标提供方向。     

孕烷受体的研究进展

孕烷受体(PXR)是核受体亚家族的成员之一，PXR在机体适应外界环境、抵抗有毒物质侵袭中起重要作用，PXR能被多种处方药、中草药等亲脂性物质激活，调节下游靶基因的表达，PXR在药物代谢酶和转运体的调节中起重要作用，PXR在维持胆汁酸内环境的稳态、保护机体免受毒性胆汁酸的损害起关键作用。由于许多种处方药均可激活PXR，因此在多药联用时，可能产生药物相互作用。已建立测定PXR活性的方法，这对预测和防止药物相互作用有重要意义。     

PXR受体调控的CYP3A诱导及其在药物代谢中的重要意义

机体每日都要接触大量外源性化合物（xenobiotics），包括环境、饮食、药物中的各种成分，其中亲脂性化合物如果不能被及时代谢为极性化合物，就会在肝脏蓄积并影响机体正常生理功能，产生毒性甚至致癌。细胞色素P450（CYPS）属于血红素蛋白基因超家族，编码一系列代谢酶系统，参与各类不同结构亲脂性化合物的生物转化，增强代谢物水溶性，利于排出体外，     

中国健康汉族人孕烷X受体的基因多态性

目的研究中国健康汉族人孕烷X受体的基因突变情况,并与高加索人和非洲裔美国人突变频率进行比较。方法PCR扩增后直接测序。结果在中国汉族人未发现已报道的PXR*2,3,4突变,与非洲裔美国人的PXR*2,3的基因型频率比较有显著性差异;A11156C与T11193C突变基因频率分别为45.5%,41.5%,与高加索人和非洲裔美国人的基因频率比较有显著性差异。结论中国健康汉族人与高加索人、非洲裔美国人比较,突变基因频率均有明显种族差异。     

Vitamin E activates gene expression via the pregnane X receptor

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are metabolized by side chain degradation via initial omega-oxidation and subsequent beta-oxidation. omega-Oxidation is performed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes which are often regulated by their substrates themselves. Results presented here show that all forms of Vitamin E are able to activate gene expression via the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor regulating a variety of drug metabolizing enzymes. In HepG2 cells transfected with the human PXR and the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene linked to two PXR responsive elements, CAT activity was most strongly induced by alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol followed by rifampicin, delta-, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. The inductive efficacy was concentration-dependent; its specificity was underscored by a lower response when cotransfection with PXR was omitted. Up-regulation of endogenous CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA was obtained by gamma-tocotrienol, the most potent activator of PXR, with the same efficacy as with rifampicin. This points to a potential interference of individual forms of Vitamin E with the metabolism and efficacy of drugs.     

白藜芦醇通过拮抗hPXR对P-gp的影响

目的研究白藜芦醇通过拮抗hPXR对P-gp基因(MDR1)、蛋白表达及活性的影响。方法在LS174T细胞中,采用瞬时共转染报告基因实验研究白藜芦醇对PXR介导的MDR1的转录调节作用,并进一步应用Real-Time定量PCR和Western blot方法检测白藜芦醇作用24 h后对利福平诱导的P-gp基因和蛋白变化的影响,罗丹明转运实验考察P-gp活性的变化。结果双荧光素酶报告基因检测结果显示,25和50μmol.L-1白藜芦醇可通过拮抗PXR将利福平对MDR1的诱导作用由4.70倍分别降至1.76倍和0.69倍(P<0.01),在过表达hPXR的LS174T细胞中,50μmol.L-1白藜芦醇可以将利福平诱导的MDR1 mRNA水平由1.8倍降至1.3倍(P<0.05),Western blot结果表明白藜芦醇也可降低利福平诱导的P-gp表达。此外,罗丹明转运实验显示,25和50μmol.L-1白藜芦醇可以将利福平抑制的累积量由77.7%升至91.7%和95.1%(P<0.05),表明白藜芦醇可降低利福平诱导的P-gp活性。结论白藜芦醇可以通过拮抗PXR而影响P-gp的基因、蛋白表达及活性。     

孕烷X受体与肿瘤多药耐药

多药耐药（MDR）是肿瘤化疗失败的主要原因之一。MDR的产生主要由ATP结合盒（ABC）转运蛋白超家族的跨膜蛋白所引起,其中P-糖蛋白及其编码基因mdr1的过表达是MDR产生的最主要机制。研究MDR的产生机制,寻找诱发mdr1表达的诱因并阻断其表达,是克服肿瘤多药耐药性行之有效的方法。近来研究发现,孕烷X受体（PXR）可介导mdr1的表达,活化的PXR诱导MDR1的表达。因此,特异性地阻断PXR的活化可抑制mdr1的表达,从而克服多药耐药性。现已发现多种物质可作为PXR抑制剂或拮抗剂。本文即对核受体PXR与MDR、PXR抑制剂及拮抗剂的研究现状做一介绍,以期为克服肿瘤多药耐药提供参考。     

孕烷X受体对CYP3A基因表达的调控作用及其在药物代谢中的意义

细胞色素P450 3A(cytochrom e P4503As,CYP3As)在药物代谢过程中起重要作用,外源性化学物对肝脏CYP3A基因表达有明显的诱导作用。孕烷X受体(pregnane X recep-tor,PXR)是新发现的孤儿核受体(系统名:NR1 I2)。PXR与另一重要核受体RXR结合形成二聚体结合于CYP3A基因顺式反应元件,参与对CYP3A基因表达的调控作用。大量临床处方药物通过激活PXR而诱导CYP3A基因表达,构成了临床药物间相互作用的分子基础。     

药物过量时激活核受体孕烷X受体促进毒物消除的解毒机制

目的考察喹硫平(QTP)在正常剂量与中毒剂量下对大鼠脑与肝内孕烷X受体(PXR)、细胞色素P4503A4(CYP3A4)、P-糖蛋白(P-gp)的mRNA表达的影响,并考察QTP中毒情况下给予PXR激活剂(地塞米松)对大鼠上述指标的影响,探索药物过量时激活PXR信号通路促进毒物消除的分子机制。方法正常组大鼠腹腔注射正常剂量QTP 10 mg·kg^-1。模型组大鼠腹腔注射中毒剂量QTP 100 mg·kg^-1诱导QTP中毒模型。实验组大鼠连续4 d腹腔注射地塞米松(DEX)2.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1诱导PXR激活模型后,腹腔注射中毒剂量QTP 100 mg·kg^-1。按体重将SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组18只:空白组、正常组、模型组和实验组。空白组大鼠连续4 d腹腔注射大豆油,第4天腹腔注射甘油-水溶液;正常组大鼠连续4 d腹腔注射大豆油,第4天腹腔注射正常剂量喹硫平10 mg·kg^-1;模型组大鼠连续4 d腹腔注射大豆油,第4天腹腔中毒剂量注射喹硫平100 mg·kg^-1;实验组连续4 d腹腔注射地塞米松2.5 mg·kg^-1,第4天腹腔注射中毒剂量喹硫平100 mg·kg^-1。于第4天处置12,24,48 h后麻醉,采集大鼠的肝、海马及前额叶皮质。用实时定量荧光PCR技术测定各组大鼠肝、海马及前额叶皮质中PXR、CYP3A4、P-gp的mRNA表达。结果给药24h后,空白组、正常组、模型组和实验组大鼠肝PXR mRNA的表达分别为(15.8±0.8)×10^-3,(27.8±2.4)×,(33.3±1.4)×10^-3,(49.2±2.0)×10^-3,正常组与空白组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);模型组与正常组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组与10^-3模型组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这4组在肝CYP3A4及P-gp的结果与在肝PXR的结果一致。各组在海马及前额叶皮质的结果与在肝的结果一致。QTP可诱导大鼠脑与肝内PXR、CYP3A4和P-gp的mRNA表达并呈剂量依赖性;合用DEX可加速中毒剂量QTP对PXR、CYP3A4和P-gp的诱导作用。结论QTP可自我诱导PXR-CYP3A4/P-gp这一信号通路,当QTP过量时这种诱导效应更明显,合用PXR激动剂可加速该诱导过程。药物过量时。激活PXR信号通路可快速有效激活解毒系统,从而可能达到快速解毒以及保护器官的目的。     

Indirect activation of pregnane X receptor in the induction of hepatic CYP3A11 by high-dose rifampicin in mice

Rifampicin (RIF), a typical ligand of human pregnane X receptor (PXR), powerfully induces the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in humans. Although it is thought that RIF is not a ligand of rodent PXR, treatment with high-dose RIF (e.g. more than 20?mg/kg) increases the expression of CYP3A in the mouse liver. In this study, we investigated whether the induction of CYP3A by high-dose RIF in the mouse liver is mediated via indirect activation of mouse PXR (mPXR). The results showed that high-dose RIF increased the expression of CYP3A11 and other PXR-target genes in the liver of wild-type mice but not PXR-knockout mice. However, the results of reporter gene and ligand-dependent assembly assays showed that RIF does not activate mPXR in a ligand-dependent manner. In addition, high-dose RIF stimulated nuclear accumulation of mPXR in the mouse liver, and geldanamycin and okadaic acid attenuated the induction of Cyp3a11 and other PXR-target genes in primary hepatocytes, suggesting that high-dose RIF triggers nuclear translocation of mPXR. In conclusion, the present study suggests that high-dose RIF stimulates nuclear translocation of mPXR in the liver of mice by indirect activation, resulting in the transactivation of Cyp3a11 and other PXR-target genes.     

孕烷X受体(PXR)对药物代谢途径的调控

目的 从孕烷X受体（PXR）对药物代谢途径的调控入手,在代谢性药物相互作用、PXR在CYP3A4调控中的作用及其调控机制等方面作分析和阐述。方法 结合近年来国内外相关文献进行评述。结果 PXR是CYP3A4的主要转录调控因子,药物通过PXR介导的信号通路调节CYP3A4的表达是影响药物体内代谢变化的重要途径。结论 就临床药物而言,由PXR介导的CYP3A4酶蛋白表达的改变可造成合用药物药效的减弱甚至丧失,因此必须引起广大临床药师的足够重视。     

Accessing the molecular interactions of phthalates and their primary metabolites with the human pregnane X receptor using in silico profiling

Phthalates are known to cause endocrine disruption in humans and animals. Being lipophilic xenobiotic chemicals, phthalates from the surrounding environments can easily be absorbed into the biological system, thereby causing various health dysfunctions. This molecular docking study evaluates a variety of molecular interactions of 12 commonly used diphthalates and respective monophthalates onto the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR), a xenosensor, which would be beneficial for further in vitro and in vivo studies on hazardous phthalates. Out of 12 diphthalates and their monophthalates tested, diisodecyl phthalate (–9.16 kcal mol^–1) showed more affinity toward hPXR whereas diisononyl phthalate (–8.77) and di(2‐ethyhexyl)phthalate (–8.56), the predominant plasticizers found in a variety of plastics and allied products, showed comparable binding scores with that of the control ligands such as hyperforine (–9.99) and dexamethasone (–7.36). In addition to the above diphthalates, some of their monophthalates (monoisodecyl phthalate, mono‐2‐etheylhexyl phthalate, etc.) also established similar interactions with certain crucial amino acids in the LBD, which led to higher G scores. In fact, bisphenol A, a well‐studied and proven endocrine disruptor, showed lesser G scores (–6.69) than certain phthalates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国汉族人孕烷X受体基因NR1I2的单核苷酸多态性

目的了解中国健康汉族人孕烷X受体基因NR1I2的单核苷酸多态性分布以明确种族差异。方法用PCR扩增后直接测序的方法,检测NR1I2基因2和4外显子及1,2,4和5内含子的单核苷酸突变。结果中国健康汉族人NR1I2基因2和4外显子均未发现已报道的单核苷酸突变,外显子1和内含子1,2,4和5检测到单核苷酸突变9种,分别为-24446C>A,-24381A>C,-24113G>A,252A>G,275A>G,4760G>A,7635G>A,7637C>T和7675C>T,等位基因频率分别为2.4%,20.8%,20.8%,33.3%,31.0%,68.5%,31.7%,1.6%和10.6%,其中7637C>T未见在任何文献和单核苷酸多态性数据库中报道,为新发现突变。结论中国健康汉族人NR1I2内含子1,2,4和5位置检测到9种单核苷酸突变,且突变频率较高,与白人和美国黑人比较,单核苷酸突变的发生位点和发生频率存在显著性差异。     

孕甾烷x受体在药物代谢中的作用及研究进展

孕甾烷X受体（Pregnane X receptor,PXR）为核受体超家族中NRII亚家族成员,于肝脏和肠道中广泛表达。该受体作为药物代谢的关键调控因子广泛参与药物的吸收、分布、代谢及排泄过程。本文从药物代谢角度分别对PXR参与调节的Ⅰ、Ⅱ相代谢酶及转运体进行介绍,为临床药物相互作用及针对PXR为靶点的药物研发提供参考。     

孕烷X受体在肾脏疾病中的研究进展

核受体是一类在机体内广泛分布的转录因子,在人体生理、病理过程中发挥重要作用。孕烷X受体（pregnane X receptor,PXR）为核受体家族成员之一,参与机体物质代谢,尤其在药物代谢中起关键作用。肾脏是药物代谢的主要器官之一,PXR参与肾脏药物代谢、转运等多种调节并参与多种肾脏疾病的病理生理过程。近年来多项研究关注PXR及其调控作用对肾脏及肾脏疾病的影响。本文将从PXR在肾脏与药物代谢和转运相关酶的相互作用以及PXR在肾脏疾病中的作用等方面进行综述。     

Attenuating pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation: A molecular modelling approach

Recent studies have demonstrated that the pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of cytochromes P450 3A (e.g. CYP3A4 in human) gene expression. As a result, activation of PXR may lead to CYP3A4 protein over-expression. Because induction of CYP3A4 could result in clinically important drug–drug interactions, there has been a great interest in reducing the possibility of PXR activation by drug candidates in drug-discovery programmes. In order to provide structural insight for attenuating drug candidate-mediated PXR activation, we used a docking approach to study the structure–activity relationship for PXR activators. Based on our docking models, it is proposed that introducing polar groups to the end of an activator should reduce its human PXR (hPXR) activity via destabilizing interactions in the hydrophobic areas of the PXR ligand-binding pocket. A number of analogues that incorporate these structural features then were designed and synthesized, and they exhibited significantly lower hPXR activation in a transactivation assay and decreased CYP3A4 induction in a human hepatocytes-based assay. In addition, an example in which attenuating hPXR activation was achieved by sterically destabilizing the helices 11 and 12 of the receptor is presented.     

孕烷X受体和CYP3A相关性的研究进展

CYP3A是生物体内化学物代谢的关键酶 ,孕烷X受体 (PXR)是CYP3A基因表达的转录活化因子。PXR分子结构的不同导致CYP3A的种属差异。化学物通过PXR调节CYP3A的表达可能是影响化学物体内代谢的一条重要途径。研究PXR和CYP3A的相互作用对于新药设计、指导临床合理用药、预测药物相互作用、减少药物不良反应都具有重要意义。     

Comparison of the hepatic and thyroid gland effects of sodium phenobarbital and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile in wild-type and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)/pregnane X receptor (PXR) knockout rats

1. The hepatic and thyroid gland effects of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activator sodium phenobarbital (NaPB) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) activator pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) were examined in male Sprague-Dawley wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) rats lacking both hepatic CAR and PXR receptors (CAR KO/PXR KO rats).

2. The treatment of WT rats for 7?d with 500?ppm NaPB in the diet and 100?mg/kg/d PCN by gavage resulted in increased relative liver weight, hepatocyte hypertrophy, increased hepatocyte replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) and induction of cytochrome P450 CYP2B and CYP3A subfamily enzymes. NaPB and PCN also induced thyroid gland follicular cell RDS and hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards thyroxine as substrate. These effects were not observed in the liver and thyroid gland of CAR KO/PXR KO rats.

3. Male C57BL/6?J (WT) and CAR KO/PXR KO mice were given 1000?ppm NaPB in the diet for 7?d. In WT, but not in CAR KO/PXR KO, mice NaPB treatment resulted in liver hypertrophy and induction of hepatocyte RDS and Cyp2b enzymes.

4. These results suggest that the CAR KO/PXR KO rat and mouse models are useful experimental models for mode of action studies with rodent CAR activators.