Neonatal hip instability: a prospective comparison of clinical examination and anterior dynamic ultrasound

Background: Ultrasound is increasingly being used to complement the clinical examination in assessing neonatal hip instability. The clinical examination, although highly sensitive in detecting hip instability, can lead to considerable overtreatment.

Purpose: To compare anterior dynamic ultrasound and clinical examination in the assessment of neonatal hip instability and regarding treatment rates.

Material and Methods: 536 newborn infants (out of a population of 18,031) were selected, on the basis of a combination of risk factors, clinical signs of hip instability or ambiguous clinical findings, to undergo an anterior dynamic ultrasound examination of the hip, by a method developed by our group. This examination, performed by one out of seven experienced examiners, was compared with the standard clinical hip examination conducted by one of four pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The clinical examination was carried out both prior to and within a few hours after the ultrasound examination.

Results: The clinical examination diagnosed 81.7% of the hips as normal, 14.5% as unstable, and 3.8% as dislocatable or dislocated. With the dynamic ultrasound method, the corresponding figures were 87.8%, 10.4%, and 1.8%, respectively. Use of the criteria of the clinical examination resulted in treatment of 147 infants. Using the dynamic ultrasound examination as a criterion meant that 87 infants would receive treatment. The calculated treatment rate was 0.85% when based on the clinical stress test and 0.49% when based on the dynamic ultrasound.

Conclusion: The dynamic ultrasound results reduced the treatment rate by over 40% when used as a basis for the decision regarding treatment.     

Ultrasound versus magnetic resonance arthrography in acetabular labral tear diagnostics: a prospective comparison in 20 dysplastic hips

Background: Acetabular labral tears are highly associated with hip dysplasia. Magnetic resonance arthrography (MR arthrography) is the expensive and time-consuming contemporary gold-standard method in the radiological assessment of acetabular labral tears.

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic ability of noninvasive ultrasound (US) examination compared to MR arthrography in diagnosing acetabular labral tears in dysplastic hip joints.

Material and Methods: The study compared US examination and MR arthrography diagnosis of labral tears in 20 consecutively referred dysplastic hip joints.

Results: The ability to diagnose acetabular labral tears upon US examination was calculated: sensitivity 44%, specificity 75%, positive predictive value 88%, and negative predictive value 25%.

Conclusion: The ability of US examination in diagnosing acetabular labral tears is not yet good enough. The technique is still to be developed, and more experience, especially with the interpretation of US examinations, is needed.     

Anterior axial ultrasound in monitoring infants with Pavlik harness

Real-time ultrasonography has been used for diagnosis and screening of developmental dysplasia of the hip for several years. If diagnostic criteria are well established, the use of sonography in follow-up of treated infants remains extremely variable. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the normal sonographic anatomy of the infant abducted hip on an anterior axial view, and (b) to define the role of this approach in the follow-up of developmental dysplasia treated by Pavlik harness. Thirty-eight patients with Pavlik harness had anterior axial sonograms in addition to their usual clinical and sonographic follow-up. Normal anatomy was inferred from the examination of 25 clinically proven normal hips in the same population. The best criterion of a normal positioning of the femoral head appears to be the alignment of the pubic bone and the femoral metaphysis. Pavlik harness was the only treatment in 32 patients. It was directly efficient in 22, after readjustment in 10 patients. Reduction was shown by anterior sonography in all of them. In 6 children, sonography showed no reduction and subsequent treatment by closed or open reduction was carried out. Anterior axial sonogram can show reduction of a dislocated hip in children with Pavlik harness, but it does not evaluate its stability. It helps optimize the settings of the harness, and may predict a poor outcome, but it does not identify the cause of non-reducibility.     

人工全髋关节不稳定的影响因素及防治

目的 探讨人工髋关节不稳定的影响因素，以期防止人工全髋关节置换术后髋关节脱位。方法 1995—2005年收治人工关节置换术后脱位患者19例，其中男8例，女11例；年龄54—78岁，平均62．1岁。原发病包括股骨颈骨折4例，病理性股骨颈骨折1例，先天性髋关节脱位5例，骨性关节炎4例，股骨头无菌性坏死2例，人工关节翻修术后3例。8例患者采用闭合复位石膏固定3—6周，1例在闭合复位时死亡，10例在闭合复位失败后或有明确脱位原因的患者，采用手术切开复位。结果 8例患者采用闭合复位、石膏固定3—6周后获得成功。2例患者经闭合复位后再次失败，采用手术切开复位获得成功。8例闭合复位不成功直接手术切开复位获得成功。术后随诊2年，未再出现脱位现象。术后髋关节Harris评分平均82分（72—96分）。结论 人工全髋关节脱位由多种因素造成，强调以预防为主，全面分析和研究患者的具体情况，制定相应的方案，使关节周围组织张力、关节位置和头臼间的匹配关系达到最佳，并选用合适的假体，才能彻底避免髋关节不稳定的发生。     

Potential of three-dimensional ultrasound in neonatal and paediatric neurosonography

The aim of this study was to describe the potential of three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) in paediatric and neonatal neurosonography. The potential applications are illustrated based on our experience in 150 patients using three different 3D US techniques at two different sites. Various disease entities throughout the paediatric age have been evaluated. The potential of 3D US, including 3D US of the cerebral vessels based on colour Doppler data, is discussed based on comparison with conventional 2D US or other imaging (as available), and with regard to the literature. In our experience, 3D US is feasible in neonatal and paediatric neurosonography. It reduces imaging time, improves demonstration of complex anatomy and vasculature, and allows for evaluation of anatomy/pathology in any plane. The 3D US furthermore improves volume assessment (e.g. in hydrocephalus), and comparison with CT, MRI and during follow-up, with a potentially improved standardisation and documentation. The 3D US additionally offers an ideal modality for training and education, as the brain and the neonatal spine can be virtually rescanned at the workstation. Yet, limitations such as areas inaccessible to 2D US, limited resolution and motion artefacts have to be acknowledged. Three-dimensional US has the potential to become a valuable additional imaging tool in paediatric neurosonography.     

Fractal-feature distance as a substitute for observer performance index in contrast-detail examination

PURPOSE: To assess whether or not the fractal-feature distance using the box-counting algorithm can be a substitute for observer performance index. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Contrast-detail (C-D) phantom images were obtained at various mAs-values (0.5-4.0mAs) and 140kV(p) with a Fuji computed radiography system, and the reference image was acquired at 50mAs; all cylindrical targets in the C-D phantom were visualized on this image. The C-D images were converted to binary images using the profile curves around the smallest cylindrical target images on the reference images. The fractal analysis was conducted using the box-counting algorithm for these binary images. The fractal-feature distances between the low-dose and reference images were calculated using the fractal dimension and the complexity. Furthermore, we performed the C-D analysis in which ten radiologists participated, and compared the fractal-feature distances with the image quality figures (IQF) derived from the C-D analysis with Markov chain. RESULTS: For all C-D phantom radiographs, the relationship between the length of the square boxes and the number of boxes to cover the positive pixels of the binary image was linear on a log-log scale (r>/=0.999). A strong linear correlation was found between the fractal-feature distance and IQF (r=0.990). CONCLUSION: We have shown that the binary image of C-D phantom can be analyzed by the box-counting algorithm and its fractal-feature distance increases as the radiation dose decreases. Furthermore, we have shown that the fractal-feature distances will be equivalent to IQFs in C-D analysis.     

Clinical examination and ultrasound of self-reported snapping hip syndrome in elite ballet dancers

BACKGROUND: Although snapping hip syndrome is commonly reported in ballet dancers, the prevalence, impact, and underlying mechanism of this condition have not been formally studied within a cohort of dancers. PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence, associated factors, and mechanisms of snapping hip and to investigate self-reported snapping with physical and ultrasound examination. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A snapping hip questionnaire was completed by 87 unselected elite ballet dancers at 2 institutions. Twenty-six of the dancers (50 hips) who were able to voluntarily snap their hips were selected from this group for further physical examination by 2 clinicians to determine whether there was a palpable snap, and each underwent an ultrasound examination of his or her hips. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of dancers reported snapping hip, of which most (80%) had bilateral symptoms. Fifty-eight percent had pain associated with the snap, and 7% had taken time off dance because of this condition. Sixty percent of the dancers could voluntarily snap their hip. One or more of 3 dance movements elicited the snapping in 81%. The clinicians could palpate 46 of the 50 self-reported snapping hips. Ultrasound showed a snapping iliopsoas tendon in 59% of the hips and the iliotibial band snapping in 4%. In one third of cases, ultrasound was not helpful in identifying the cause of the snapping. CONCLUSION: Snapping hip is extremely common in ballet dancers. Some dancers have significant pain, yet many are asymptomatic. Self-reported snapping is likely to be palpable by the clinician. Iliotibial band snapping is evident by physical examination and ultrasound. Iliopsoas snapping was most common and required ultrasonic confirmation.     

颈部动脉彩色多普勒超声检查意义

目的探讨基层医院应用二维及彩色多普勒超声检测颈部动脉对缺血性脑血管病的临床意义。方法对303例中老年患者卧位依次对颈总及颈内、外动脉、椎动脉进行横向纵向扫查。结果检出硬化斑块212例,占69%,颈动脉狭窄97例、颈动脉闭塞4例。结论通过颈部动脉超声检查对颈部动脉疾病可以定性定量诊断,对于指导临床诊断、预防、治疗缺血性脑血管病有重要意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转诊断中的作用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸扭转的临床意义。方法回顾分析15例经手术病理证实的睾丸扭转患者的术前彩色多普勒超声表现,并与手术病理对比分析。结果15例患者中,13例的彩色多普勒超声显示血流消失或明显减少提示睾丸扭转,有2例初次超声检查误诊,1例误诊为睾丸炎,另1例误诊为正常。后经复查超声,诊断为睾丸扭转。结论彩色多普勒超声能准确地显示睾丸内血供情况,判断睾丸缺血的不同阶段,因而它是诊断睾丸扭转首选的、可靠的检查方法。     

高频超声Graf法与Terjesen法对发育性髋关节发育不良诊断一致性研究

目的 探讨Graf超声检查法和Terjesen超声检查法在发育性髋关节发育不良(DDH)诊断中的诊断一致性.方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至6月,在我院超声科行DDH检查的婴幼儿共108例,其中男孩41例,女孩67例,共216个髋关节.每位进行DDH检查患儿均进行双侧髋关节扫查.参照Graf方法,测量α角度及β角度,再...     

Comparison of velocity-encoded MR imaging and fluid dynamic modeling of steady and disturbed flow.

The contrast of flow-encoded magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in vivo and the accuracy of velocity measurements are complicated by the presence of complex flow states. The effects of complex flow states on MR flow-encoded images were studied and quantitative flow information was obtained with an MR phase-subtraction technique. Regions of complex flow, including flow stagnation and separation and laminar flow, could be clearly identified on the phase images. The MR imaging velocity measurements were validated by comparison with numerical simulation results for three-dimensional velocity distributions. The velocity MR images and the profiles obtained from the simulation generally agreed well for flow rates of 660 and 1,680 mL/min. This agreement lends support to both the fluid dynamic model and the physical basis of the phase imaging technique and establishes the validity of flow-encoded phase imaging as an in vivo flow quantitation method, especially under low Reynolds number flow conditions.     

解剖型髋动力带锁钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效评价

目的 探讨解剖型髋动力带锁钢板(anatomical dynamic hip lock plate,ADHLP)治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床效果.方法 开展ADHLP的设计与临床研究工作,包括临床应用73例,其中男52例,女21例;年龄19～92岁,平均54.7岁.致伤原因:交通伤32例,摔伤21例,高处坠落伤9例,其他11例.骨折按照Evans分型:Evans Ⅰ型42例,Ⅱ型17例,Ⅲ型9例,Ⅳ型5例.应用自行设计的ADHLP系统治疗,对于不同的类型采取不同的手术策略,观察疗效和分析结果,最后对ADHLP进行评价.结果 手术时间40～90 min,平均60 min,术中出血100～400 ml,平均200 ml.全部患者经6～48个月随访,平均36个月,关节功能恢复满意,优良率99 %.无髋内翻、股骨头切割、旋转移位、医源性骨折、感染、内固定断裂、松动等并发症.结论 ADHLP治疗股骨转子间骨折生物力学更合理,手术适应证广泛,操作简便,创伤小,恢复快,固定有效牢靠,并发症少,尤其适用于骨质疏松或老年患者.     

微创动力髋螺钉治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨微创动力髋螺钉（DHS）固定治疗高龄股骨转子问骨折的临床效果。方法 1999年1月-2004年5月，采用闭合复位、小切口DHS固定治疗85例高龄股骨转子间骨折，其中男31例，女54例；年龄65～99岁，平均75．3岁。结果手术中平均出血量50ml，术后平均引流量6ml，术前、术后血红蛋白值比较无明显变化；85例均获1～4年随访，无死亡病例。骨折愈合时间8～11周。髋内翻2例，旋转畸形2例，无伤口感染、内固定失效及延迟愈合。关节功能优75例，良6例，可4例，优良率95．3％。1年后生活自理能力恢复到受伤前水平58例（68％），有影响25例（29％），明显影响2例（2％）。结论 手术是治疗高龄股骨转子问骨折的有效办法，采用创伤小、恢复好、并发症少的微创DHS内固定技术，可进一步提高患者的生存率和生活质量。     

强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直的中期全髋关节置换术

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直的外科治疗。方法回顾性研究2001年5月—2007年5月24例40髋强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直行关节置换情况,观察术后髋关节功能及并发症。结果随访24～60个月,所有患者髋关节疼痛得到了不同程度的缓解,术后Harris评分提高到60～92分,平均82分。术后6个月所有患者血沉均在30 mm/h以下。结论强直性脊柱炎髋关节强直中期关节置换可改善功能、提高患者生活质量。     

骨质疏松患者转子间骨折不同治疗方法的比较

目的 通过对使用人工股骨头置换以及动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗股骨转子问骨折的结果 进行比较分析,探讨两者之间的差异. 方法 采用同顾性总结的方法 ,收集86例老年股骨转子问骨折,随机分别采用人工股骨头置换术及DHS的治疗方法 ,经过6个月以上的随访,比较两组间在手术所用时间、术后髋部的功能评分丢失及内固定物松动等方而存在的异同. 结果 DHS内固定纽于术花费了更长的时间;不同骨质疏松的高、中、低危各DHS治疗组,松动率随疏松程度不同而有显著不同,而半髋置换组对不同骨质疏松程度无明显不同反应;DHS内同定组有42%内固定穿出骨皮质现象,而半髋置换组患者则无明显的假体松动依据. 结论 对于骨质疏松的转了间骨折患者,为能获得早期更多功能恢复及较少的术后并发症发生,人工股骨头置换术是DHS固定方法 较为合理的替代.     

基层医院高频超声及X线诊断婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良的应用价值

＿目的：探讨基层医院高频超声及X线诊断婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良（DD H ）的应用价值。方法：选择本院确诊为DDH 的患儿共35例（58髋）。对比分析患儿的超声与X线检查的一致性,统计分析独立使用α角、β角以及综合Graf法结果诊断 DDH 的敏感度、特异度、符合率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果：X 线检查诊断为 DDH 的符合率为72．2％,比超声检查的86．1％低,但差异无统计学意义（χ2＝2．105,P＝0．147）;但两者联合诊断DDH 的符合率达100％,较X线或超声单独诊断均高。X线和超声检查结果的kappa值为0．794,可见两种检查结果基本一致。超声Graf法诊断DDH 的敏感度、特异度、符合率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为86．1％、100％、91．7％、100％、82．8％,而用超声 Graf法测量的α角和β角独立诊断DDH 的敏感度、特异度、符合率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为83．3％、100％、90．0％、100％、80．0％和77．8％、100％、86．7％、100％、75．0％。结论：对于婴儿DDH 的诊断符合率,超声检查较X线高,而两者联合应用可达100％。两项检查各有特点,需要临床医师结合婴儿及设备等情况合理选择。     

动力髋螺钉治疗老年股骨转子间骨折中导航技术的应用

目的探讨导航技术在动力髋螺钉（DHS）治疗股骨转子间骨折中的价值。方法使用X线透视计算机辅助导航进行动力髋螺钉的置入、尖顶距的测量。结果 127例动力髋螺钉位置准确,尖顶距≤25mm,平均（18.62±0.69）mm,无一例切割并发症发生。结论计算机导航的瞬时追踪使术者能在术中监测螺钉位置及尖顶距,提高了螺钉置入的准确性,减少术后螺钉切割并发症。     

In-vivo quantification of dynamic hip joint center errors and soft tissue artifact

Hip joint center (HJC) measurement error can adversely affect predictions from biomechanical models. Soft tissue artifact (STA) may exacerbate HJC errors during dynamic motions. We quantified HJC error and the effect of STA in 11 young, asymptomatic adults during six activities. Subjects were imaged simultaneously with reflective skin markers (SM) and dual fluoroscopy (DF), an x-ray based technique with submillimeter accuracy that does not suffer from STA. Five HJCs were defined from locations of SM using three predictive (i.e., based on regression) and two functional methods; these calculations were repeated using the DF solutions. Hip joint center motion was analyzed during six degrees-of-freedom (default) and three degrees-of-freedom hip joint kinematics. The position of the DF-measured femoral head center (FHC), served as the reference to calculate HJC error. The effect of STA was quantified with mean absolute deviation. HJC errors were (mean ± SD) 16.6 ± 8.4 mm and 11.7 ± 11.0 mm using SM and DF solutions, respectively. HJC errors from SM measurements were all significantly different from the FHC in at least one anatomical direction during multiple activities. The mean absolute deviation of SM-based HJCs was 2.8 ± 0.7 mm, which was greater than that for the FHC (0.6 ± 0.1 mm), suggesting that STA caused approximately 2.2 mm of spurious HJC motion. Constraining the hip joint to three degrees-of-freedom led to approximately 3.1 mm of spurious HJC motion. Our results indicate that STA-induced motion of the HJC contributes to the overall error, but inaccuracies inherent with predictive and functional methods appear to be a larger source of error.     

人工股骨头置换与动力髋螺钉内固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的对比研究

目的对比人工股骨头置换术(FHR)与动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗高龄不稳定股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法对43例75岁以上高龄股骨粗隆间骨折患者,随机选择FHR或DHS内固定,其中采用FHR治疗21例,DHS治疗22例。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后下地时间、Harris评分、术后并发症、死亡率。结果随访6～20个月,在手术时间、术中出血量方面两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但FHR组在术后下地时间、Harris评分方面与DHS组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论人工股骨头置换术具有允许术后早期负重、功能恢复满意和并发症发生率低等优点,是治疗高龄不稳定型股骨粗隆间骨折较理想的方法之一。     

经阴道超声与腹部超声对子宫内膜病变诊断对比分析

目的探讨经阴道超声检查诊断子宫内膜病变的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2011年7月～2013年7月120例病理诊断为子宫内膜病变患者的临床资料,其中子宫内膜增生58例,内膜息肉29例,黏膜下肌瘤25例和内膜癌8例。将患者术前腹部超声和阴道超声诊断结果分别与病理诊断结果进行对照,计算诊断准确率,并进行比较。结果子宫内膜增生、子宫内膜息肉、子宫黏膜下肌瘤和子宫内膜癌经阴道超声检查的诊断准确率分别为96.55%、100.00%、80.00%、75.00%,总准确率为92.50%;经腹部超声检查分别为82.76%、82.76%、60.00%、25.00%,总准确率为74.17%,前者的诊断准确率明显高于后者（χ2=4.372,P〈0.05）。结论经阴道超声检查对子宫内膜病变具有较高的诊断价值。