114例言语发育延迟儿童听力学检测分析

目的:分析言语发育延迟患儿听功能改变特点,听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)、畸变产物耳声发射(DPOAE)测试的意义及应用价值。方法:对5岁以下114例言语发育延迟患儿进行ABR测试,与各年龄组正常标准值比较,并对异常ABR患儿同时进行DPOAE测试,与标准值比较。结果:ABR测试显示语迟患儿V波反应阈在正常范围者78例(68.4%),异常升高者36例(31.6%)。在36例听力障碍患儿中双耳听力障碍者33例,单耳听力障碍者3例。双耳听力障碍者中有17例(14.9%)无反应,10例(8.8%)重度听力障碍,中度、轻度听力障碍者各3例(2.6%)。3例(2.6%)单耳均为轻度听力障碍。对36例ABR测试异常患儿行DPOAE检查,其中双耳听力障碍的33例患儿共66耳中,有62耳DPOAE反应缺失,与ABR检查结果一致,考虑为耳蜗性聋;1例双耳DPOAE正常,而ABR无反应,该患儿有围产期重度窒息史,考虑为蜗后性聋,另1例轻度听力障碍患儿双耳和其它3例单耳轻度听力障碍患儿DPOAE幅值、信噪比(SNR)低频区正常,中高频区(3~8KHz)下降、SNR<6。结论:言语发育延迟患儿听功能改变以双耳重度神经性耳聋为特点,ABR、DPOAE对于言语和语言障碍儿童的听力损害提供客观定位和频率特性。     

高胆红素血症婴幼儿的听力学特征分析

[目的]探讨高胆红素血症婴幼儿的听力学特征，为临床诊治提供理论依据。【方法】对54例（108耳）高胆红素血症患儿进行听觉脑千诱发电位（auditory brainstem response，ABR）及畸变产物耳声发射（distortion product otoacoustic emissions．DPOAE）测试，设立同年龄段正常对照组、蜗性病变对照组、中枢神经系统病变组进行对比研究。【结果】高胆组本身，可出现双耳蜗性、双耳蜗后、双耳ABR及DPOAE严重异常、双耳中一耳为蜗性、一耳为蜗后的不同表现；与中枢组比较。高胆组表现为蜗后病变的比率较中枢组高（P〈0．05）；与正常组相比，除F7外，高胆组各频点的DPOAE幅值均较低；F6～F11各频点的引出率与正常组相比无明显差异；与蜗性病变组相比，高胆组的波V阈值较高（P〈0．05）；与蜗性病变组及正常组相比，高胆组的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期均延长（P〈0．05）。【结论】高胆红素血症婴幼儿在听力测试中可表现多种多样的特征。     

新生儿听力筛查及相关因素分析

[目的]通过对新生儿的听力筛查,了解新生儿听力障碍的发病状况,并对听力异常新生儿进行相关因素分析.[方法]采用畸变产物耳声发射技术(DPOAE)对在本院分娩6320例新生儿进行听力筛查,对复筛未通过者.于生后3月前采用脑干听觉诱发电位(ABR)技术诊断.对听力障碍者进行多因素调查分析.[结果]实际筛查6162例,筛查率97.5%,初筛通过率82.5%,需复筛1078例,实际复筛1051例,复筛率97.5%,复筛通过率90.2%.对复筛未通过的103例进行ABR检查,13例被诊断为不同程度的双耳或单耳听力障碍.本组新生儿听力障碍发病率为2.1‰.听力障碍相关因素依次为缺血缺氧性脑病、新生儿窒息、孕早期病毒感染、耳颌部畸型.[结论]新生儿听力筛查十分重要,DPOAE是目前新生儿听力筛查比较理想的检测方法.ABR检查可以及早发现听力障碍,从而为早期干预,有效促进婴幼儿语言发育提供保障.     

296例新生儿听力筛查异常听性脑干反应的临床应用

目的:探索新生儿听力普遍筛查的有效模式,为早期诊断和干预提供合理途径与措施。方法:应用听觉脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)诊断技术对296例新生儿听力筛查复筛未通过的婴幼儿在3个月内进行听力测试。ABR异常者,6个月内做第2次ABR测试。结果:296例新生儿听力筛查异常婴幼儿经ABR确诊双侧ABR正常的为58例(19.6%)。有238例单耳或双耳有不同程度的听力障碍,阳性率为80.4%。其中绝大多数的听力障碍属轻、中度。双耳极重度听力障碍24例。结论:新生儿听力普遍筛查是非常必要的和有效的。对新生儿听力筛查异常婴幼儿在6个月时进行ABR听力确诊,可以早期发现耳聋。再对其中的听力障碍儿进行戴助听器或植入人工耳蜗及语言训练等干预措施。     

听力筛查未通过109例婴幼儿随访分析

【目的】对未通过听力筛查的婴幼儿进行定期听力检查及随访,了解先天性听力损失程度的构成以及康复现状。【方法】对109例未通过听力筛查的婴幼儿采取畸变产物耳声发射(distortion product otoacoustic emission,DPOAE)、听性脑干诱发电位(auditory brainstem response,ABR)和声导抗检查方法,进行综合评估和听力学诊断,并随访观察听力障碍婴幼儿的听力变化情况、康复状况。【结果】双耳听力正常76例。双耳或单耳听力异常33例,其中轻中度听力损失24例,重度及极重度听力损失9例。不同程度听力损失的婴幼儿和单耳重度听力损失的婴幼儿言语能力接近同龄儿。随访发现7例轻中度听力损失和2例重度、极重度聋婴幼儿听力有不同程度改善,佩戴助听器是目前聋儿的主要康复手段,效果不佳者未能及时进行人工耳蜗植入。【结论】听力损失婴幼儿经过至少6个月以上跟踪随访,有改善和正常化的趋势;对重度及极重度听力损失的婴幼儿应及早干预,对助听效果不佳者应早期植入人工耳蜗,重视语训康复,降低致残率。     

108例脑瘫患儿的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

目的:探讨脑瘫患儿的脑干听觉诱发电位(ABR)与脑瘫类型、程度及并发症之间的关系。方法:采用神经诱发电位仪为108例脑瘫患儿做ABR检查和分析。结果:脑瘫患儿的ABR异常率为73.1%,不随意运动型、混合型、肌张力低下型ABR异常率较高,重度脑瘫组ABR异常率较高,伴语言障碍、智力障碍患儿的ABR异常率较高。结论:脑瘫患儿的ABR异常率较高,与大脑损伤部位和程度有关,ABR检查应作为脑瘫患儿的常规检查。     

35例新生儿胆红素脑病听力筛查分析

目的 探讨不同听力筛查方法在新生儿胆红素脑病患儿听力障碍筛查中的应用.方法 采用畸变产物耳声发射技术(DPOAE)和听性脑干诱发电位(ABR)同时对新生儿胆红素脑病患儿进行听力筛查,对初筛未通过者,于3个月后统一采用ABR复查.结果 DPOAE未通过耳数为25只,听力筛查异常率35.7%,ABR未通过耳数为68只,听力筛查异常率97.1%,两种筛查方法在新生儿胆红素脑病患儿中筛查的异常率有显著性差异,p<0.05.结论 ABR对新生儿胆红素脑病患儿听力损伤检测敏感性高于DPOAE,建议对所有新生儿胆红素脑病患儿采用ABR进行听力筛查.     

听性脑干反应与听觉稳态反应对233例听力复筛未通过婴幼儿早期听力测试结果分析

目的:探讨听性脑干反应(ABR)与听觉稳态反应(ASSR)在听力复筛未通过婴幼儿早期听力评估中的作用。方法:对233例(466耳)听力复筛未通过的婴幼儿使用ABR、ASSR测试,进行听力学初诊及复诊。分析ABR与ASSR的临床应用情况。结果:233例婴幼儿,在1～3个月时初诊听力正常64例,单耳或双耳听力损失169例,其中轻度88例,中度60例,重度12例,极重度9例。6个月时复诊106例,听力正常60例,听力损失46例,其中轻度12例,中度15例,重度10例,极重度9例。失访63例。结论:ABR与ASSR联合应用可早期发现听力损失,为听力障碍的早期干预提供可靠的依据。     

新生儿高胆红素血症听力筛查临床分析

目的:探讨新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)中新生儿高胆红素血症听力筛查方法和听力障碍发病情况,为早期治疗听力障碍提供理论依据。方法:随机筛查135例高胆红素血症新生儿,按其血清胆红素水平分为轻、中、重3度,采用畸变产物耳声发射(DPOAE)对其进行初筛,未通过者4周后作第2次复查,仍未通过者于3月龄进行听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)检查。结果:高胆红素血症的患儿DPOAE初筛及复筛的异常率的改变与血清胆红素浓度密切相关,轻度组DPOAE异常率较低,中、重度组则依次增高,血清胆红素水平越高,DPOAE异常率越高,异常越严重。初筛3个月后对轻、中、重度异常者进行了ABR检测,轻度组恢复较好,重度组恢复较差,异常率高,差别具有显著性。结论:NICU中高胆红素血症是造成听力障碍的高危因素,听力障碍的发生与血清胆红素浓度相关,新生儿高胆红素血症应常规进行听力筛查,DPOAE结合ABR是一种较好的高危新生儿听力筛查方法。     

新生儿听力筛查异常175例听觉脑干反应测试随访

[目的]探索新生儿听力普遍筛查的有效模式,为早期诊断和干预提供合理途径与措施。[方法]应用听觉脑干反应(auditorybrainstemresponse,ABR)诊断技术对175例新生儿听力筛查异常的婴儿在3个月时进行听力测试,并做高危因素回顾性调查;ABR异常者,6个月时做第2次ABR测试。[结果]175例新生儿听力筛查异常儿经ABR确诊有169例单耳或双耳有不同程度的听力障碍,阳性率为96.6%。其中绝大多数的听力障碍属轻、中度。48例第2次ABR复诊儿,不管有无高危因素,听力状况均较前明显好转,听力损失有不同程度的减轻(P<0.01)。[结论]新生儿听力普遍筛查是非常必要的和有效的测查听力障碍进而进行适宜干预的体系。对新生儿听力筛查异常儿在6个月时进行ABR复诊,再对其中的听力障碍儿推荐戴助听器或植入人工耳蜗等干预措施更为经济可行。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.