Differences and similarities in therapeutic mode use between occupational therapists and occupational therapy students in Norway

Background: The Intentional Relationship Model (IRM) is a new model of the therapeutic relationship in occupational therapy practice. Two previous studies have focused on therapist communication style, or ‘mode’ use, but to date no group comparisons have been reported.

Aim: To explore differences between occupational therapists and occupational therapy students with regard to their therapeutic mode use.

Methods: The study had a cross-sectional design, and convenience samples consisting of occupational therapists (n?=?109) and of second-year occupational therapy students (n?=?96) were recruited. The Self-Assessment of Modes Questionnaire was the main data collection tool. Group differences were analysed with independent t-tests.

Results: The occupational therapists responded more within the collaborative and empathizing modes than the students did. The students responded more within the advocating and instructing modes than the occupational therapists did.

Conclusion and significance: There may be systematic differences between occupational therapists and students concerning their therapeutic mode use. Some modes, such as the collaborating and empathizing modes, may be viewed as requiring more experience, whereas other modes, such as the advocating mode may be related to more recent rehabilitation ideologies. These factors may contribute to explaining several of the group differences observed.     

Approaches to learning among occupational therapy undergraduate students: A cross-cultural study

Background: Students may adopt various approaches to academic learning. Occupational therapy students’ approaches to study and the impact of cultural context have not been formally investigated to date.

Aim: To examine the approaches to study adopted by undergraduate occupational therapy students from four different cultural settings.

Method: 712 undergraduate occupational therapy students (n?=?376 from Australia, n?=?109 from Hong Kong, n?=?160 from Norway and n?=?67 from Singapore) completed the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the ASSIST subscales for the students from the four countries.

Results: Post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean scores for the strategic approach were significantly different between Australia and the other three countries. The mean scores for the surface approach were significantly different between Australia and Hong Kong, and Hong Kong and Norway. There were no significant differences between the deep approach to studying between Australia, Norway, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Conclusion &; implications: Culture and educational context do appear to impact the approaches to study adopted by undergraduate occupational therapy students. Academic and practice educators need to be cognizant of what approaches to studying the students they work with adopt.     

Development and content validity of the Norwegian Self-Assessment of Modes Questionnaire (N-SAMQ)

Background: The Intentional Relationship Model (IRM) introduced six therapeutic modes as ways of relating to clients. By increasing occupational therapists’ awareness of modes, and by increasing their skills in using them, therapists may improve their interactions with clients. The Self-Assessment of Modes Questionnaire may assist in increasing awareness of modes. Aim: To describe the process of developing a Norwegian version of the Self-Assessment of Modes Questionnaire (N-SAMQ) and to evaluate its content validity. Materials and methods: A 10-step translation and adaptation procedure was followed. Occupational therapists working in diverse practice areas completed the preliminary N-SAMQ version. Individual cognitive interviews were performed with these therapists in order to examine the comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness of the N-SAMQ. Results: Initially, one item was omitted. Following the pilot study (n?=?7), two of the remaining items were modified with a view to increasing their cultural relevance. Otherwise, modifications were made mostly in terms of words and phrasing. Conclusion: The N-SAMQ appears to have good face and content validity. Significance: With the N-SAMQ, Norwegian occupational therapists can assess their preferred therapeutic modes.     

高校在校学生健康素养现况调查及影响因素分析

目的 了解全国高校在校学生健康素养水平现况.方法 采用分阶段目的 抽样和方便抽样混合的抽样方法,对全国7省市内28所不同类型高校非毕业年级学生5070人使用自编问卷进行健康素养现况的横断面调查,用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 5070名调查对象健康素养基本知识和技能得分百分制平均分为(74.139±12.0223)分,38.4%具有基本健康素养(≥80分);在健康素养基本知识与技能的5个维度中,慢性病预防维度及格率最低(1.1%).健康素养基本知识与技能总分及5个维度得分的及格率在不同性别、不同地区高校和不同高校类型间的分布差异有统计学意义(P＜O.05);高校所处地区、高校类型是影响学生健康素养水平的重要因素(P＜0.05).结论 高校在校学生中低健康素养流行率较高,在慢性病预防、基本医疗知识等维度尤为突出;低健康素养在其不同人群中分布存在差异.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the status on health-related knowledge and skills among the college students. Methods 5070 Chinese students from 28 universities or colleges were sampled, using the multiple-stage stratified, purposive and convenient mixed sampling method. A cross-sectional investigation on health literacy was conducted with self-designed questionnaire, and SPSS 13.0 was used to statistically analyze the data. Results The average scores on health-related related knowledge and skills among the subjects was 74.139 ± 12.0223, with 38.4% on basic health-related literacy (scores≥80). The rate (1.1%) of passing the margin line set for the awareness on chronic disease prevention appeared to be the lowest. And there noticed significant differences (P＜0.05) in different regions, types, and genders on the basic health-related knowledge and skills as well as on the prevalence rates of total and each dimensional health-related literacy among universities and colleges. Regions and types of universities and colleges were the main influencing factors on the levels of health-related knowledge and skills among the college students. Conclusion The prevalence of basic health-related knowledge and skills was low and the prevalence rates of health-related knowledge and skills were differently distributed among student populations under study.     

北京市中学生视屏时间现状与影响因素研究

了解北京市中学生视屏时间现状及其影响因素,为制订切实有效的干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用横断面研究的方法,于2013年9-10月随机从北京市城区、近郊区、远郊区中各抽取2个区,每区随机抽取2所高中、2所初中,共对6个区24所学校1 126人进行问卷调查.结果 被调查中学生调查前1周平均视屏时间为(1.44±1.50)h/d,视屏时间过长比例为20.5%.其中男生平均视屏时间为(1.60± 1.73) h/d,高于女性(1.37± 1.23) h/d(P<0.05),男性视屏时间过长率为23.2%,高于女生18.9%(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析发现,和父母交流少(OR=1.975)、习惯使用网络交流(OR=1.258)、在网络上更被认同(OR=1.218)、习惯上网搜索答案(DR=1.293)是视屏时间长的危险因素;自感被同学理解(OR=0.824)、父母限制视屏时间(OR=0.791)为视屏时间长的保护因素(P值均<0.05).结论 电子屏幕设备在中学生中使用较多.中学生视屏时间受到社会支持水平影响,减少视屏时间需要家庭、学校多方面共同参与.     

广州市大学生健康素养现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解广州市在校大学生健康素养现状,分析相关影响因素,为高校和相关部门有效开展健康促进工作,制定策略提供参考依据.方法 于2012年4～6月,采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取广州市5所高校共2 109名在校大学生进行健康素养问卷调查,内容包括健康理念和基本知识、健康生活方式与行为和健康基本技能等.结果 该市大学生具备健康素养的比例为8.2％,具备健康理念和基本知识素养、健康生活方式与行为素养、健康基本技能素养的比例分别为18.2％、13.7％、41.3％;医、药类学生具备健康素养的比例最高,为16.9％,且不同专业具备健康素养的差异有统计学意义(x2 =110.65,P＜0.001);调查前是否选修过健康方面课程及不同年级具备健康素养的差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为59.96,88.82,均有P＜0.001);分类树分析表明,影响大学生健康素养的因素主要有专业、年级、调查前是否选修过健康方面课程和生源地.结论 广州市大学生的健康素养水平整体过低,特别是健康生活方式与行为素养及慢性病预防素养,学校及相关部门据此应有针对性地制定健康素养干预措施、开展健康素养促进活动,努力提升大学生的健康素养水平.     

Prevalence and associated risk factors of latent tuberculosis infection among undergraduate and postgraduate dental students: A retrospective study

To estimate the prevalence of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) in Italian dental students exposed to the same occupational risks as dental health care personnel and to evaluate potential risk factors, a cross-sectional study was conducted on undergraduate and postgraduate students. After clinical evaluation, students were given a tuberculin skin test; in those found positive, an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) was conducted. Of the 281 students enrolled, 10 were only TST positive; 8 were TST or/and IGRA positive. We found that participants testing positive at TST and/or IGRA, a group in which the risk of false LTBI positives is minimal, were older and had been studying longer. Although the prevalence of LTBI among dental students in our study was low, a risk of acquiring a work-related infection exists even in a country with a low incidence of TB. Thus, dental students should be screened to catch LTBI early on.     

Musculoskeletal problems and associated risk factors among health science students in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Journal of Public Health - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common cause of severe long-term pain and physical disability. High prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among medical and...     

Stress and depression among medical students: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the exposure to different stressors and the prevalence of depression among medical students at different levels of education, taking gender differences into account. DESIGN: Students were asked to complete a new stress inventory called the Higher Education Stress Inventory (HESI), the Major Depression Inventory (MDI), slightly modified, and questions on suicidal ideation developed by Meehan. SETTING: The study was carried out at the Karolinska Institute Medical University, Stockholm, Sweden. Matched controls from the general population were used. PARTICIPANTS: All registered students in Years 1, 3 and 6 were enrolled in the study (n = 342). The response rate was 90.4%. RESULTS: Year 1 students gave high ratings to the workload and lack of feedback stressors. Year 3 students gave high ratings to 'Worries about future endurance/competence' and 'Pedagogical shortcomings'. In Year 6, both the latter factors were rated highly, but Year 6 students also gave higher ratings than the 2 other groups to 'Non-supportive climate'. In all 3 cohorts students complained of lack of feedback. Female students gave higher ratings than males to 4 out of 7 factors. Several stress factors were identified as being associated with depression. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among students was 12.9%, significantly higher than in the general population, and was 16.1% among female students versus 8.1% among males. A total of 2.7% of students had made suicide attempts, but none during the previous year. CONCLUSION: Year 1 students indicated experiencing the highest degree of pressure from studies. A gender difference regarding stress levels was also seen, where women reported higher levels of stress than men. Medical students had higher depression rates than the general population, and women students had higher rates than men.     

北京市居民2型糖尿病现况调查和危险因素研究

目的 揭示北京市居民2型糖尿病的流行趋势及探索相关危险因素.方法 采用多因素logistic回归模型分析北京市居民2型糖尿病的相关危险因素.结果 共调查22301人,其中男性9836人,女性12465人,60岁以上2658人,占11.92%.男性(OR=1.453)、有糖尿病遗传史(OR=2.751)、中老年人(OR=1.584)、高血压(OR=1.338)、腹型肥胖(OR=1.741)、超重或肥胖(OR=1.098)、水果摄入量少(OR=1.430)、血清高甘油三酯(OR=1.767)和高胆固醇水平(OR=1.315)是影响2型糖尿病发生的危险因素.结论 控制血压在正常范围、控制体重、增加水果摄入量和降低血清甘油三酯及胆固醇水平,对于北京市居民预防和控制2型糖尿病发生具有重要意义.

Abstract：

Objective To disclose the epidemiological status of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors in adults in Beijing.Methods Logistic model was applied to analyze the relationship between the risk factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Results A total of 22301 people were studied,of whom 9836 were males,12465 females,and 2658 of them aged over 60(accounting for 11.92%).The risk factors,which might cause diabetes,would include being male(OR=1.453),with genetic history(OR=2.751),people older than 40(OR=1.584),with hypertension(OR=1.338),with larger waist circumference(OR=1.741),overweight or obesity(OR=1.098),low consumption of fruits(OR=1.430),hypertriglyceridemia(OR=1.767)and hypercholesterolemia (OR=1.315).Conclusion It is of great importance to carry out prevention and controI of type 2 diabetes mellitus programs to eliminate the risk factors among adults in Beijing,with contents as:keeping the blood pressure and weight within the normal range,increasing fruit intake,decreasing the triglyceride and cholesterol levels.     

天津市高一学生艾滋病知识与健康教育需求现况调查

目的 了解天津市高一学生艾滋病知识知晓率及其相关因素,与艾滋病健康教育需求情况。方法 采用横断面调查设计,采用分层整群抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法,选取天津地区高中2所、职业高中1所,对所有高一学生进行匿名调查。问卷内容包括一般人口学特征、艾滋病相关知识、艾滋病健康教育需求信息等条目。结果 调查对象共1 082人,艾滋病知识知晓率为34.3%（371/1 082）。既往接受过艾滋病知识的比例为71.9%（778/1 082）,既往接受过性健康知识的比例为59.4%（643/1 082）,2类学校间差异有统计学意义;发生插入性性行为的比例为7.0%（76/1 082）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,职业高中（与普通高中相比,OR=0.41,95% CI：0.29~0.59）、无性健康知识需求（与有需求相比,OR=0.62,95% CI：0.43~0.91）、未关注艾滋病宣传材料（与关注相比,OR=0.41,95% CI：0.30~0.56）、不知晓安全性行为（与知晓相比,OR=0.55,95% CI：0.39~0.77）和不知晓正确使用安全套（与知晓相比,OR=0.33,95% CI：0.24~0.46）的调查对象艾滋病知识知晓率较低。结论 调查的天津市高一学生艾滋病知识知晓率普遍较低,有的学生发生过插入性性行为。性健康知识对艾滋病知识有显著影响,需加强高中生的性健康教育和艾滋病健康教育工作。     

Relationship between two alternative occupational stress models and arterial stiffness: a cross-sectional study among Japanese workers

Objective  Numerous studies have reported the relationships between job characteristics and coronary heart diseases. However, there are only a few reports on the association between occupational stresses and arterial stiffness as a marker of early stage arthrosclerosis. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between occupational stress models—Siegrist’s effort reward imbalance and Karasek’s demand control model (DCM)—and arterial stiffness using brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity (baPWV). Methods  The participants were local government employees (3,412 men and 854 women) aged 35 and over who had their annual health checkups. The associations between occupational stress questionnaires of the two theoretical models and a risk of increased arterial stiffness using baPWV were examined. Results  On performing multiple linear regression analysis after fully adjusting the model, high strain, which was defined as a combination of both low job control and high job demands in the DCM, was found to be significantly associated with a high risk of arterial stiffness (P = 0.027) in women. However, in men, although low job control was positively significant with a high value of baPWV adjusted for each step, modest but not significant association was found after adjustment for all covariates. Conclusion  In conclusion, the present study indicates that high strain indicated by high demands and low control is associated with increased arterial stiffness in women. The types of job stress associated with a high risk of arterial stiffness may differ by gender.     

Psychological distress and associated factors among Japanese nursery school and kindergarten teachers: a cross-sectional study

The understaffing of nursery schools and kindergartens and the increasing workload of childcare workers are becoming significant issues in Japan. In this study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the stress experienced by childcare workers and its antecedents. We distributed 2,640 questionnaires to childcare workers in Miyagi prefecture, obtaining a response rate of 51.9% (n=1,370). Finally, 1,210 valid questionnaires were used in the analysis. As a stress indicator, psychological distress was measured with the Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6). The mean K6 score was 7.0 (SD=5.4), and the prevalence of psychological distress (K6 score ≥5) was 60.0%. Considering work-related factors, the mean scores were as follows: supervisor support 11.8 (2.6), coworker support 12.1 (2.0), work engagement 3.2 (1.2), and effort-reward ratio 0.93 (0.53). A multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for possible confounders revealed that increased psychological distress was associated with higher effort-reward ratio, lower support from supervisors and coworkers, lower work engagement, and insufficient sleep. These results suggest that elevated psychological distress is strongly associated with effort-reward imbalance, while high work engagement in childcare workers helped to reduce their distress.     

湖北省血吸虫病流行区初中生血吸虫病检查情况及其影响因素

目的 了解湖北省血吸虫病流行区初中学生血吸虫病检查情况,分析其影响因素,为初中生血吸虫病防治策略提供参考依据。方法 将湖北省血吸虫疫区分为传播控制区和疫情控制区,随机整群抽取3 204 名初中生进行问卷调查。结果 中学生血吸虫病检查率为62.5%;年龄、疫区类型、血防知识水平、血吸虫病害怕程度以及接受学校、血防工作人员健康教育频次不同的中学生血吸虫病检查率不同,差异有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;多因素Logistic回归显示疫区类型、血防知识水平和接受学校、血防工作人员健康教育是中学生参与血吸虫病检查的影响因素。结论 湖北省血吸虫病流行区初中学生血吸虫病检查率较低,在传播控制区开展健康教育,特别是血防工作人员健康教育可能是提高中学生血吸虫病检查率的有效途径。