Ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures: are cephalomedullary nails appropriate?

A retrospective review was conducted to examine rates of malreduction and nonunion in ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures using different fixation strategies. Twenty-two consecutive patients with 23 fractures were identified. Participants were treated with various fixation strategies for ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. Cephalomedullary devices were used in 13 cases, while cannulated screws and a retrograde femoral nail were used in nine cases. One patient was treated with cannulated screws and external fixation of the femoral shaft. Radiographic assessment of the quality of reduction and union of both fractures was evaluated. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was available in 20 fractures (87%) with a mean of 12 months (range 3-50). Two femoral neck nonunions occurred; both had fair reductions of the fractures obtained by closed maneuvers, and two-device fixation was used in each. One femoral shaft nonunion occurred in a fracture treated with a cephalomedullary nail. All three united after revision surgery. No cases of osteonecrosis or conversion to hip arthroplasty were noted. A combination of retrograde femoral nailing and screw fixation of the femoral neck or placement of a cephalomedullary nail can provide excellent reduction and rate of union in the treatment of this injury pattern. Excellent reduction of the femoral neck fracture is key to preventing femoral neck nonunion.     

两种手术方法治疗股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较股骨重建钉与逆行髓内钉加空心钉治疗股骨于合并同侧股骨颈骨折的疗效,探讨各自的手术适应证.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2010年5月收治的21例股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折患者资料,采用股骨重建钉固定10例(股骨重建钉组),逆行髓内钉加空心钉固定11例(逆行髓内钉加空心钉组).两组患者术前一般资料差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),具有可比性.术后1、3、6、9、12个月及以后每年随访1次,通过临床和影像学评估骨折愈合情况和并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者术后获12 ～48个月(平均27.1个月)随访.两组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、住院时间、股骨干骨折愈合时间、股骨颈骨折愈合时间及Friedman-Wyman功能评定结果等方面差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).股骨重建钉组住院费用高于逆行髓内钉加空心钉组,差异有统计学意义(t=16.710,P=0.016).两组股骨干骨折愈合率(9/10 vs.10/11)、股骨颈骨折愈合率(9/10 vs.11/11)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).股骨重建钉组4例发生并发症,逆行髓内钉组7例发生并发症.结论 股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗应采取个体化原则.股骨重建钉更适用于股骨颈基底部骨折合并狭部及狭部以近的股骨干骨折;对于头下型、难复位的股骨颈骨折合并同侧股骨干远端骨折或需要同时处理的膝关节内损伤、关节周围骨折的患者,逆行髓内钉加空心钉更为理想.     

A comparison of intramedullary nailing and plate-screw fixation in the treatment for ipsilateral fracture of the hip and femoral shaft

We compared the outcomes of intramedullary nailing with plate-screw fixation in the treatment for ipsilateral fracture of the hip and femoral shaft. A retrospective study. Level 1 Trauma. Forty-one patients (32 males and 9 females; mean age, 34 years; age range, 21–53) with ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures were treated between 1995 and 2005. Eighteen patients were injured in motor vehicle accidents, and 23 fell from a height. All patients were treated by one of the two methods of internal fixation: a screw-plate fixation (n = 24, Group I) or intramedullary nailing (n = 17, Group II). The fracture union time, nonunion, delayed union, implant failure, need of further surgeries, and functional outcomes were investigated and compared. Fisher’s exact test showed that Group I had a significantly higher frequency of nonunion than that of Group II (P = 0.029). Although Group I had more nonunions, delayed unions, and revision operations than Group II, the total union time was similar for both groups. Intramedullary nailing was found to be superior to screw-plate fixation due to improved functional bearing, increased rate of union, stability, and mechanical solidity. The reconstruction nail method is an acceptable alternative treatment for ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures.     

Ipsilateral fractures of the femoral neck and shaft.

Thirty-three patients with ipsilateral intracapsular femoral neck and shaft fractures were treated with antegrade reamed intramedullary (IM) nails and cancellous screw fixation of the femoral neck. The shaft fractures were fixed prior to definitive neck stabilization. A "reversed" nail construct was used in 13 patients, a conventional interlocked nail was used in 6, and a reconstruction nail was used in the remaining 14. Thirty-one (94%) of the femoral shaft fractures healed primarily. In two patients, the shaft fracture failed to unite and was bone grafted and plated, respectively; the fractures subsequently healed. However, only 27 (82%) of the femoral neck fractures healed after initial fixation. In six patients (18%), a symptomatic varus nonunion developed, requiring a valgus osteotomy. Five of the six femoral neck non-unions and all of the osteotomy sites united; however, two of these patients later developed osteonecrosis of their femoral heads. Closed reamed antegrade IM nailing with supplemental screw fixation of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures did not produce uniformly successful results because of high rates of varus nonunion of the femoral neck fracture.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折诊治体会

目的 探讨股骨骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折的诊断及治疗方法。方法 对10例股骨干骨折采用加压钢板固定，9例股骨颈骨折分别采用加压螺纹钉，三刃钉，骨圆针和松质骨螺钉固定。结果 随访10个月-5年。结论 全面体检，影像学检查可作出正确诊断，早期宜给予牢靠有效的内固定治疗。     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: complications and their treatment

An ipsilateral femoral neck fracture occurs in approximately 6% to 9% of all femoral shaft fractures. Despite this relatively common presentation, decision-making often is difficult. Furthermore, the risk for complications is greater in the treatment of this combination injury pattern than for single-level fractures. A retrospective review of the authors' large trauma database revealed 13 patients who had healing complications develop after their index surgical procedure. Six of the eight (75%) femoral neck nonunions occurring in these 13 patients developed after the use of a second generation, reconstruction-type intramedullary nail. Factors contributing to nonunion of the femoral shaft were the presence of an open fracture, use of an unreamed, small diameter intramedullary nail, and prolonged delay to weightbearing. The femoral neck nonunions healed after either valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy (seven patients) or compression hip screw fixation (one patient). The femoral shaft nonunion proved more difficult than expected to treat with some patients with femoral shaft nonunions requiring more than one operative procedure to achieve union. Lag screw fixation of the femoral neck fracture and reamed intramedullary nailing for shaft fracture stabilization were associated with the fewest complications. Therefore, this approach is recommended as the treatment of choice.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折治疗的临床观察

目的：探讨股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗特点和不同固定方法的疗效。方法：股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折27例,男22例,女5例;年龄14～65岁,平均35岁。动力髋螺钉（DHS）固定3例,加压钢板加空心加压螺钉固定12例,重建钉固定8例,顺行髓内钉加空心加压螺钉固定4例。13例固定术前用克氏针临时固定股骨颈骨折。结果：术后随访36～75个月,平均44个月。25例股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间4.5个月,2例股骨颈骨折不愈合。27例股骨干均愈合,平均愈合时间6个月。未用克氏针临时固定股骨颈骨折14例中,2例出现股骨颈不愈合,3例轻度髋内翻畸形。结论：股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折有许多固定方法可供选择,加压钢板加空心加压螺钉固定简便易用,在实施固定术前用克氏针临时固定股骨颈骨折可避免股骨颈骨折再移位和损伤。     

Antegrade nailing of femoral shaft fractures combined with neck or distal femur fractures

Introduction Complex femoral fractures pose considerable therapeutic challenges to orthopedic surgeons. We present a retrospective review of 25 patients with complex femoral fractures treated with intramedullary locked nailing and supplemental screw fixation.Materials and methods Fifteen patients with ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures (group 1) and 10 patients with ipsilateral femoral shaft and distal femur fractures (group 2) were treated from 1990 to 1998. High-energy injuries occurred in all patients. There were 4 open fractures. Antegrade, locked nailing of diaphyseal fractures was performed in all cases. Supplemental screws for the neck were used in all patients in group 1 and in 3 patients in group 2.Results All of the fractures united during the follow-up. Five patients in group 1 underwent reoperation (33.3%): one due to a delayed union, the second due to an implant failure, the third due to a nonunion of a neck fracture, and the last two because of an initially missed femoral neck fracture. None of the patients in group 2 underwent reoperation. Angular malalignment of the shaft was found in 6 fractures in group 1 (average 4.8^o, range 3^o–11^o) and in 4 fractures in group 2 (average 6^o, range 3^o–12^o). Shortening of the limb occurred in 3 patients in group 1 (average 1.4 cm, range 1–1.8) and in 1 patient in group 2 (2 cm). Loss of fixation was seen in 1 patient in each group. Avascular necrosis and infection were not seen in any case in both groups.Conclusion Femoral intramedullary nails with antegrade or retrograde options for insertion and different locking possibilities have extended the indications to include both diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures. New nail designs, usually more expensive than the conventional nails, have been introduced into the market for this purpose. One has to keep in mind that antegrade, locked nailing of femoral shaft fractures combined with neck or distal femur fractures is a technically demanding but efficacious procedure. The success rate is high when the technique is meticulously implemented.     

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures

Introduction

The aim of this study was to analyze prognostic factors by investigation of the diagnostic process and clinical outcomes in patients with surgical management of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures.

Methods

Between August 1995 and January 2012, 26 cases who underwent fixation of ipsilateral fractures of hip and femoral shaft were reviewed. We evaluated patients' age, sex, location and type of the fracture, timing of diagnosis and surgery, method of fixation, combined injuries, time of bone union, and complications. Postoperative functions were assessed by Friedman and Wyman's criteria.

Results

Femoral shaft fractures healed in 23 cases of 26 cases and in 3 cases of nonunion. Hip fractures healed in 25 cases of 26 cases, and in 1 case, there was nonunion. According to the outcome score followed by Friedman and Wyman's criteria, 13 cases had good results, 9 cases had fair results, and 4 cases had poor results. Timing of bone union and union rate were significantly different according to the degree of femoral shaft fracture comminution. Postoperative function was significantly different according to the degree of femoral shaft fracture comminution and the presence of ipsilateral fractures around the knee.

Conclusions

In cases of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures, more comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft and ipsilateral fractures around the knee, which resulted in delayed rehabilitation, caused poor postoperative functional outcomes. Because avascular necrosis and the presence of nonunion of femoral head are important in prognosis, delicate physical examination and radiologic evaluation of hip fractures are needed primarily before emphasizing anatomical reduction of hip fractures followed by rigid internal fixation.     

股骨干顺行髓内钉固定后同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗

目的：探讨股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年1月股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后术中或术后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的患者12例,全部以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折,定期随访,评估骨折愈合及功能恢复情况。结果：术后随访10—36个月,平均16．5个月。股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间3．6个月,股骨干骨折平均愈合时间5．4个月,无股骨头坏死发生。按Harris评分标准髋关节功能：优7例,良3例,可2例。结论：股骨干骨折顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折,以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折方法可行,固定可靠,手术创伤小,骨折愈合率高。     

Treatment for ipsilateral fractures of femoral neck and shaft

Background

Concomitant ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures present a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon, and no consensus has yet emerged on the optimal treatment method. We report the results of a retrospective study of 43 patients with these complex fractures who were treated at a single Level 1 trauma centre.

Patients and methods

The study participants consisted of 28 males and 15 females with a mean age of 43 years. The mean follow-up period was 48 months. Four different treatment methods were used: (1) antegrade reamed intramedullary nailing of the shaft with cancellous screw fixation of the neck, (2) dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation of the neck and low-contact dynamic compression plate (LCDCP) fixation of the shaft, (3) cancellous screw fixation of the neck and LCDCP fixation of the shaft, and (4) reconstruction nailing of both shaft and neck.

Results

No statistically significant differences in amount of blood loss, duration of surgery, total complication rate, nor clinical results were found among the four treatment methods. For femoral neck fracture, however, the complication rate of cannulated screw with antegrade intramedullary nailing fixation was 11 times that of DHS with LCDCP fixation.

Conclusions

Antegrade nail with screw fixation is not a recommended treatment method in patients with ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fractures.     

股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折适应证探讨

目的探讨股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折的手术适应证。方法根据入选标准和排除标准,回顾2001年1月至2011年1月收治的股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折病例15例,其中男14例,女1例;年龄21~64岁,平均35.5岁。通过比较术前、术后即刻、术后1、3、6和12个月的临床和影像学随访结果,评估骨折愈合情况和并发症,分析股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折的最佳适应证。结果全部病例获得随访,随访时间14~48个月,平均27.8个月。13例股骨干骨折一期获得骨性愈合,愈合时间(6.2±4.1)个月,14例股骨颈骨折一期获得骨性愈合,愈合时间(5.4±2.9)个月。合并症:1例股骨远端骨折由于狭部限制,重建钉过细,局部旋转不稳定,并发肥大性骨不连;1例股骨中段骨折延迟愈合;2例股骨干旋转畸形愈合;1例股骨颈头下型骨折不愈合。末次随访时进行Friedman-Wyman评定,优12例,良2例,差1例,优良率93.3%。结论股骨重建钉适用于绝大部分股骨干骨折合并髋部骨折,尤其是股骨颈基底部骨折合并股骨干近端或狭部骨折。但对于股骨颈头下型、难复位的股骨颈骨折合并股骨干远端骨折,股骨重建钉并非最佳的治疗方案。     

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: a retrospective analysis of two treatment methods

Background  No consensus exists regarding the optimal treatment of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures. The three major issues related to these fractures are the optimal timing of surgery, which fracture to stabilize first, and the optimal implant to use. In an effort to find answers to these three key issues, we report our experience of managing 27 patients with ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures by using two different treatment methods, i.e., reconstruction-type intramedullary nailing and various plate combinations. Materials and methods  We divided patients into two groups. Group I included 15 patients (13 males and 2 females) who were operated with cancellous lag screws or dynamic hip screws (DHS) for fractured neck and compression plate fixation for fractured shaft of the femur. Group II included 12 patients (11 males and 1 female) who were operated with reconstruction-type intramedullary nailing. Results  Mean age was 33.2 and 37.9 years in group I and II, respectively. Mean delay in surgery was 5.9 and 5.4 days in group I and II, respectively. Average union time for femoral neck fracture in groups I and II were 15.2 and 17.1 weeks, respectively; and for shaft fracture these times were 20.3 and 22.8 weeks, respectively. There were 13 (86.6%) good, 1 (6.7%) fair and 1 (6.7%) poor functional results in group I. There were 10 (83.3%) good, 1 (8.3%) fair and 1 (8.3%) poor functional results in group II. Conclusions  Both of the treatment methods used in the present study achieved satisfactory functional outcome in these complex fractures. Fixation with plate for shaft and screws or DHS for hip is easy from a technical point of view. Choice of the treatment method should be dictated primarily by the type of femoral neck fracture and the surgeon’s familiarity with the treatment method chosen. The femoral neck fracture should preferably be stabilized first, and a delay of 5–6 days does not affect the ultimate functional outcome.     

重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折的临床观察

目的：评价股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折的临床疗效及手术要点。方法：自2002年6月至2008年6月采用重建钉治疗15例股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折患者,全部为男性,年龄34-85岁,平均45岁。股骨干骨折WinquistI型2例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型2例,3例多段骨折。髋部骨折包括粗隆间骨折7例,股骨颈骨折8例（根据Garden分型,I型1例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型2例）。结果：15例患者均获随访,时间12～55个月,平均30．9个月。股骨颈骨折不愈合1例,内翻畸形1例;14例2-6个月获得髋部骨折愈合,平均4个月。股骨干骨折延迟愈合1例（9个月时愈合）,不愈合2例;13例4～9个月获得股骨干愈合,平均5．5个月。无感染、股骨头坏死及超过2cm的下肢短缩。Friedman—Wyman系统疗效评价：优良13例,一般1例,差1例。结论：股骨重建钉对于股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折固定可靠,并发症少,是一种有效的固定方式。     

Clinical outcomes and affecting factors of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures - Multination,multicenter analysis

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures and identify the risk factors associated with missed diagnosis of femoral neck fractures and clinical outcomes of this fracture.MethodsThe ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures from seven centers were retrospectively reviewed. Data on injury mechanism, fracture pattern, and fracture classification; surgical factors including fixation method; and timing of detection of femoral neck fracture were analyzed. The clinical outcomes, complications, and the incidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) were reviewed. Risk factors for missed femoral neck fracture and complications were analyzed.ResultsIn total, 74 patients with an average age of 43.6 years were included. Of the femoral shaft fractures, 56.8% were type A, 21.6% were type B, and 21.6% were type C. Sixteen patients had an open fracture of the femoral shaft. Femoral neck fracture was initially missed in 27% patients and the timing of delayed diagnosis was at an average of 11.1 days after injury. For detecting femoral neck fractures, minimal displacement of the femoral neck fracture was a risk factor, whereas computed tomography (CT) was a protective factor. The incidence of AVNFH was 6.8% at an average of 36.8 months after injury. The AVNFH group had more displaced femoral neck fractures at the time of surgery, but there was no difference in the timing of diagnosis compared to non-AVNFH group. The femoral shaft showed considerable healing problems, with an average union time of 29.7 weeks and a 20.2% nonunion rate.ConclusionIpsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures had a high rate of missed diagnosis, especially in minimally displaced fractures; however, CT was a protective factor. AVNFH occurred in 6.8% and was related to femoral neck fracture displacement, but not delayed diagnosis. The femur nonunion rate was high, which warrants attention.     

Ipsilateral fracture of the femoral neck and shaft, treatment by reconstruction interlocking nail

This study involved nine patients with ipsilateral fractures of the neck and shaft of the femur. They were all male with an average age of 28.5 years. All of the fractures resulted from high-energy trauma. The neck fracture was initially missed in one case. All fractures were fixed by a Russell-Taylor reconstruction femoral nail. Surgery was delayed for an average of 6.6 days (range 2–21 days). The patients were followed up for an average of 2.1 years. All fractures healed; the average time of union for the neck fracture was 4.2 months (range 3–6 months) and for the shaft fracture, 6.9 months (range 4–18 months). A delay in surgery did not affect the union rate. There were no cases of avascular necrosis or non-union of the femoral neck fracture. One hip healed into mild varus, one shaft fracture had a delayed union, and one developed a late infection of the femoral shaft. The use of the reconstruction nail offers superior stabilization over other currently used methods and is associated with fewer complications. Received: 4 July 1999     

Ipsilateral fractures of femoral neck and shaft

Thirteen cases of ipsilateral intracapsular femoral neck and shaft fractures were seen. All cases occurred in young adults, with the mechanism of injury in all instances being high-energy trauma. The diagnosis of the femoral neck fracture was missed initially in four cases. The patients were divided into four groups according to treatment protocol: group 1 (two cases), both fractures treated nonoperatively; group 2 (four cases), femoral neck fracture treated nonoperatively, open reduction and internal fixation of femoral shaft fracture; group 3 (three cases), McMurray's osteotomy for femoral neck fracture and internal fixation for the femoral shaft fracture; and group 4 (four cases), open reduction and internal fixation of both fractures. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 10.1 years. There was a nonunion of one femoral neck fracture, while all shaft fractures united. The best results were seen in group 4 cases. It is also recommended that routine high-quality X-ray films of the hip should be done in all cases of femoral shaft fracture to decrease the high incidence of missed femoral neck fractures in ipsilateral injuries of the femur.     

网络数据来源的股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的诊断与治疗

目的 以网络开放数据库为基础,探讨股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的诊断与治疗策略.方法 筛选2005年11月1日至2008年12月31日中华骨科网(htpp://www.orthochina.org)骨科创伤版数据库中128例股骨颈骨折患者资料,均由通过"骨科医生"身份验证的专业骨科医生提交,提取18例股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折患者资料.利用网络开放数据库的特点,综合分析此18例患者的医院分布、漏诊时间和漏诊原因,总结及汇总论坛讨论意见,分析骨科医生对股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的认识,汇总治疗策略.结果 股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折占股骨颈骨折的14.1%(18/128).38.9%(7/18)的患者漏诊股骨颈骨折,1例为术巾漏诊,6例为术后漏诊.18例患者中,来自基层一级医疗机构者3例,地区二级医院12例,三级甲等医院3例.7例漏诊患者中,基层一级医疗机构3例,地区二级医院1例,三级甲等医院3例.早期确诊的11例患者多采用钢板加空心加压螺纹钉固定或股骨近端髓内钉固定,疗效可靠.1例术中漏诊患者术中补救后复位固定满意.6例术后漏诊患者中,3例采用空心加压螺纹钉同定,骨折复位较好;3例未对股骨颈骨折固定,预后较差.医生查体不完全、尤摄髋CT和术中透视及复查X线没有包括同侧髋关节是漏诊的主要原因.结论 网络数据库客观反映目前临床诊疗中股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的重要性和风险,漏诊患者中顺行髓内钉的翻修最为困难,早期诊治及避免漏诊十分必要,应强调规范化查体和诊治.     

股骨近端空心钉锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效观察

目的 观察应用股骨近端空心钉锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年7月利用股骨近端空心钉锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折患者20例,分析手术时间、手术出血量、手术并发症等情况,按Sanders髋关节功能评分标准评价术后关节功能.结果 20例患者均获得随访,随访率100％,随访时间6.0～24.0个月,平均10.6个月.本组患者骨折均愈合,无感染、骨不连、股骨头坏死、髋内翻、内固定失败等情况发生.按Sanders髋关节评分标准评定:优14例,良4例,可2例,优良率为90.0％.结论 股骨近端空心钉锁定板治疗股骨颈骨折操作简单、创伤小、固定可靠,是一种比较理想的内固定方法.