应激肽在低氧大鼠的含量变化分析

为了研究应激肽（HSP）在高原病的发生、发展和转归过程中的作用，为易感人群的筛选提供全新的检测指标，作者检测了高原病患者治疗前后应激肽含量及醛固醇（ALD）含量变化，发现对于高原病易感者有一定的筛检作用。为了进一步探讨低氧条件下Wistar大鼠是否同样存在低氧应激肽，为此作者监测了不同低氧条件下的大鼠血清中的低氧应激肽的含量变化。     

低氧应激肽氢谱特征及急进高原的含量变化分析

目的分析血清低氧应激肽的特征和健康成年人急进高原前后血清低氧应激肽的改变,探讨其在高原病治疗和预后的作用。方法采用质谱和核磁波谱方法鉴定高原病患者体内存在特征性的应激肽,采集40例高原世居健康者为对照组,以40例健康成年人急进高原前、急进高原后24、72h及1周后血清,用化学显色试剂对应激肽含量进行测定。结果40例世居对照组应激肽含量为(729±98)mg/L;实验组健康成年人急进高原前、急进高原后24、72h和1周后应激肽含量分别为(735±117)mg/L、(908±103)mg/L、(917±101)mg/L和(828±95)mg/L。健康成年人急进高原前与急进高原后24h及72h之间有显著性差异(P<005),急进高原后24h人群与健康世居组之间有显著性差异(P<005),急进高原后1周与急进高原后24h之间有显著性差异(P<005)。结论应激肽作为一种特殊的应激蛋白,在急进高原前后有较大的改变,具有一定的检测价值。     

应激肽在高原病康复治疗中的应用

人处于低氧环境时,体液环境中存在一种特殊的应激蛋白,为神经内分泌免疫调控应激反应所表现的物质基础,该物质与高原病有着极密切相关关系,与已知的蛋白、糖、酶和激素等高原病相关物有本质区别,称之为应激肽。本文旨在阐明其质、量在高原病的发生、发展和转归过程中的作用,为易感人群的筛选提供全新的检测指标,检测了高原病患者治疗前后应激肽含量变化,对于高原病患者的康复治疗有一定的指导作用。作者采集高原世居健康者及高原病病人治疗前、后血清,用快速检测方法对应激肽含量进行测定。结果:40例健康对照组应激肽含量为(77.3±16.5)mg/…     

睡眠剥夺对大鼠血清髓鞘碱性蛋白和海马超微结构的影响

目的 观察大鼠睡眠剥夺(SD)后的脑损害情况。方法 采用小平台水环境法建立SD模型，以大平台组(TC)和正常笼养组(CC)作为对照组，采用酶联免疫吸附法测定髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)含量、采用双抗体放射免疫法测定皮质醇含量。电镜观察海马神经细胞超微结构变化。结果 与CC和TC组比较，SD 1d、3d和5d后血清皮质醇水平均增高，差异有显著性意义；SD 5d后血清MBP含量增高，差异有显著性意义，SD 1d、3d水平无显著性差异。TC组与正常对照组比较，血清皮质醇增高而MBP水平无显著性差异。电镜下观察SD 5d组CA3区锥体细胞形态不规则，结构疏松，髓鞘板层分离、线粒体肿胀、空泡变性。结论 长时间SD可能引起脑器质性损害。     

高原环境下大鼠液压脑损伤后微循环的改变及vWF表达的实验研究

目的：研究高原环境下大鼠液压脑损伤后微循环的改变及vWF表达并探讨其意义。方法：成年健康SD雄性大鼠100只，以侧位液压冲击法建立平原和高原环境下大鼠脑损伤模型，应用光镜、墨汁灌注、ELISA方法，观察大鼠脑损伤后不同时间点脑微血管变化及vWF表达。结果：高原组外伤后脑水肿较平原组出现时间早，且同一时相有差异，高原组毛细血管损伤更严重。血清中vWF含量均明显增加，24h达顶峰。结论：高原环境下可加重颅脑损伤后微循环的破坏，引起早期脑缺氧、缺血。     

暴露高原不同时间人体血清应激肽和心肌酶改变

在早期研究中已发现人体处于低氧环境时，体液中存在一种特殊的应激蛋白，为神经内分泌免疫调控应激反应所表现的物质基础，该物质与高原病有着极密切相关关系，与已知的蛋白、糖、酶和激素等高原病相关物质有本质区别，被称之为应激肽。本文探讨了进驻高原不同时间人体血清应激肽和心肌酶变化的规律与低氧环境的相关性。作者将受试者分为平原对照组。驻成都某部汉族新兵，年龄（18—20）岁，均未人过藏；进藏3d组，为从成都空运至拉萨（海拔3658m）的汉族新兵，     

军事应激对部队官兵血清和胃黏膜白细胞介素6水平的影响

目的：探讨军事演习前后部队官兵血清和胃黏膜中白细胞介素6（interleukin－6, IL－6）的水平及其意义。方法分别采用酶联免疫吸附和免疫组化的方法检测某部60名官兵军事演习前后血清和胃黏膜中IL－6的水平。结果军事演习后官兵血清中IL－6的含量明显高于演习前（ P＜0．01）;IL－6在胃黏膜组织中主要表达于部分间质细胞及腺上皮细胞的胞浆中,演习后其表达明显高于演习前（ P＜0．01）。结论 IL－6可能中介了军事应激所致的胃黏膜病变。在军事应激早期检测该细胞因子的含量有助于评估发生胃黏膜病变的可能性及严重程度。     

低氧习服对大鼠血浆内皮素、心房利尿钠肽、C型利尿钠肽和血管紧张素含量的影响

目的：研究急性低氧和低氧习服对大鼠血浆内皮素、血管紧张素、心房利尿钠肽(atrial nalriuretic peptide ANP)和C型利尿钠肽(C-type natriuretic peptide，CNP)含量的影响。方法：间断低氧习服大鼠(3000m、5000m各4h/d，共2周)和正常大鼠经8000m缺氧4h后，观察其血浆内皮素、血管紧张素、ANP和CNP含量的变化。结果：低氧时大鼠血浆内皮素含量有增加的趋势，低氧对血浆CNP含量无明显影响。急性低氧时大鼠血浆ANP、血管紧张素Ⅰ(AngⅠ)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)含量显著增高。低氧习服后，ANP和AngⅠ含量显著降低，接近正常水平，AngⅡ含量有下降趋势。结论：大鼠经间断低氧习服后，血浆ANP和AngⅠ含量显著降低，可能是心脏低氧习服的机制之一。     

右美沙芬治疗对兔急性脑外伤保护作用的研究

目的：应用N－甲基天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体拮抗剂右美沙芬（DM）治疗兔脑外伤，并检测伤灶及其周围脑组织热休克蛋白70（HSP70）表达及坏死细胞数的变化，探讨DM治疗对脑外伤后脑保护作用的机制。方法：成年雄性家兔利用颅脑外伤自由落体打击器造成一侧脑外伤模型，伤后动物被分为治疗6h组，7d组，外伤6h组，7d组及对照6h组，7d组，治疗组动物在外伤后立即给予腹腔注射右美少芬治疗，剂量为50mg.kg^-1.d^-1，外伤组和对照组给予腹腔注射等渗盐水10mg/d，分别在伤后6h,7d致死各组动物，采用免疫组化方法及计算机图像分析检测伤灶及周围脑组织HSP70的表达及坏死细胞数。结果：对照组未HSP70阳性细胞的表达，外伤后，伤灶及其周围可见大量HSP70表达。治疗组损伤及其周围的神经元HSP70表达较外伤组显著增加，而坏死神经元数目则显著减少。结论：兔脑外伤后DM治疗可诱导内源性保护因子HSP70的表达增高，提高神经元对脑外伤后继发性损伤的耐受性，进而增加神经元存活率。     

表皮生长因子与转化生长因子β1在大鼠颅脑损伤后急性胃黏膜病变中的作用

目的 研究表皮生长因子（EGF）和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）在大鼠颅脑损伤后急性胃黏膜病变（AGML）中的作用，并探讨EGF与TGF-β1之间的相关性。方法 采用Feeney’s自由落体法建立动物模型，用ELISA法检测不同时间段大鼠血清中EGF与TGF-β1的含量，并用免疫组化法检测大鼠胃黏膜上TGF-β1表达变化，以细胞浆中出现黄褐色颗粒为阳性结果。结果 颅脑损伤后，大鼠血清EGF与TGF-β1水平下降，损伤后24小时降到最低点（P〈0．001）；损伤后3天时水平升高，5天时达到正常水平，且血清中EGF与TGF-β1水平变化存在明显的正相关性；胃黏膜TGF-β1表达在损伤后24小时明显减少（P〈0．01），损伤后3天表达增高（P〈0．01）。结论 颅脑损伤引起急性胃黏膜病变可能与失去内源性EGF和TGF-β1的协同保护作用有关，通过检测EGF与TGF-β1的水平可判断病情，指导临床治疗和评价预后。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.