High rates of colonization and antimicrobial resistance of group B streptococcus highlight the need for vaccination even after implementation of guidelines for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis

IntroductionIt is estimated that about 11–35% of pregnant women are colonized with Group B streptococcus. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is the primary intervention to decrease the risk of infecting babies born to GBS colonized mothers.MethodsA total of 5,996 pregnant women, who received the Taiwanese universal GBS screening program from 2012 to 2020, were included in this study that investigated GBS colonization, antimicrobial resistance rates and their neonatal incidence of invasive GBS infection.ResultsThe average GBS colonization rate was 18.5%. Older age groups had higher colonization rates than younger age groups. Compared to Taiwanese, immigrant women from Indonesia had a greater positive rate. GBS isolated from Vietnamese women had significant greater resistance to clindamycin relative to Taiwanese women. Rates of resistance to erythromycin increase from 35.5% to 45.5% over the 9 years of measurements. The incidence of invasive GBS disease was about 0.6/1,000 (4/6,204) live births during the study.ConclusionsAlthough relatively low incidence of invasive GBS diseases was observed after implementation of IAP, the colonization of GBS remains high and antimicrobial resistance of GBS is increasing. An effective GBS vaccine holds promise to be a solution for these issues.     

Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infections and Geophagia among Pregnant Women in Jimma Town Health Institutions,Southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundPregnancy is a key step for human''s reproduction and continuity of generation. Pregnant women are among at risk groups for the infection of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). STHs are highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries due to the deprived environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Eating soil (geophagia) is also commonly practiced by pregnant women, particularly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of STHs and geophagia, and to assess associated factors among pregnant women in Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among 407 pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at different health facilities located in Jimma Town. Data related to sociodemographic and geophagia practice was collected using a structured questionnaire and STH infections status was determined by using McMaster technique.ResultsA total of 407 pregnant women were included in this study. The overall prevalence of any STHs was 19.7% (80/407). Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent 45(56.2%), followed by Trichuris trichiura 19(23.8%) and hookworms 12(15%). There were 4(5%) of double infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. Overall, 71 (17.4%) of the pregnant women responded to practice geophagia. STHs infection was significantly higher among geophagic pregnant women (p<0.01) and pregnant women who practiced geophagia were 3 times more likely (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–4.2) to have the STHs compared to non-geophagic. Out of those who claimed soil eating habits, 59.1% preferred reddish soil type. Geophagia practice was significantly higher during the third trimester as compared to first and second (p<0.05).ConclusionGeophagia is a risky behavior and this study showed a significant association of geophagia practice with STH infections, although the causal relation could not be established.     

Infant serotype specific anti-capsular immunoglobulin G antibody and risk of invasive group B Streptococcal disease

Past studies have mainly investigated the association of serotype-specific capsular IgG in the mother and risk reduction of invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) in their young infants. The efficiency of transplacental transfer of IgG could be affected by multiple maternal factors. Hence, investigation of infant serum GBS anti-capsular IgG and risk reduction for invasive GBS disease may be more robust and generalizable. In a matched case-control study, infant serum serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide Ia and III IgG concentrations were analyzed in infants with invasive GBS cases and healthy controls born to women with recto-vaginal colonization by the homotypic serotype. Using Bayesian modeling, an antibody concentration of 2.5 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL predicted a 90% reduced risk of invasive disease for serotype Ia and III, respectively. These data contribute to the possible licensure of a GBS polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine, targeted at pregnant women, based on serological correlates of protection against invasive GBS disease.     

Equality in Obstetrical Care: Racial/Ethnic Variation in Group B Streptococcus Screening

The objective of this article is to determine whether racial/ethnic disparities exist in screening for group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization among pregnant women. A retrospective cohort study of deliveries at a single institution was conducted. The primary outcome was the availability of GBS culture data at the time of delivery; the primary predictor was maternal race/ethnicity. Analyses were stratified by the time periods before and after the CDC recommendations for universal screening for GBS. Among 16,333 deliveries, 60.4% of the population was screened for GBS but screening rates varied markedly by year of delivery. Black women had a lower odds of having available GBS data (AOR 0.81 [0.69, 0.95]) but this disparity was limited to the period of time before universal screening was recommended. Prior to the recommendation for universal screening for GBS, racial/ethnic disparities existed in rates of screening among pregnant women delivering at term. These differences were reduced after 2002, suggesting that uniform policies regarding obstetrical care may be effective in eliminating disparities in obstetrical care and outcomes.     

Laboratory practices for prenatal group B streptococcal screening--seven states, 2003

In the United States, group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of serious bacterial infections in newborns. In 1996, consensus guidelines for use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to prevent perinatal GBS disease recommended either of two methods for identifying candidates for chemoprophylaxis: 1) late prenatal culture-based screening for GBS colonization or 2) monitoring of women intrapartum for particular risk factors associated with early-onset GBS disease. Evidence that culture-based screening was substantially more effective than the risk-based approach led to revised guidelines in 2002 recommending late prenatal GBS screening for all pregnant women. Although methods for isolation and identification of GBS from prenatal specimens remained the same as those recommended in 1996, the 2002 guidelines recommended that laboratories perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing on prenatal GBS isolates from women at high risk for penicillin anaphylaxis and clarified that laboratories should report the presence of any GBS in urine specimens from pregnant women. To assess laboratory adherence to recommendations in the 2002 guidelines, CDC's Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs)/Emerging Infections Program Network surveyed clinical laboratories about prenatal culture-processing practices in 2003. This report summarizes the results of that survey, which indicated that, although adherence to GBS isolation procedures was high, opportunities exist to improve implementation of recommendations related to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and GBS bacteriuria.     

围产期孕妇与新生儿中B群链球菌（GBS）感染率及耐药性分析

目的研究围产期孕妇及其分娩新生儿GBS的感染率以及耐药性,从而探讨GBS的临床特点,为临床医师提供准确的用药依据。方法对408例围产期孕妇以及分娩后415例新生儿进行样本采集,之后给予GBS细菌鉴定及药敏试验,记录鉴定及药敏试验结果。结果 408例围产期孕妇GBS阳性检测率为21.1%,415例新生儿的GBS阳性检测率为3.1%,提示围产期孕妇及新生儿GBS检测阳性率较去年有所上升,新生儿早发型GBS感染有增加的趋势。分离菌株对头孢唑啉、左氧氟沙星和万古霉素均敏感,对青霉素和氨苄青霉素虽然没有耐药但其中介率达到6.8%。对克林霉素的耐药率和中介率分别为10.6%和16.5%。GBS耐药性有所增强。结论研究表明,及时的进行GBS预防检查,对GBS感染的孕妇与GBS早发型新生儿应及早进行治疗,并恰当的选择治疗药物,避免耐药性的增加,同时定期对新生儿进行GBS检查,避免晚发型GBS感染,提高围产期孕妇与新生儿生活质量。     

Dysglycemia in Critically Ill Children Admitted to Jimma Medical Centre,Southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundAbnormal blood glucose level is one of the most frequently encountered problems in children with severe illnesses. However, its magnitude and outcome have rarely been determined in Ethiopia. We aimed to determine the magnitude, associated factors and outcome of dysglycemia in critically ill children admitted to Jimma Medical Center.MethodsProspective longitudinal study was conducted on children aged 28 days to 14 years admitted with critical illnesses at the different units of the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health of Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, from June to August 2019. Data were collected by trained medical personnel using structured questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 20.0. Dysglycemia was considered whenever the child had a random blood sugar >150mg/dl or <45mg/dl.ResultDysglycemia was seen at admission in 139/481, 28.9% children; 24 (5.0%) had hypoglycemia whereas 115 (23.9%) had hyperglycemia. The factors associated with dysglycemia at admission were severe acute malnutrition (p=002, AOR=3.09, CI=1.18,7.77), impaired mental status (p=0.003, AOR=4.63, CI=1.68, 12.71), place of residence (p=0.01, AOR=1.85, CI=1.15–2.96) and presence of diarrhea on date of admission. Among the children who had dysglycemia at admission, 16/139, 11.5% died.ConclusionDysglycemia is a common problem in critically ill children in the setting. Blood glucose level should be determined for all critically ill children, and routine empirical administration of dextrose should be minimized since most of the children with dysglycemia had hyperglycemia than hypoglycemia.     

Anemia and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Prenatal Care in Rural Dembia District,North West Ethiopia: A cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT

Introduction: About 22% of pregnant women are anemic in Ethiopia, but there is a large variation across the country. Hence, the aim of this study identifies the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women attending prenatal appointments in Dembia District, northwest Ethiopia.Methods and materials: A facility-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 713 pregnant women. A multi-stage, stratified sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured and pretested questionnaire, laboratory data, and chart review were used to collect data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with anemia in pregnant women.Results: Prevalence of anemia was 32.4% with a majority of these having moderate anemia. Type of health center being rural/urban health center, water sources, days since fasting, 4 weeks of iron supplementation, craving unusual foods, mid-upper arm circumference scores, and decision power were significant predictors of anemia.Conclusion: The present study suggests anemia among pregnant women attending prenatal in Dembia district was high. Working to enhance adherence to iron supplementation and partner involvement for joint decision-making is recommended to avert prenatal anemia. Health-care providers and programmers are advised to pay special attention to rural and fasting pregnant mothers.

Abbreviations: AOR: Adjusted Odd Ratio; CMHS: College of medicine and health sciences; CI: Confidence Interval; HFIAS: Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; RCSI: Reduced Coping Strategies Index; Hgb: Hemoglobin; MCMC: Marco Chain Monte Carlo; EPV: Events per variable; BMI: Body Mass Index; PPS: Population proportionate to size sampling; SRS: simple random sampling; DALYS: Disability-adjusted life years; MUAC: Mid-upper-arm-circumference; WHO: World Health Organization; EDHS: Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey; SPSS: Statistical package for social science; ANC: Ante natal care; PCA: Principal component analysis; MASL: Meter above sea level; g/dl: gram per decilitre HALE: Health Action Leicester Ethiopia; WDDS: Women’s Dietary Diversity Scale     

Maternal and neonatal colonisation of group B streptococcus at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance

Background  

Group B streptococcus (GBS), which asymptomatically colonises the vaginal and rectal areas of women, is the leading cause of septicemia, meningitis and pneumonia in neonates. In Tanzania no studies have been done on GBS colonisation of pregnant women and neonates. This study was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to determine the prevalence of GBS colonisation among pregnant women, the neonatal colonisation rate and the antimicrobial susceptibility, thus providing essential information to formulate a policy for treatment and prevention regarding perinatal GBS diseases.     

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Suicidal Ideation and Attempt among Prisoners in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundSuicide is a serious cause of mortality worldwide and the single most common cause of death in the prison population. Studies on suicidal ideation and attempt among prison people in Ethiopia are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of suicidal ideation and attempt among prisoners in Debre Markos Correctional Center, northwest, Ethiopia, 2019.MethodAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted using the simple random sampling technique; a total of 640 participants was recruited. Suicidal ideation and attempts were assessed using the suicidality module of the World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).ResultsThe prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt were 21.9% and 13.1% with 95% CI (18.40, 25.20) and (10.60, 15.80) respectively. The study revealed that female sex (AOR=2.60, 95%CI: 1.39, 8.20) and family history of mental illness (AOR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.11, 3.90) were significantly associated with both suicidal ideation and attempt. Whereas divorced/widowed (AOR=3.67, 95%CI: 2.05, 6.58), common mental disorder (AOR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.25, 3.16) and poor social support (AOR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.42, 5.06) were statistically associated with suicidal ideation, and previous incarceration (AOR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.20, 5.16) was significantly associated with a suicide attempt.ConclusionThe result shows that the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt were serious problems among prisoners. As a result, inmate people need greater attention and interventions for suicidal behaviors.     

Prevalence of Low Self-esteem and Mental Distress among Undergraduate Medical Students in Jimma University: A Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundMedical students often experience chronic stress. Self-esteem is one of the most important factors in the process of psychosocial growth and has remarkable effect on thoughts, feelings, values, and goals. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of low self-esteem (LSE) and mental distress among Medical Students of Jimma University.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma University from June to July, 2018. Self-esteem was measured with Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Self-administered Short form with General Health Questionnaire was used to assess presence of mental distress.ResultOut of 422 students enrolled to the study, 279 (66.1%) were male, and 413 (97.9 %) were 18 to 25 years of age. The prevalence of LSE and mental distress were 19.0%, and 19.7 %, respectively. Students who had LSE had 5 times higher risk of having mental distress, AOR= 5.1 (95% CI, 2.9–8.9). Moreover, female students had higher risk of developing mental distress (AOR=1.9, 95% CI, 1.1–3.3). Students who had poor social support were 4.3 times at higher risk of developing LSE, AOR=4.3 (95% CI, 1.9–9.8). Those who reported to have poor academic performance were also more likely to have LSE AOR= 3.7 (95% CI, 1.3–10.0).ConclusionOne in five medical students had LSE and it is strongly associated with metal distress. Female students were at higher risk of mental distress. Preventive, curative and rehabilitative mental health services should be available for medical students with particular attention to those with poor social support.     

Acceptability of a hypothetical group B strep vaccine among pregnant and recently delivered women

Objective

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes significant infant morbidity and mortality. Promising GBS vaccines are currently in clinical trials. Because GBS vaccines would be the first to specifically target pregnant women, we sought to assess acceptability of a hypothetical GBS vaccine.

Study design

We performed an internet survey among currently pregnant or recently delivered women receiving care at one of 9 Ob/Gyn practices in Colorado. Vaccine acceptability was assessed using questions based on constructs from the Health Belief Model. Multivariable analyses assessed the characteristics associated with GBS vaccine acceptability during the current/recent pregnancy.

Results

The response rate was 50% (n = 231). While 78% agreed that a GBS vaccine would be a good way to protect newborns, 90% and 83% agreed, respectively, that they worried generally about the safety and effectiveness of new vaccines. Moreover, 39% believed it is generally dangerous for pregnant women to get vaccines. Seventy nine percent ‘definitely’ or ‘probably’ would have gotten a GBS vaccine in their most recent pregnancy if available. The most influential factors associated with this outcome were a strong belief in the vaccine's benefits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01–20.16), and low perceived barriers to vaccination (AOR 0.11, 95% CI (0.03–0.37)).

Conclusion

A GBS vaccine may be acceptable to pregnant women but would benefit from strong provider support and education about the risks and consequences of GBS infection and the benefits to vaccination.     

孕产妇生殖道无乳链球菌的血清型分布及耐药基因分析

目的 了解孕产妇生殖道分离的无乳链球菌(GBS)血清型分布及耐药基因,为临床防治GBS感染和合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法 选择2020年1月—2021年6月入住某院妊娠晚期且生殖道分泌物检出GBS的孕产妇为研究对象,采用多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)及基因测序的方法对分离培养的GBS进行基因分型及耐药基因检测。结果 共分离GBS 62株,GBS的血清型分别为Ⅲ型(30株,48.4%)、Ⅰa型(16株,25.8%)、Ⅰb型(8株,12.9%)、Ⅴ型(6株,9.7%)、Ⅵ型(2株,3.2%)。GBS药敏试验结果显示,GBS对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素有着较高的耐药性,耐药率分别为77.4%、71.0%、67.7%,对氨苄西林、青霉素G、喹奴普丁/达福普汀、利奈唑胺、万古霉素等均不耐药。GBS耐药菌株：四环素耐药基因tetM、tetO、tetL携带率分别为75.0%(36/48)、33.3%(16/48)、8.3%(4/48);红霉素耐药基因ermB、mefA/E、ermA、ermTR携带率分别为72.7%(32/44)、22.7%(10/44)、18.2%(8/44)、13.6%(6/4...     

Antimicrobial resistance and ESBL profile of Uropathogens among pregnant women at Edna Adan Hospital,Hargeisa, Somaliland

BackgroundThe emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among uropathogens is increasing, especially in resource limited settings due to a number of reasons. The production of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) by some strains of E. coli and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus species, limits the choice of antimicrobials in the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) globally. However, little is known about the type of uropathogenes and their current AMR profile among pregnant women in Hargeisa, Somaliland.MethodsClean-catch mid-stream urine samples were collected and processed for bacteriological culture and antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST). Ceftazidime (30µg) and Cefotaxime (30µg) disks were used for ESBL screening as per CLSI guideline and each ESBL screening positive isolate were phenotypically confirmed by a combination disk test.ResultsAmong 376 study participants, 79 (21.0%) had significant bacteriuria (SBU). Majority at 58(73.4%) of the isolates were Gram-negative. The most predominant isolate was E.coli, 36(45.6%) followed by K. pneumonea 16(20.3%) and S. aureus at 9(11.4 %). The proportion of ESBL producing isolates was 25(32.9%). Gram-negatives showed high level resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, and cephalexin at 87%, 85%, 57%, and 52%, respectively. Previous history of UTI, monthly income, educational status and having dysuria were significantly associated with SBU (p<0.05).ConclusionRelatively high prevalence of uropathogens and an increased level of drug resistance were documented. Therefore, continued surveillance on the type of uropathogens and their AMR pattern is needed to ensure appropriate recommendations for the rational empirical treatment of UTI and for policy input.     

云南省德宏州2005-2010年未婚孕产妇艾滋病病毒感染及其影响因素分析

目的:了解云南省德宏州未婚孕产妇艾滋病流行趋势,探讨影响未婚孕产妇感染艾滋病病毒(HIV)的危险因素。方法:收集2005-2010年间进入德宏州各级医院和计划生育服务站就诊的未婚孕产妇的社会人口学、行为学和HIV感染信息,对HIV阳性者血清进行BED-捕获酶联免疫试验(BED-CEIA)以检测其是否系新近感染者。结果:德宏州2005-2010年间共调查12 742例未婚孕产妇,HIV感染率和新近感染率分别为0.71%和0.25%。2007年HIV感染率和新近感染率最高,分别为1.13%和0.86%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,缅甸籍(AOR:2.57;95%CI:1.13～5.84)未婚孕产妇HIV感染率较高,而高中/中专文化程度(AOR:0.19;95%CI:0.06～0.58)、"丈夫"/男朋友无吸毒史(AOR:0.18;95%CI:0.04～0.75)未婚孕产妇HIV感染率较低。结论:德宏州未婚孕产妇HIV感染率及新近感染率较高。缅甸籍、"丈夫"/男朋友吸毒史、文化水平低是导致未婚孕产妇感染HIV的高危因素。有必要加强未婚孕产妇人群艾滋病防控工作。     

Pregnant women’s knowledge and attitude to maternal vaccination including group B streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines

BackgroundMaternal immunisation is an important strategy to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity. New maternal vaccines such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Group B streptococcus (GBS) are in development and/or clinical trials. However, little is known about pregnant women’s knowledge about these diseases.MethodsWomen attending antenatal clinics in Melbourne, Australia were invited to complete a questionnaire collecting demographic information, past vaccination history, understanding of risk of GBS and RSV disease in pregnancy and likelihood to accept these theoretical vaccines in the future.Findings495 women (48% born outside of Australia, from 48 different countries) completed the questionnaire. A large number of women had never heard of GBS (63%) or RSV (83%). Women over 35 years, born in Australia and women who had more than one child were more likely to have heard of GBS or RSV (p < 0.001). Women who had received influenza or pertussis vaccine in pregnancy were more likely to accept a RSV or GBS vaccine (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study has shown that knowledge of GBS and RSV is poor. However, when provided with information about the two diseases, acceptance of a hypothetical vaccine for both diseases was high. This study highlights the enormous amount of work that needs to be done in educating pregnant women about the seriousness of these two diseases if a future vaccine is ever to be accepted and high coverage achieved among the target population.     

围产期孕妇无乳链球菌感染状况、对妊娠结局的影响与耐药性分析

目的探讨围产期孕妇无乳链球菌(GBS)的感染状况、对妊娠结局影响、血清型与耐药性,为临床诊断与治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年12月本院病区与门诊围产期孕妇的临床资料。结果1069例围产期孕妇进行GBS检测,共检出GBS 172株,检出率为16.1%。不同年龄段、不同标本类型、不同文化程度、不同年度及有无流产史、阴道炎患者的GBS检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。围产期孕妇GBS阳性患者剖宫产、产褥感染、早产、胎膜早破、胎儿窘迫、宫内感染、羊水污染比例均高于阴性患者(P<0.05)。GBS血清学分型以Ⅲ型为主(55.7%)。GBS对青霉素G、氨苄西林、氯霉素的耐药率均低于10.0%,对左氧氟沙星、四环素、克林霉素、红霉素的耐药率均高于45.0%。D试验阳性率为29.7%。结论本地区围产期孕妇GBS检出率较高,Ⅲ型是GBS主要的血清型,GBS定植可导致不良妊娠结局,青霉素G仍可作为首选药物。     

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at a Referral Hospital,North Eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes and its associated complications rising in Ethiopia ranged from 2.0%–6.5%, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality with consequential economic impact. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia among diabetes follow-up patients.MethodsInstitution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital from January to March 2020 in 347 Adult type 2 diabetes follow-up patients using a convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by interviews and entered using Epi-data 4.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Factors having a p-value < 0.25 in the bi-variable logistic regression model were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Statistical Significance was declared at a p-value ≤ of 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetes patients in this study was 59 %. Significantly associated variables were being female [AOR 2.6 (95% CI 1.2–3.2), P = 0.011], smoking history [AOR 4.1 (95% CI 2–6.8), P = 0.001], Being overweight [AOR 3.5 (95% CI 1.6–7.8), P = 0.002], Being obese [AOR 4.8 (95% CI 1.7–13), P = 0.002].ConclusionPrevalence of dyslipidemia was high among diabetic patients, which accounts for 59%. Being female, smoking history, being overweight, and being obese were determinants of dyslipidemia. Patients with poor glycemic control need additional lipid-lowering therapies to prevent secondary Atherosclerotic vascular complications.