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1.
Introduction
Identifying risk factors associated with the development of work-related neck pain in office workers is necessary to facilitate the development of prevention strategies that aim to minimise this prevalent and costly health problem. The aim of this systematic review is to identify individual worker (e.g., lifestyle activity, muscular strength, and posture) and workplace (e.g., ergonomics and work environment) physical factors associated with the development of non-specific neck pain in office workers.Methods
Studies from 1980 to 2016 were identified by an electronic search of Pubmed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Psychlnfo and Proquest databases. Two authors independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the epidemiological appraisal instrument (EAI). A random effect model was used to estimate the risk of physical factors for neck pain.Results
Twenty papers described the findings of ten prospective cohort studies and two randomized controlled trials. Low satisfaction with the workplace environment (pooled RR 1.28; CI 1.07–1.55), keyboard position close to the body [pooled RR 1.46; (CI 1.07–1.99)], low work task variation [RR 1.27; CI (1.08–1.50)] and self-perceived medium/high muscular tension (pooled RR 2.75/1.82; CI 1.60 /1.14–4.72/2.90) were found to be risk factors for the development of neck pain.Conclusions
This review found evidence for a few number of physical risk factors for the development of neck pain, however, there was also either limited or conflicting factors. Recommendations for future studies evaluating risk factors are reported and how these may contribute to the prevention of neck pain in office workers.2.
Background
Many young children experience the death of a family member and they may be at risk for developing psychological and behavioral problems, but not much is known about how to help young children cope with such a stressful and painful experience.Objective
The purposes of this study are to identify the interventions for bereaved young children and examine the effectiveness of the interventions.Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed to investigate the effects of interventions for preschool-age children (3–5 years) who experience the death of a family member.Results
Seventeen studies that met the inclusion criteria for the purpose of this review were identified. All of the studies involved a small sample, and majority of the studies mixed preschool children with other older children in the sample. Play-based therapies were the most common interventions for grieving young children. Involving parents in the interventions, regardless of their therapeutic orientation, was a critical ingredient.Conclusions
Limited empirical evidence of positive intervention outcomes for preschool-age bereaved children was available. Surviving parents were seen as an important agent to help young children grieve and cope with the experience of loss. Implications for school mental health practice and research are provided.3.
Ammarah Y. Soofi Vanina Dal Bello-Haas Michelle E. Kho Lori Letts 《Quality of life research》2018,27(4):845-856
Background
The nature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is progressive and degenerative, thus influencing individuals physically, emotionally, and socially. A broad review of qualitative studies that describe the personal experiences of people with ALS with physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech and language pathology interventions, and how those affect QoL is warranted.Purpose
This study synthesizes qualitative research regarding the potential that rehabilitation interventions have to maintain and/or improve QoL from the perspective of people with ALS.Methods
The SPIDER search strategy was applied and five articles met inclusion criteria addressing the perceived impact of rehabilitation on QoL for individuals with ALS.Results
Four themes emerged: the concept of control; adapting interventions to disease stage; struggles with interventions; and barriers between healthcare providers and patients.Conclusions
Rehabilitation interventions were perceived to have potential to support QoL by people with ALS. Advantages and limitations of rehabilitation services within this population were identified.4.
Paul Zivich Bruno Lapika Frieda Behets Marcel Yotebieng 《Maternal and child health journal》2018,22(5):762-771
Introduction
Global initiatives to improve breastfeeding practices have focused on the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of implementing Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) steps 1–9 and BFHI steps 1–10 on incidence of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses in the first 6?months of life.Methods
We reanalyzed a cluster randomized trial in which health-care clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, were randomly assigned to standard care (control group), BFHI steps 1–9, or BFHI steps 1–10. Outcomes included episodes of diarrhea and respiratory illness. Piecewise Poisson regression with generalized estimation equations to account for clustering by clinic was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results
Steps 1–9 was associated with a decreased incidence of reported diarrhea (IRR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53, 0.99) and respiratory illness (IRR 0.48, 95% CI 0.37, 0.63), health facility visits due to diarrhea (IRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.42, 0.85) and respiratory illness (IRR 0.47, 95% CI 0.36, 0.63), and hospitalizations due to diarrhea (IRR 0.42, 95% CI 0.17, 1.06) and respiratory illness (IRR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11, 0.98). Addition of Step 10 attenuated this effect: episodes of reported diarrhea (IRR 1.24, 95% CI 0.93, 1.68) and respiratory illness (IRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60, 0.99), health facility visits due to diarrhea (IRR 0.76, 95% CI 0.54, 1.08) and respiratory illness (IRR 0.75 95% CI 0.57, 0.97), and hospitalizations due to respiratory illness (IRR 0.48 95% CI 0.16, 1.40); but strengthened the effect against hospitalizations due to diarrhea (IRR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03, 0.60).Conclusions
Implementation of steps 1–9 significantly reduced incidence of mild and severe episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infection in the first 6?months of life, addition of step 10 appeared to lessen this effect.Trial Registration
NCT01428232.5.
Enrico Toffalini Erika Borella Cesare Cornoldi Rossana De Beni 《Quality of life research》2016,25(8):1943-1948
Purpose
In the present study, we investigated the relationship between memory sensitivity, which describes a positive attitude to autobiographical memory and the presence of behaviors devoted to saving memories of the personal past, and psychological well-being; in particular, we tested whether their relationship would change across age groups.Methods
Three hundred eighteen participants, divided in four groups: young to middle-aged adults (20–55 years old), young–old adults (65–74 years old), old adults (75–84 years old), and old–old adults (85–97 years old), completed questionnaires on their memory sensitivity and psychological well-being.Results
Memory sensitivity slightly decreased with age and had a positive relationship with psychological well-being that was critically moderated by age. Specifically, the relationship between memory sensitivity and psychological well-being became increasingly stronger as age increased.Conclusions
While memory sensitivity may have little or no particular relevance in the case of young to middle-aged adults, it has an increasingly important positive relationship with psychological well-being at later age. It is thus suggested that memory sensitivity represents a dimension that should be considered in the study and interventions on quality of life in the elderly population.6.
Naoko?Kozuki Anne?CC?Lee Mariangela?F?Silveira Ayesha?Sania Joshua?P?Vogel Linda?Adair Fernando?Barros Laura?E?Caulfield Parul?Christian Wafaie?Fawzi Jean?Humphrey Lieven?Huybregts Aroonsri?Mongkolchati Robert?Ntozini David?Osrin Dominique?Roberfroid James?Tielsch Anjana?Vaidya Robert?E?Black Joanne?Katz Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group Small-for-Gestational-Age-Preterm Birth Working Group 《BMC public health》2013,13(Z3):S2
Background
Previous studies have reported on adverse neonatal outcomes associated with parity and maternal age. Many of these studies have relied on cross-sectional data, from which drawing causal inference is complex. We explore the associations between parity/maternal age and adverse neonatal outcomes using data from cohort studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).Methods
Data from 14 cohort studies were included. Parity (nulliparous, parity 1-2, parity ≥3) and maternal age (<18 years, 18-<35 years, ≥35 years) categories were matched with each other to create exposure categories, with those who are parity 1-2 and age 18-<35 years as the reference. Outcomes included small-for-gestational-age (SGA), preterm, neonatal and infant mortality. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated per study and meta-analyzed.Results
Nulliparous, age <18 year women, compared with women who were parity 1-2 and age 18-<35 years had the highest odds of SGA (pooled adjusted OR: 1.80), preterm (pooled aOR: 1.52), neonatal mortality (pooled aOR: 2.07), and infant mortality (pooled aOR: 1.49). Increased odds were also noted for SGA and neonatal mortality for nulliparous/age 18-<35 years, preterm, neonatal, and infant mortality for parity ≥3/age 18-<35 years, and preterm and neonatal mortality for parity ≥3/≥35 years.Conclusions
Nulliparous women <18 years of age have the highest odds of adverse neonatal outcomes. Family planning has traditionally been the least successful in addressing young age as a risk factor; a renewed focus must be placed on finding effective interventions that delay age at first birth. Higher odds of adverse outcomes are also seen among parity ≥3 / age ≥35 mothers, suggesting that reproductive health interventions need to address the entirety of a woman’s reproductive period.Funding
Funding was provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (810-2054) by a grant to the US Fund for UNICEF to support the activities of the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group.7.
Abraham Geremew Bezatu Mengistie Jonathan Mellor Daniele Susan Lantagne Esayas Alemayehu Geremew Sahilu 《Environmental health and preventive medicine》2018,23(1):46
Background
Diarrheal disease attributable to water and sanitation can be prevented using point-of-use water treatment. In Ethiopia, a small number of households treat water at point-of-use with appropriate methods. However, evidence on factors associated with household use of these treatment methods is scarce. Therefore, this study is intended to explore the household use of appropriate point-of-use water treatment and associated factors in Ethiopia.Methods
The data of 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health surveys were used for analysis. Households reportedly treating water with bleach, boiling, filtration, and solar disinfection in each survey are considered as treating with appropriate treatment methods. Household water treatment with these treatment methods and factors associated was assessed using bivariate and multivariable regression. In addition, a region level difference in the treatment use was assessed by using multilevel modeling.Results
The number of households that reported treating water with appropriate water treatment methods was 3.0%, 8.2%, and 6.5% respectively in 2005, 2011, and 2016. Household heads with higher education had 5.99 (95% CI?=?3.48, 10.33), 3.61 (95% CI?=?2.56, 5.07), and 3.43 (95% CI?=?2.19, 6.37) times higher odds of using the treatment methods respectively in 2005, 2011, and 2016 compared to household heads who had no education. There was a significantly high number of households that used appropriate water treatment methods in 2011 (AOR?=?2.78, 95% CI?=?2.16, 3.57) and 2016 (AOR?=?2.18, 95% CI?=?1.64, 3.89) compared to 2005 data. In pooled data analysis, the reported use of the treatment methods is associated with household head education, residency, drinking water sources, and owning radio and television. From a multilevel modeling, within-region variation is higher than between-region variations in the use of treatment methods in each survey.Conclusions
Below 10% of households reportedly treating water at point-of-use in each survey attributable to different factors. Designing intervention strategies for wide-scale use of treatment methods at the country level is fundamental.8.
Yumna?Masood Karina?Lovell Farah?Lunat Najia?Atif Waquas?Waheed Atif?Rahman Rahena?Mossabir Nasim?Chaudhry Nusrat?Husain
Background
Postnatal depression affects 10–15 % of all mothers in Western societies and remains a major public health concern for women from diverse cultures. British Pakistani and Indian women have a higher prevalence of depression in comparison to their white counterparts. Research has shown that culturally adapted interventions using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) may be acceptable and may help to address the needs of this population. The aim of this study was to assess the acceptability and overall experience of the Positive Health Programme by British South Asian mothers.Methods
This was a nested qualitative study, part of an exploratory randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted to test the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally-adapted intervention (Positive Health Programme or PHP) for postnatal depression in British South Asian women. In-depth interviews (N = 17) were conducted to determine the views of the participants on the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention.Results
The participants found the intervention acceptable and experienced an overall positive change in their attitudes, behaviour, and increased self-confidence.Conclusions
The findings suggest that the culturally adapted Positive Health Programme is acceptable to British South Asian women. These results support that culturally sensitive interventions may lead to better health outcomes and overall satisfaction.Trial registration
Protocol registered on Clinicaltrials.gov NCT018388899.
10.
V. D’Egidio C. Sestili M. Mancino I. Sciarra R. Cocchiara I. Backhaus A. Mannocci Alessandro De Luca Federico Frusone Massimo Monti G. La Torre RETURN TO BREAST Collaborative group 《Quality of life research》2017,26(10):2573-2592
Background
Higher survival rates for breast cancer patients have led to concerns in dealing with short- and long-term side effects. The most common complications are impairment of shoulder functions, pain, lymphedema, and dysesthesia of the injured arm; psychological consequences concern: emotional distress, anxiety, and depression, thereby, deeply impacting/affecting daily living activity, and health-related quality of life.Objective
To perform a systematic review for assessing the efficacy or effectiveness of interventions aiming at improving health-related quality of life, return to daily activity, and correct lifestyles among breast cancer patients.Methods
A literature search was conducted in December 2016 using the databases PubMed and Scopus. Search terms included: (counseling) AND (breast cancer) AND (quality of life). Articles on counseling interventions to improve quality of life, physical and psychological outcomes were included.Results
Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. The interventions were grouped in five main areas: concerning lifestyle counseling interventions, related to combined interventions (physical activity and nutritional counseling), physical therapy, peer counseling, multidisciplinary approach, included psychological, psycho-educational interventions, and cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). Exercise counseling as well as physical therapy are effective to improve shoulder mobility, healing wounds, and limb strength. Psychological therapies such as psychoeducation and CBT may help to realize a social and psychological rehabilitation.Conclusion
A multidisciplinary approach can help in sustaining and restoring impaired physical, psychosocial, and occupational outcomes of breast cancer patients.11.
Yunyun Yang Ju Zhou Ying Yang Zhi Chen Xiaodong Zheng 《Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften》2017,25(6):591-599
Aim
This study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between dairy consumption and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk.Subjects and methods
The association between consumption of overall dairy, specific dairy products (such as milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, condensed milk, whey, casein, lactose) and HCC risk has not been assessed before. This association between dairy consumption and HCC risk has been reported in several epidemiological studies, but results were controversial and inconsistent. The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies published up to September 20, 2015. The relative risks (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dairy consumption associated with HCC risk were extracted from each included cohort as well as case-control study. In our study, the pooled RR was obtained using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Q and I 2 statistics.Results
A total number of 1,084,666 participants and 2041 HCC patients from three cohort studies and five case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled RR of dairy was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.00–1.91, p = 0.00) in all studies. The pooled RR of milk, yoghurt, and cheese was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.67–1.88, p = 0.00), 0.40 (95% CI: 0.14–1.14, p = 0.00) and 1.45 (95% CI: 1.02–2.07, p = 0.80), respectively.Conclusions
This meta-analysis indicates that consumption of overall dairy may be associated with increased HCC risk and a risk factor involved in the etiology of HCC.12.
Kevin Rudolf Andrea Schaller Fabienne Frick Christopher Grieben Ingo Froböse 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2016,11(1):20-26
Background
Patterns of activity in adulthood are often established during adolescence, making this stage of life an important period for promoting physical activity (PA). Success of such health promotion depends on many factors. One of these factors is the awareness of one’s own PA level.Objective
This study examines PA awareness in vocational school students in Germany.Methods
The study uses data of 53 vocational school students (54.7?% female, age: 20.7 years, standard deviation 3.1 years; BMI: 24.1 kg/m2, standard deviation 4.5 kg/m2) from the 2013 project “Make Move – Bewegt in die Arbeitswelt”.Results
Comparison of subjective and objective measurements (accelerometry) of physical activity showed a high prevalence of over- and underestimation of PA (each 45.3?%). Pearson correlation coefficients of subjective and objective measurements were low (r=?0.40–0.49; p?<?0.05).Conclusion
Overall, PA awareness of students in this sample was low. Hence, the awareness levels have to be considered in the conception of future health promotion interventions.13.
Background
Nursing care insurance funds are supposed to deliver preventive services in nursing homes. The strengthening of cognitive resources is considered as one field of action.Aim
The preventive effectiveness of physical activity on cognitive performance in nursing home residents shall be evaluated.Methods
A systematic search was carried out in the databases MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and PEDro. Results were combined in random-effects meta-analyses.Results
Taking into account 13 primary studies, it was shown that those participating in physical activity showed statistically significant greater cognitive performance compared to controls (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.66, p = 00002). Subgroup analyses suggest that nursing home residents with different cognitive impairments might benefit from long-lasting physical activity interventions. Due to the high risk of bias in included studies, the results must be interpreted with caution.Conclusion
Physical activity might be effective in the inpatient care setting. Further studies with longer intervention periods are required.14.
15.
Martha Höfler 《Pr?vention und Gesundheitsf?rderung》2018,13(1):7-11
Background
Nearly every second person suffers from mental illness at some point in their life. In this regard, stress-induced illnesses play a central role. Stress cannot be avoided; thus, interventions that promote resilience in the face of stress are particularly significant.Objective
The paper gives a short overview of the current status quo in the development of evidence-based resilience interventions.Materials and methods
The chosen method is a narrative review that takes into account papers with relational resilience constructs such as concept analysis, systematic reviews, and empirical studies of international resilience research.Results
Currently, the main challenge for program developers is to identify valid protective factors within resilience research which match the target and target group of a special intervention.Conclusion
There is a need for systematic reviews to systematize heterogeneous resilience studies. Based on such reviews, the selection of protective factors that should be promoted in an intervention can be justified.16.
M. Tieland R. Franssen C. Dullemeijer C. van Dronkelaar H. Kyung Kim T. Ispoglou K. Zhu R. L. Prince L. J. C. van Loon Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(9):994-1001
Objectives
Increasing protein or amino acid intake has been promoted as a promising strategy to increase muscle mass and strength in elderly people, however, long-term intervention studies show inconsistent findings. Therefore, we aim to determine the impact of protein or amino acid supplementation compared to placebo on muscle mass and strength in older adults by combining the results from published trials in a metaanalysis and pooled individual participant data analysis.Design
We searched Medline and Cochrane databases and performed a meta-analysis on eight available trials on the effect of protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in older adults. Furthermore, we pooled individual data of six of these randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. The main outcomes were change in lean body mass and change in muscle strength for both the meta-analysis and the pooled analysis.Results
The meta-analysis of eight studies (n=557) showed no significant positive effects of protein or amino acid supplementation on lean body mass (mean difference: 0.014 kg: 95% CI -0.152; 0.18), leg press strength (mean difference: 2.26 kg: 95% CI -0.56; 5.08), leg extension strength (mean difference: 0.75 kg: 95% CI: -1.96, 3.47) or handgrip strength (mean difference: -0.002 kg: 95% CI -0.182; 0.179). Likewise, the pooled analysis showed no significant difference between protein and placebo treatment on lean body mass (n=412: p=0.78), leg press strength (n=121: p=0.50), leg extension strength (n=121: p=0.16) and handgrip strength (n=318: p=0.37).Conclusions
There is currently no evidence to suggest that protein or amino acid supplementation without concomitant nutritional or exercise interventions increases muscle mass or strength in predominantly healthy elderly people.17.
Naoko Kozuki Anne CC Lee Mariangela F Silveira Cesar G Victora Linda Adair Jean Humphrey Robert Ntozini Robert E Black Joanne Katz Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group Small-for-Gestational-Age-Preterm Birth Working Group 《BMC public health》2013,13(Z3):S3
Background
Short and long birth intervals have previously been linked to adverse neonatal outcomes. However, much of the existing literature uses cross-sectional studies, from which deriving causal inference is complex. We examine the association between short/long birth intervals and adverse neonatal outcomes by calculating and meta-analyzing associations using original data from cohort studies conducted in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC).Methods
We identified five cohort studies. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated for each study, with birth interval as the exposure and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and/or preterm birth, and neonatal and infant mortality as outcomes. The associations were controlled for potential confounders and meta-analyzed.Results
Birth interval of shorter than 18 months had statistically significant increased odds of SGA (pooled aOR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.31-1.75), preterm (pooled aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19-2.10) and infant mortality (pooled aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.19-2.81) after controlling for potential confounding factors (reference 36-<60 months). It was also significantly associated with term-SGA, preterm-appropriate-for-gestational-age, and preterm-SGA. Birth interval over 60 months had increased risk of SGA (pooled aOR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.07-1.39) and term-SGA (pooled aOR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.27), but was not associated with other outcomes.Conclusions
Birth intervals shorter than 18 months are significantly associated with SGA, preterm birth and death in the first year of life. Lack of access to family planning interventions thus contributes to the burden of adverse birth outcomes and infant mortality in LMICs. Programs and policies must assess ways to provide equitable access to reproductive health interventions to mothers before or soon after delivering a child, but also address underlying socioeconomic factors that may modify and worsen the effect of short intervals.18.
Background
African American youth residing in urban poverty have been shown to be at increased risk for exposure to violence and for psychological symptoms, but there has been little investigation of mediating processes that might explain this association.Objectives
This study tested the quality of parent–adolescent relationships and adolescent nondisclosure to adults as mediating mechanisms through which exposure to community violence may lead to psychological symptoms.Methods
The current study surveyed a sample of 152 low-income urban African American early adolescents (aged 12–14). Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing exposure to community violence, nondisclosure, parent–adolescent relationship, and psychological symptoms (i.e., internalizing and externalizing symptoms).Results
Path analyses revealed that parent–adolescent relationship quality and nondisclosure both functioned as mediators of the relation between exposure to community violence and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, though significant direct effects for violence exposure on externalizing symptoms remained. Decomposition of effects revealed that nondisclosure was a stronger mediator than parent–adolescent relationship quality. Results also indicated that exposure to violence can lead to externalizing (but not internalizing) symptoms first by way of parent–adolescent relationship quality and then nondisclosure.Conclusions
Combined, these findings suggest that the development of preventive interventions designed to assist adults and parents improve communication and strengthen relationships with adolescents might reduce the negative effects of exposure to community violence on adolescent mental health.19.
Kimberlee J. Trudeau Ryan A. Black Jody L. Kamon Steve Sussman 《Child & youth care forum》2017,46(3):437-454
Background
An Internet-based relapse prevention supplement to adolescent substance abuse treatment programming is a promising modality to reinforce treatment gains and enhance recovery; however, an evidence base is lacking.Objective
To assess the efficacy of the online Navigating my Journey (NmJ) program.Methods
129 adolescent-aged participants (ages 13–23) receiving substance abuse treatment participated in a randomized parallel group study comparing two conditions: experimental (NmJ) versus attention control (viewed wellness articles from the Nemours Foundation at their discretion). Participants in the experimental condition were asked to complete 12 core lessons over 3 months. Lesson content was developed to teach evidence-based relapse prevention skills. Data were collected at four time points: baseline, 1-month follow up, 3-month follow up, and 6-month follow up.Results
We used a linear mixed modeling approach to test for differences between conditions on each outcome. Participants in the experimental condition reported a significantly greater increase in motivation to reduce or not misuse drugs from baseline to 3-month follow up and from baseline to 6-month follow up, compared to the control participants. Participants in the experimental condition also reported a greater decrease in drug use score from baseline to 3-month follow up, compared to the control participants. An analysis of age as a potential moderator suggested that the intervention may be more effective for older adolescents. Greater use of the program was associated with greater self-efficacy and lower self-reported substance use over time.Conclusions
Relapse prevention treatment with adolescents may be facilitated by theory-based online interventions.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier
NCT02125539.20.
Kyoungrim Kang Leila Gholizadeh Sally C. Inglis Hae-Ra Han 《Quality of life research》2016,25(11):2725-2737