川崎病合并冠状动脉损害的临床超声随访简

目的 探讨川崎病（Kawasaki disease,KD）合并冠状动脉损害患儿的临床预后.方法 回顾分析2002年1月至2011年12月收治的KD合并冠状动脉损害254例患儿的临床诊治与随访资料.结果 本组冠状动脉损害占KD患者总数的28％,其中冠状动脉扩张（CAD）216例,占KD的28.16％,冠状动脉瘤（CAA）38例,占4.2％.随访结果：随访冠状动脉扩张210例,其中有单侧（左或右冠状动脉）冠状动脉扩张99例（47.14％）随访3个月内恢复正常;21例（17.5％）6～12个月内恢复正常.双侧（左、右冠状动脉）冠状动脉扩张26例（11.26％）随访12～18个月恢复正常,59例（25.54％）随访18～36个月恢复正常,5例（近期）仍在随访中.随访冠状动脉瘤35例,冠状动脉瘤内径＜6 mm 28例12～36个月恢复正常,冠状动脉内径＞8 mm的巨大动脉瘤7例,2例随访12～24个月尚未恢复,3例随访24～36个月双侧均有回缩或单侧恢复后留有不同程度的冠状动脉扩张;2例分别随访6年、8年仍存单侧冠状动脉瘤,另侧冠状动脉扩张.结论 轻、中度冠状动脉扩张预后较好,冠状动脉瘤的恢复相对冠状动脉扩张时间长;巨大动脉瘤特别伴有心肌病变,以及多脏器损害预后较差.     

Stent Fracture Induced Infected Pseudo Coronary Artery Aneurysm with Massive Abscess Successfully Treated by Coronary Stent Graft

Infected pseudo coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is extremely rare, and currently, there is no established treatment. We experienced a rare case of an infected pseudo CAA brought on due to a stent fracture. Following prolonged successful antimicrobial administration, which proved effective in successfully treating the patient, we performed coronary stent graft placement. Although a surgical procedure should fundamentally be the first course of action considered in such cases, when there are concerns as to the degree of invasiveness, our strategy represents a viable option.     

Case Report: Incidental Finding of a Giant Cardiac Mass

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rare anomalous connection between a coronary artery and another coronary artery, major vessel, or cardiac chamber. Prevalence of CAF is reportedly 1% to 2% in patients who undergo coronary angiography.1 One of the most common complications of CAF is formation of a coronary artery aneurysm (CAA). A study conducted by Said and colleagues in 1995 found that CAA formation was present in 26% of patients who had proven CAF by way of angiography.2 Although a precise definition of the term “giant” CAA is still lacking, it generally refers to a dilatation that exceeds the reference vessel diameter by four times.3 We report an interesting case of a 38-year-old patient who was incidentally found to have a presumed large right ventricular aneurysm, which after an open-heart surgery was identified as a CAF with formation of an unruptured giant CAA.     

Coronary artery aneurysms: An unusual case report and a review of the literature

© 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) were first recognized in postmortem studies. More recently they have been recognized in antemortem and angiographic studies and are reported to occur at an incidence of 1-2%. Left main coronary aneurysms (LMCA) are extremely rare with an incidence of 0.1%. Most of the aneurysms discovered in these angiographic studies have been in patients with cardiac symptoms of angina or acute myocardial infarction who subsequently were found to have severe narrowing of the coronary arteries. Angiographic and clinical data of a patient with a large aneurysm of the left main coronary artery and with aneurysmal disease of the thoracic and abdominal aorta are presented along with a review of the literature. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Multiple coronary artery aneurysm formation one year and four years after sirolimus-eluting coronary stent implantation

A 61 years old male patient having the complaint of angina pectoris underwent coronary angiography that revealed critical luminal stenosis at left anterior descending artery (LAD) and diagonal branch. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed and sirolimus eluting stents (CYPHER; Johnson & Johnson – Cordis) 2.75 ×10 mm and 2.75×10 mm were deployed respectively. One year after the procedure coronary angiography revealed coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) formation in diagonal branch and mild ectasia in LAD stent area. Last coronary angiography four years and three months after initial intervention showed multiple CAA at diagonal branch and LAD. This case report is an example of late formation of CAA by sirolimus-coated coronary stent.     

Self‐apposing stent‐assisted coil embolization for the treatment of coronary artery aneurysm

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) represent an uncommon disease with yet unclear standards of treatment. Clinical and anatomic characteristics determine choice of treatment. Stent‐assisted coil embolization has been described as a valuable option for management of patients with wide‐neck coronary aneurysms. Choice of appropriate stent sizing can be challenging particularly when there is a large difference between proximal and distal diameters. We report a case of stent‐assisted coil embolization of a coronary aneurysm using a self‐expandable stent. This type of stent can be helpful to treat CAA involving coronary sites where marked tapering of vessel diameter is often present.     

Platelet vascular endothelial growth factor is a useful predictor for prognosis in Kawasaki syndrome

Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is an acute febrile vasculitis of childhood. Coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) are a significant problem in KS patients. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is effective for reducing the occurrence of CAA. Clinical and histopathological findings suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in CAA. In circulating blood, newly activated platelets are the major source of VEGF, which is released in large amounts in vascular inflammation. The present study analysed 80 KS patients (69 IVIG responders and 11 IVIG non-responders) and evaluated the role of platelet VEGF in KS vasculitis. Serum VEGF and platelet VEGF levels were significantly higher in KS patients than controls ( P  <   0·001). Platelet VEGF reflected the reactivity of IVIG treatment and was decreased in responders ( P  <   0·001), but remained increased in non-responders ( P  =   0·01). Platelet VEGF levels, but not serum VEGF levels, before IVIG were significantly correlated with the maximum CAA z -score ( r  = 0·524, P  =   0·02). Our findings demonstrate that platelet VEGF may reflect the severity of vasculitis related to the pathological development of CAA in KS. Platelet VEGF may be an important feature of KS pathophysiology.     

The incidence of arrhythmias during exercise stress tests among children with Kawasaki disease: A single‐center case series

Objective: Based on 2017 guidelines, participation in competitive sports with prior history of Kawasaki Disease (KD) requires those with coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) z score ≥ 5 to undergo evaluation for evidence of inducible ischemia or arrhythmias. The use of exercise stress testing (EST) to evaluate arrhythmias among KD patients has never been reported. This retrospective single-center case series study sought to describe the presence of inducible arrhythmias during EST in KD patients with or without CAA.
Methods: Single-center retrospective review of medical records of patients diagnosed with KD between 1989-2015 at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas who underwent EST were included.
Results: Among 1007 patients diagnosed with KD, 95 (9%) underwent 165 ESTs at a median time of 9.6 years (IQR 5.8-11.3 years) from diagnosis. Of these 95 patients, 37 had normal coronaries, 21 dilated (z score 2 to <2.5), 10 small (5 >z ≥2.5), 12 medium (10>z ≥ 5 absolute dimension <8 mm), 10 large (z ≥10 or absolute dimension ≥8 mm), 5 severe (myocardial infarct or bypass graft). Supraventricular tachycardia was not seen. Ventricular arrhythmias during EST were uncommon and seen only among patients with CAA z ≥5. Ventricular tachycardia occurred in a single patient with a large CAA, known VT and ICD. High-grade ventricular ectopy was seen in one patient who had severe CAA and underwent bypass grafting.
Conclusions: Arrhythmias on EST were noted only among patients with CAA z ≥5. The current guidelines are a reasonable approach to increasing healthy activity among KD patients. Clarification regarding which inducible arrhythmias meet criteria for activity restriction may be helpful to guide sport participation.     

Comparison study of echocardiography and dual-source CT in diagnosis of coronary artery aneurysm due to Kawasaki disease: coronary artery disease

The identification of coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) in the acute and chronic phase of the disease is of prime importance for assessing the likelihood of acute lesions and cardiovascular sequelae. Occasionally, recognition of distal coronary artery has been proven challenging by traditional echocardiography. Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical application of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) for detecting CAA caused by Kawasaki disease (KD) and compare with dual-source computed tomography (DSCT). A total of 24 patients with known KD and CAAs were studied by two imaging modalities, i.e., 2DE and DSCT; that is to say, the number, position, shape, and size of each CAA and its association with thrombus, were detected first from echocardiography and then compared with those obtained from DSCT performed on the same day. Meanwhile the diameters of all coronary segments were measured for each patient. Giant aneurysms (GAs) were detected in 5 patients, small and medium coronary aneurysms were identified in 19 patients. The 2DE and DSCT have the same results of proximal coronary artery, whereas conclusion of our comparison of coronary artery visualization indicated that DSCT provided more explicit distal coronary artery than 2DE. A mural thrombus could be clearly delineated in the GAs by DSCT. The 2DE has been demonstrated to be an accurate technique to quantify CAAs in KD. However, DSCT is superior to 2DE for distal coronary artery visualization. Therefore, a combination of echocardiography and DSCT can offer an overview of coronary artery anatomy.     

Stent‐assisted coil embolization for the treatment of aneurysm involving a coronary bifurcation

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is an uncommon disease with high risks of complications including rupture and ischemia from embolic events or thrombosis, especially if associated with critical stenosis of the coronary artery. No consensus document or guidelines has been established regarding the optimal therapy for concomitant CAAs and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Percutaneous catheter‐based treatments using only membrane‐covered stents have been described; however, only few reports of drug‐eluting stent (DES) and coil embolization for CAAs during ACS have been published to date. Therefore, we report a case of coronary artery disease with aneurysm and critical stenosis successfully treated with DES and coil embolization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Coronary artery aneurysm: A review

Coronary artery aneurysm(CAA) is a clinical entity defined by a focal enlargement of the coronary artery exceeding the 1.5-fold diameter of the adjacent normal segment. Atherosclerosis is the main cause in adults and Kawasaki disease in children. CAA is a silent progressive disorder incidentally detected by coronary angiography, but it may end with fatal complications such as rupture, compression of adjacent cardiopulmonary structures, thrombus formation and distal embolization. The pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Atherosclerosis, proteolytic imbalance and inflammatory reaction are involved in aneurysmal formation. Data from previously published studies are scarce and controversial, thereby the management of CAA is individualized depending on clinical presentation, CAA characteristics, patient profile and physician experience. Multiple therapeutic approaches including medical treatment, covered stent angioplasty, coil insertion and surgery were described. Herein, we provide an up-to-date systematic review on the pathophysiology, complications and management of CAA.     

Coronary artery anomalies:prevalence and clinical profile in elderly patients

Although congenital heart diseases are uncommon in the elderly,coronary artery anomalies may beincidentally discovered in old age.We sought to determine the incidence and clinical features of coronary arteryanomalies (CAAs) in patients over 65 years of age.Patients and methods Medical records of patientsundergoing coronary artery angiography in the years 1997-2002 at the Legnago General Hospital were retrospectivelyreviewed.The clinical profiles of all patients with CAAs and CAA subtypes were noted.Comparison between patientsunder and over 65 was performed.Data are given as mean standard deviation and as percentages.Results Sixty-six patients (1.21%,Female/Male 22/44,mean age 65.3±10.6 years) out of the 5450 who underwent coronaryangingraphy in the years 1997-2002 had CAAs.In most cases (63%,41/66 patients),the patients were over 65.CAAs were discovered incidentally in these elderly patients while undergoing coronary artery angiography for dilatedcardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease,and valvular heart disease in 75% of the cases (30/41 patients).Patientsover 65 had more cardiac comorbidities and a higher incidence of coronary atherosclerosis.Conclusions Theangingraphic incidence of CAAs in elderly patients is increasing as the population ages and this occurrence calls fora wider knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of CAAs among geriatric cardiologists.Elderly patients seemto present with lower risk coronary anomalies (separated origin of left anterior descending coronary artery andcircumflex artery,origin of circumflex artery from the right sinus or the right coronary artery,double coronary artery)but have a higher risk profile compared to younger patients due to the frequency of cardiac coraorbidities andsuperimposed coronary artery atherosclerosis.(J Geriatr Cardiol 2004;1:40-43.)     

冠状动脉畸形及其临床意义

目的 :探讨冠状动脉造影的人群中冠状动脉畸形的检出率、临床特点和预后。　　方法 :回顾性总结 3 188例行冠状动脉造影术的人群。　　结果 :3 188例行冠状动脉造影术的人群中 ,共检出冠状动脉畸形 42例 ,检出率为 1 3 2 % ,其中 81%为冠状动脉起源和分布异常 ,19%为冠状动脉静脉瘘 ;76 2 %为对心肌灌注没有影响、相对良性的畸形 ,2 3 8%为对心肌灌注有潜在影响、有一定的危险性的畸形。　　结论 :右冠状动脉起源于左冠状动脉窦、左主干起源于右冠状动脉窦并穿行于主动脉和肺动脉之间、左主干起自肺动脉等是非常严重的冠状动脉畸形 ,患者常发生心绞痛、急性心肌梗死和心力衰竭 ,这些畸形一旦发现 ,应进行预防性的手术矫正。小冠状动脉瘘多数无临床症状 ,但多发和大冠状动脉瘘可发生充血性心力衰竭、心肌缺血。冠状动脉畸形并非罕见 ,某些类型的冠状动脉畸形可致严重的临床后果 ,应尽早进行预防性地手术矫正     

Progressive growth of coronary aneurysms after bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation: Successful treatment with OCT-guided exclusion using covered stents

The development and progressive enlargement over time of multiple saccular coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) after implantation of everolimus-eluting stent and bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) have been reported. CAA was successfully excluded by two overlapped covered stents expanded inside a long metallic drug-eluting stent to avoid dislodgment at the overlap point. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was repeatedly performed to monitor CAA expansion and to guide treatment through precise measurement of aneurysm length and vessel size at the landing zone. At 10-month follow-up, coronary computed tomography angiography showed persistent CAA exclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this technique to exclude a long CCA segment.     

Double‐stent method

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is an uncommon and often incidental finding on coronary angiography but can present with symptoms related to myocardial ischemia. The most common etiology is atherosclerosis, accounting for over 50% of cases, but CAAs can also be congenital or secondary to percutaneous coronary artery revascularization procedures, inflammatory arterial diseases, connective tissue disorders, and perhaps drug‐eluting‐stent (DES) implantation. A current lack of uniform guidelines for their therapeutic management, especially in the setting of DES, leaves their optimum treatment somewhat controversial. Polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stents have gained popularity in recent years for percutaneous treatment of CAAs; however, their failure to endothelialize is associated with increased risk of thromboocclusive events. We describe two symptomatic patients presenting with large CAAs, one forming after DES implantation, that we treated using the double‐stent method, in which one stent is placed within another. The intent is to reduce stent permeability across the aneurysm and promote blood stasis within it, thereby encouraging aneurysm thrombosis and meanwhile preserving the stents' ability to endothelialize. The immediate angiographic result revealed markedly reduced filling of the aneurysms and aneurysm thrombosis was later confirmed at follow‐up. Both patients have remained asymptomatic during at least 9 months of follow‐up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the use of the double‐stent method as an alternative to treat CAAs percutaneously.© 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

平板运动试验阳性对冠状动脉造影正常患者的评价

为评价平板运动试验阳性而冠状动脉造影正常的胸痛患者的临床意义，对３６例平板运动试验阳性而造影阴性的患才与３６例运动试验和造影阳性的患者进行临床资料及平板运动试验参数的对照分析。     

颈动脉硬化症与高同型半胱氨酸血症关系的研究

目的比较颈动脉硬化症(CAA)程度与血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)的水平,探讨其与脑卒中发生的关系和意义。方法以彩色多普勒显像仪检查126例脑卒中患者双侧颈总动脉及颈内动脉颅外段血管,根据血管内径狭窄程度依次分为正常、A、B、C、D共5组;取全部受检者空腹静脉血测定血清Hcy水平,叶酸、维生素(Vit)B12及血脂水平。结果随着CAA所致狭窄程度的逐渐加重,血清Hcy水平逐渐升高,5组受检者的血清Hcy水平依次为(13.22±6.15、16.29±9.81、19.49±11.16、27.21±17.47、24.14±8.64)μmol/L,与正常组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。而叶酸和VitB12水平逐渐降低,Spearman相关系数分别为-0.23和-0.42,呈显著负相关(P=0.000)。结论Hcy水平升高是CAA的独立危险因素,与CAA程度显著相关;叶酸、VitB12水平低下可能是导致Hcy水平升高的主要原因,临床补充叶酸、VitB12对预防脑卒中的发生具有重要意义。     

A Rare Case of Transcatheter Closure of Both Inlet and Outlet of a Left Coronary Artery-to-Left Ventricular Fistula with Giant Coronary Artery Aneurysm

A congenital coronary artery fistula (CCAF) combined with giant coronary aneurysm (CAA) is a rare congenital cardiac abnormality. We reported an 8-year-old patient who underwent transcatheter closure of both inlet and outlet of a proximal left coronary artery (LCA)-to-left ventricular (LV) fistula with CAA of 41 mm × 28 mm in diameter, during which acute occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occurred immediately after device implantation at the inlet of fistula. We managed to prevent the patient from major adverse cardiac events by conservative therapy with dual antiplatelet agents instead of surgical removal of the device. The patient recovered well and had been follow-up for 2 years with no late complications reported.     

Analbuminémie congénitale compliquée d’un syndrome coronarien aigu récidivant : à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature

Congenital analbuminemia (CAA) is a very rare disorder with an estimated prevalence of less than one in one million. This anomaly can be lethal at birth and in early infancy but it's not very symptomatic in adulthood. The clinical signs are edema, lipodystrophy, fatigue… Hypercholesterolemia is the main biological disorder and it predisposes to cardiovascular complications. The mild symptoms of CAA leads to delay diagnosis. That's why clinical and biological signs of this disorder should be known by both of biologist and clinician to establish an early diagnosis in order to prevent cardiovascular complications. We report a new case of congenital analbuminemia complicated by recurrent acute coronary artery disease in 34-year-old man. This complication has been reported only once according to the register of analbuminemia cases.     

川崎病的心血管病变观察

目的　观察川崎病 ( KD)的心血管病变。方法　对 2 6例 KD的住院患儿 ,于急性期或亚急性期行心电图、超声心动图、血清肌钙蛋白 I( c Tn I)及肌酸磷酸激酶 ( CK)及其同工酶 ( CK-MB)检查 ,并于病程不同时期 ( 6个月～ 2年 )进行复查。结果　冠状动脉病变 10例 ,占 3 8.5 % ,其中冠状动脉扩大 7例 ,冠状动脉瘤 3例 ,发生于急性期或亚急性期 9例 ,发生于病程第 9个月 1例。心肌炎 2例 ,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣反流各 1例。心电图异常 8例 ,占 3 0 .8%。血清 c Tn I阳性 12例 ,占 46.2 % ,CK-MB升高 7例 ,占 2 6.9%。结论　KD的心血管并发症表现形式多样 ,主要为冠状动脉扩大和冠状动脉瘤 ,其次是心电图异常 ,c Tn I阳性 ,CK-MB升高 ,主动脉瓣及二尖瓣反流。