The successful postfunctionalization of multiarm star polystyrene (PS) with pentafluorophenyl and allyl moieties at the periphery is demonstrated employing modular thiol‐para‐fluoro and photoinduced radical thiol‐ene double “click” reactions, respectively. α‐Fluoro and α‐allyl functionalized PS (α‐fluoro‐PS and α‐allyl‐PS) are in situ prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and their mixture is used as macroinitiator in a crosslinking reaction with divinyl benzene (DVB) yielding (fluoro‐PS)m–polyDVB–(allyl‐PS)m multiarm star polymer. It is found that the multiarm star polymer includes nearly identical number of arms possessing pentafluorophenyl and allyl moieties at the periphery. The obtained multiarm star polymer is then reacted with 1‐propanethiol through thiol‐para‐fluoro “click” reaction to give (propyl‐PS)m–polyDVB–(allyl‐PS)m multiarm star polymer, which is subsequently reacted with N‐acetyl‐l ‐cysteine methyl ester via radical thiol‐ene “click” reaction in order to give well‐defined heterofunctionalized (propyl‐PS)m–polyDVB–(cysteine‐PS)m multiarm star polymer, with higher molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. Multiarm star polymers are characterized by using viscotek triple detection gel permeation chromatography, 1H, and 19F NMR.
Well‐defined glyco‐polyorganosiloxanes were synthesized by the Cu(I )‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction (often simply referred to as “click” chemistry). N‐propargylglycosylamines 2 and 4 were first synthesized from cellobiose ( 1 ) and xylogluco‐oligosaccharide XGOs 3 without protecting groups. The azide function was introduced into polydimethylsiloxanes [PDMS: 5 (MD′M) and 7 (M′DM′)] by azidolysis of the counterpart epoxy silicon with NaN3 to afford the mono‐azido 6 and di‐azido 8 derivatives, respectively. The coupling reaction took place in a hydro‐alcoholic medium in the presence of CuSO4/sodium ascorbate as catalyst. Only one compound, MD′M‐“click”‐XGO 12 showed good solubility in water with interesting surfactant properties.
In the present study, the synthesis of water‐soluble thermo‐responsive brush copolymers via “graft through” strategy that is conducted on the surfaces of macromonomer micelles and their application as emulsifiers for thermo‐responsive emulsions are reported. Water‐soluble poly(N ,N‐dimethylacrylmide)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylmide) (PDMA‐b‐PNIPAM) diblock copolymers carrying a hydrophobic polymerizable vinyl group at the end of the PDMA block are synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and click functionalization. Increasing the temperature to above the low critical solution temperature of the PNIPAM block, the macromonomers self‐assemble to core–shell structure micelles with the polymerizable vinyl terminals on the surface of the micelles. Instead of being directly and freely exposed in the bulk water as the hydrophilic group, the hydrophobic vinyl terminals are protected by the partially looped PDMA segments. PMA‐g‐(PDMA‐b‐PNIPAM) brush copolymers with a high molecular weight and a narrow distribution are obtained by radical polymerization of the macromonomers using the potassium peroxydisulfate as initiator. The radical polymerization only proceeds within the single micelle, and intermicellar propagation and/or termination reactions are totally excluded. These brush copolymers feature the thermo‐responsive conformation transition property and high emulsifying performances for the formation of thermo‐responsive emulsion.
In order to investigate possible differences in the reaction to hypoxic conditions between “red” and “white” skeletal muscle, cats were subjected to a 2 h period of either hemorrhagic shock or hind limb tourniquet ischemia, and the hypoxia induced changes were studied in the soleus and lateral gastrocnemius muscles. Muscle biopsies were analysed for ATP, CP, glucose, G 6–P and lactate. Using microelectrodes, the resting membrane potential was repeatedly measured. Both experimental models resulted in increased tissue lactate levels and a successive decrease in the membrane potential of both muscles studied. No reduction of the high energy phosphagen content (ATP+CP) occurred in any of the muscles during shock. The tourniquet ischemia resulted in a 40% reduction of the ATP+CP content in the soleus muscle, whereas in the gastrocnemius muscle no significant reduction occurred. A significant correlation was found between the tissue lactate content and the membrane potential under both conditions and in both muscles studied. It is concluded that “red” muscles are more susceptible to metabolic derangement than “white” muscles during total ischemia, whereas during hypovolemia “red” muscles appear to be protected from early hypoxic damage, probably due to a redistribution of skeletal muscle blood flow. 相似文献
Ciliated muconodular papillary tumors (CMPTs) of the lung are rare, likely benign neoplastic lesions. Here we describe a case of a CMPT, focusing on its cytologic features, which to our knowledge have not been reported previously. Owing to dull back pain, a 69‐year‐old male non‐smoker underwent CT, which revealed a 1.3 × 1.3‐cm solid nodule in the peripheral field of the left lower lung lobe. A wedge resection of the nodule was performed, with the provisional diagnosis being primary lung cancer. Macroscopic examination of a resected specimen showed a 1.2‐cm grayish nodule. Touch imprint smear cytology revealed ciliated columnar cells and mucous cells, as well as abundant extracellular mucin on inflammatory background of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Histologic examination revealed a nodular papillary tumor composed of ciliated columnar cells, mucous cells, and basal cells surrounded by a mucin pool. No nuclear atypia or mitotic figures were identified. The final diagnosis was CMPT. The postoperative course was uneventful, with no recurrence at 8 months after surgery. Although a CMPT is a rare lung tumor, it should be considered when cytological or histological examination of a solitary peripheral lung nodule shows non‐atypical ciliated cells and mucous cells surrounded by mucin. 相似文献
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive form of salivary gland tumor, and SDC patients tend to be older men, more commonly in advanced stage with a poorer prognosis. Although the cytological characteristics of SDC on fine‐needle aspiration cytology have been well‐described at the primary site, they have not been explored in metastasis. Here we reported a case of HER2/HER3‐positive metastatic SDC in the lung and pleural effusion. The patient was a man in his 50s who had undergone extended total parotidectomy in 2008. He was originally diagnosed as having HER2‐positive left parotid SDC. Six years later a mass was discovered in the left lung by chest computed tomography (CT) and was diagnosed as metastatic SDC by both bronchial biopsy and cytology. Subsequently he had a recurrent SDC in the left pleural effusion and died of respiratory failure. Cytological findings from bronchial brushing smear showed small sheet clusters in a slightly necrotic background. In the pleural effusion cytology, tumor cells appeared as ball‐like clusters of epithelioid cells with apocrine‐like findings. In immunocytochemistry, HER3 of SDC cells in pleural effusion was significantly overexpressed relative to the matched primary tumor, even though HER2 amplification did not change. Cytological findings and HER family receptors differed between the primary and metastatic SDC. Therefore, molecular tests, such as protein expression and gene amplification using cytological specimens, may become important in future when determining therapy strategies in patients with distant metastasis. 相似文献
Herein is reported the cytologic features of four cases of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas as seen in fine-needle aspirates. Cytologically, the cases fall into two distinct groups: mucinous cystic neoplasm and serous cystadenoma. The aspirates from the mucinous cystic neoplasms characteristically showed columnar mucus-secreting epithelial cells, some of which were arranged in a papilloglandular pattern, with abundant mucous material in the background. The aspirates from the serous cystadenoma yielded small sheets of cuboidal cells with small nuclei and clear cytoplasm, without a background of mucous material. This cytologic division corresponds closely to the histologic classification proposed by Compagno and Oertel and hence is of prognostic and therapeutic value. The diagnostic challenges confronted by the cytopathologist are (1) to differentiate neoplastic cysts from the inflammatory pseudocysts; (2) to differentiate neoplastic epithelium from the normal epithelium of the bowel and pancreatic ducts; and (3) to differentiate mucinous cystic neoplasms from serous cystadenomas. 相似文献
Dominant Optic Atrophy and Deafness (DOAD) may be associated with one or more of the following disorders such as myopathy, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar atrophy (“DOA‐plus”). Intra‐ and interfamilial variability of the “DOA‐plus” phenotype is frequently observed in the majority of the patients carrying the same mutation in the OPA1 gene. We are describing two familial cases of “DOA‐plus” carrying the same c.1334G>A (p.Arg445His) mutation in OPA1 and disclosing different clinical, pathological and biochemical features. The two patients showed different expression levels of the mitochondrial OMI/HTRA2 molecule, which acts as a mitochondrial stress sensor and has been described to interplay with OPA1 in in vitro studies. Our data offer the cue to inquire the role of OMI/HTRA2 as a modifier gene in determining the “DOAplus” phenotype variability. 相似文献
Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) in the extrahepatic bile duct is extremely rare and clinically aggressive. Cytological examination of bile and/or bile duct brushing specimens plays an important role in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct, but only a few articles have described the cytological features of NEC in this area. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed the cytological features of NEC in bile and/or bile duct brushing specimens. Patients with a histopathological diagnosis of NEC who underwent bile and/or bile duct brush cytological examination were enrolled in this study. The cytological features, including the background, arrangement, and shape of the neoplastic cells, and nuclear and cytoplasmic features were reviewed. Six patients with small cell NEC were enrolled, and two of them had pancreatic tumors directly invading the bile duct wall. The cytological specimens showed small and/or large neoplastic cell clusters with occasional single cells in all cases. The neoplastic cells had a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and round‐to‐oval nuclei with powdery chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm. Nuclear molding was a characteristic finding in all cases. One case had an adenocarcinoma component, which was also present in the cytological specimen. Cytological examination of bile and/or bile duct brushing specimens can be useful for the diagnosis of small cell NEC. This is an extremely rare but aggressive carcinoma, and its diagnosis by identifying characteristic cytological features may facilitate early detection and treatment. 相似文献
The cytologic features of a case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) are reported and the literature reviewed. The bronchial brushing smears in this case showed mucus that contained laminated aggregates of eosinophils with scattered Charcot-Leyden crystals and fungal hyphae. These cytologic findings, overlooked by the initial examining pathologist, reflected the “mucoid impaction of bronchi” component of ABPA and are therefore diagnostic of ABPA. A cytologic diagnosis of a clinically unsuspected ABPA would lead to the correct treatment and prevent unnecessary surgery. 相似文献
CONTEXT: Urethral adenomatous polyps with prostatic epithelium (also known as benign prostatic epithelial polyps [BPEPs]) are a documented cause of hematuria, dysuria, and hematospermia, conditions that may prompt cytologic evaluation of urine. DESIGN: The urine cytologic test findings in 5 cases of biopsy-proven BPEPs and in 1 case of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) that presented as a urethral polyp were retrospectively evaluated. Immunocytochemical stain for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (34betaE12) were used in evaluation of the lesions. RESULTS: In 4 of 5 cases of BPEPs, clusters of bland columnar cells with uniform, oval nuclei were seen. Positive immunostaining for PSA and PAP confirmed the prostatic origin of the clusters in 2 cases. One urine sample contained abundant goblet cells and extracellular mucin, consistent with intestinal metaplasia coexisting in the bladder biopsy specimen. The urine sample in the fifth case of BPEPs contained no columnar cells. The last case had multiple urine cytologic evaluations that demonstrated PSA-positive, malignant-appearing clusters of columnar cells. A biopsy specimen of the polyps was described as a high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm in adenomatous polyp. However, in this patient, PDA was diagnosed on transurethral resection of the prostate specimen 4 years after the initial urine cytologic test. CONCLUSION: Benign prostatic epithelial polyps should be considered in the differential diagnosis of clusters of columnar cells in urine cytologic testing. Cells with malignant nuclear features should instigate a careful search for a (prostatic) neoplasm, which may present as urethral polyps (e.g., PDA). Stains for PSA or PAP are useful adjuncts in differential diagnosis of this condition. 相似文献