Unilateral Catheter-based Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Resistant Arterial Hypertension Shows No Blood Pressure-lowering Effect

A 68-year-old woman with resistant essential arterial hypertension despite the regular use of four antihypertensive drugs was referred to the catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation. Due to the complicated anatomy, insertion of the guiding catheter into the left renal artery was not stable. Thus, renal denervation of only the right renal artery was performed. Before and after renal denervation, the patient’s blood pressure was monitored by home blood pressure (BP) telemonitoring. The average 7-day home BP telemonitoring values before and 1, 2, and 3 months after denervation were 187.1/124.1, 193.3/123.1, 198.3/129.6, and 195.2/128.0 mm Hg. After unilateral renal denervation, no BP decrease occurred. This unique case suggests that unilateral catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation in resistant arterial hypertension shows no BP-lowering effect. Therefore, when treating resistant hypertension by catheter-based renal denervation, it seems advisable to try always to perform an effective bilateral procedure.     

经导管去肾交感神经治疗顽固性高血压——附两例报告

目的探讨经导管去肾交感神经治疗顽固性高血压的疗效。方法入选2例典型顽固性高血压患者,于全麻下使用Symplicity导管及射频仪对患者行经导管去肾交感神经术,螺旋式消融肾动脉内膜4～6个点,术中消融指标:每点消融时间2min,消融功率8W,消融阻抗250～350Ω,消融温度50～60℃。结果经过术后短期随访,两例患者血压控制良好。病例1患者血压由术后163/102mm Hg缓慢下降,术后第2天晨起血压125/90mm Hg,逐渐减少降压药,术后1个月行动态血压监测全天血压均值为129/82mm Hg。病例2患者血压由术后151/102mm Hg缓慢下降,术后第2天晨起血压120/78mm Hg,逐渐减少降压药,术后1个月行动态血压监测全天血压均值为130/81mm Hg。结论使用Symplicity导管及射频仪进行经导管去肾交感神经术,是治疗顽固性高血压有效的新方法。     

Impact of Renal Artery Stent Implantation on Hypertension in Patients with Hemodialysis

The benefit from renal artery stent implantation to treat atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is not well understood in hemodialysis patients. We sought to evaluate the effects of renal artery stenting on hypertension of hemodialysis patients. Renal artery stent implantation was successfully performed on eight hypertensive hemodialysis patients with ARAS (mean ± SD, 66 ± 10 years; men 6, women 2). Blood pressure was measured by automated oscillometric recordings just before hemodialysis. Mean values of the blood pressure, measured 12 times a month, were used for blood pressure analysis. Values of systolic blood pressure decreased at 6 months after renal artery stent implantation (162.6 ± 29.7 to 121.1 ± 23.3 mm Hg, p = 0.0015). Values of diastolic blood pressure also decreased from 77.6 ± 13.6 to 65.6 ± 7.2 mm Hg (p = 0.02). Renal artery stent implantation for ARAS had a beneficial effect on hypertension in hemodialysis patients.     

Unilateral stent implantation for renal function in bilateral atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension--a case report

Renal artery stenting improves or preserves renal function in patients with bilateral renovascular disease and chronic renal insufficiency. An 80-year-old male was admitted to the hospital for elevated blood pressure accompanied by congestive heart failure. He had renal insufficiency and severe hypertension secondary to bilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Unilateral renal artery stenting in the left kidney resulted in the recovery of renal function, whereas renal artery stenting in the right kidney was technically difficult due to a tortuous aorta. After the left unilateral stent implantation, the serum creatinine concentration decreased from 2.0 to 1.3 mg/dL, and control of his blood pressure required fewer antihypertensive drugs, namely a calcium antagonist, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and diuretics. Fifteen months after stenting, renal scintigraphy demonstrated improved function of the right kidney, despite severe renal artery stenosis, as well as improved function of the left kidney. Renal angioplasty or stenting should be attempted in bilateral atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension with renal insufficiency, even though it may only be successful unilaterally.     

老年高血压肾动脉狭窄患者介入治疗的长期疗效分析

目的评价经皮肾动脉成形术血运重建对肾动脉狭窄老年高血压患者的血压、肾功能等方面中远期的影响及术后支架内再狭窄的相关因素。方法选择合并有高血压的肾动脉狭窄患者199例;经肾动脉成形术重建肾动脉血运。术后平均随访(19±11)个月,观察患者血压、降压药物、肾功能的变化,并对支架内再狭窄进行相关分析。结果 199例患者中,肾动脉成形术成功率97.5%。病变动脉管腔直径狭窄率由(73±11)%降至(12±10)%。术后随访138例患者血压下降明显,收缩压由(161±26)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降至(1 37±16)mm Hg,舒张压由(85±1 5)mm Hg降至(77±11)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);口服降压药物品种明显减少,由平均(2.4±1.2)种降至(1.8±0.9)种(P<0.01);患者手术前后肌酐水平无显著差异,但对术前有肾功能不全患者估测的肾小球滤过率改善差异有统计学意义;术后24个月发生支架内再狭窄14例,非开口病变是再狭窄的危险因素。结论老年高血压肾动脉狭窄患者经皮肾动脉成形术的手术成功率高,并有助于此类患者血压的长期控制,特别是部分肾功能不全患者肾小球率过滤可能会有改善,支架内再狭窄与病变部位相关。     

A case report of type I acute aortic intramural hematoma with localized dissection as a complication of renal artery stenting.

Percutaneous renal artery stenting has been demonstrated as an effective procedure to improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function of patients with artherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Although it is a relatively safe procedure, some serious complications, including retroperitoneal hemorrhage, atheroembolism, and arterial dissection, can occur. However, development of aortic intramural hematoma (AIH), a different clinical disease entity from the aortic dissection, has not been reported as a complication of the procedure. We report a unique case with AIH that was successfully treated with medication. A 71-year-old woman with uncontrolled hypertension underwent percutaneous renal artery stenting for treatment of the ostial stenosis of the right renal artery. Immediately after implantation of the stent, she complained of severe back pain and her systolic blood pressure dropped from 170 to 80 mm Hg. Aortography showed about 5 cm-sized localized dissection arising from the ostium of the right renal artery; however, computerized tomography (CT) scans taken immediately after the procedure revealed DeBakey type I AIH with a localized dissection from the right renal artery and pericardial effusion. Because of her refusal to take surgical intervention, which is a standard treatment, she was stabilized with intensive medical treatment. After 14 days of stabilization, AIH and pericardial effusion resolved on the follow-up CT scans. Her blood pressure was well controlled with oral antihypertensive medications and she was discharged without other complication.     

Predicting blood pressure improvement in hypertensive patients after renal artery stent placement: renal fractional flow reserve.

BACKGROUND: Renal stent placement improves or cures hypertension in only 60-70% of patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS) and uncontrolled hypertension. There is a need to better identify patients who are likely to respond to percutaneous renal revascularization. We investigated whether an abnormal renal fractional flow reserve (FFR) would predict blood pressure improvement in patients undergoing renal artery stent placement. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 17 patients with unilateral RAS and medically refractory hypertension (BP > 140/90 mm Hg). Renal FFR was measured at maximal hyperemia induced by papaverine followed by renal stent placement. Blood pressure improvement was defined as a blood pressure of 相似文献   

Effect of gender on outcomes following renal artery stent placement for renovascular hypertension

To study the effect of gender on outcome following renal artery stent placement for renovascular hypertension, we prospectively followed 66 patients (30 males, 36 females) who underwent Palmaz stent placement in 88 renal arteries. There was no difference in the incidence of procedure-related complications between males and females. At 6-mo follow-up, the decrease in systolic (35 ± 30 mm Hg and 27 ± 25 mm Hg) and diastolic (15 ± 23 mm Hg and 14 ± 14 mm Hg) blood pressures was similar in female and male patients, respectively. Late follow-up at 19 ± 11 mo also showed no difference in blood pressure response. In 44 patients who underwent repeat angiography at a mean duration of 9.1 ± 5.6 mo after stent deployment, the incidence of restenosis was 26% in females and 24% in males (P = 0.85). We conclude that gender has no effect on the incidence of complications, blood pressure response, or angiographic restenosis in patients undergoing renal artery stent placement. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 42:381–386, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Multicenter Palmaz stent renal artery stenosis revascularization registry report: four-year follow-up of 1,058 successful patients.

Palmaz-Schatz stent revascularization of renal artery stenosis was successfully performed on 1,058 patients who were entered into a voluntary, multicenter registry. The revascularization procedures were performed because of poorly controlled hypertension, preservation of renal function, and congestive heart failure. All 1,058 patients were eligible for > or =6-month clinical follow-up, which focused on subsequent renal function, blood pressure, number of antihypertensive medications, and survival. At 4-year follow-up, systolic and diastolic blood pressures had significantly decreased (168 +/- 27 mm Hg to 147 +/- 21 mm Hg, and 84 +/- 15 to 78 +/- 12 mm Hg; P < 0.05) and the blood pressure appeared to be more facilely controlled as indicated by the concomitant decrease in number of antihypertensive medications (2.4 +/- 1.1 to 2.0 +/- 1.0; P < 0.05). Serum creatinine had also significantly decreased (1.7 +/- 1.1 to 1.3 +/- 0.8 mg/dl; P < 0.05). The cumulative probability of survival was 74% +/- 3% at 4 years. Survival was good for patients with normal (85% +/- 3%) baseline renal function, fair (78% +/- 5%) with mildly impaired renal function, and poor (49% +/- 5%) with severely impaired renal function (baseline creatinine > or =2.0 mg/dl). The combination of impaired renal function and bilateral disease adversely effected survival (unilateral 55% +/- 6% vs. bilateral 36% +/- 11%; P < 0.05). Renal artery stent revascularization, in the presence of normal or mildly impaired renal function, had a beneficial effect on blood pressure control and on renal function (through stabilization or improvement). Survival was adversely effected by renal dysfunction despite adequate revascularization. Perhaps early diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and adequate revascularization prior to the onset of renal dysfunction could beneficially impact blood pressure control, preserve or prevent deterioration of renal function, and improve patient survival.     

Objective performance goals of safety and blood pressure efficacy for clinical trials of renal artery bare metal stents in hypertensive patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

Objective : To provide safety and performance goals for prospective single‐arm trials of bare metal renal artery stenting in patients with resistant hypertension associated with high grade atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Background : To date, there have been no US Pre‐Market Approval (PMA) bare metal renal stent device trials which have focused on improvement of blood pressure control as a primary effectiveness endpoint. Methods : Analysis of subject‐level data from three large industry sponsored pre‐market approval (PMA) trials was performed. Hypertensive patients (≥155 mmHg) with a ≥50% atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis were included. Thirty day and 9‐month systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements, renal function and 9‐month duplex ultrasound assessment of renal artery patency were analyzed. Results : Initial data analysis of 600 patients from the 3 PMA trials identified 286 patients who met inclusion criteria. The mean baseline systolic blood pressure was 177.8 ± 19.3 mmHg with a mean 68.1% diameter renal artery stenosis. Nine months after successful stenting, the mean SBP was 156.7 ± 24.1 mmHg; the 9 month restenosis rate was 14.4%. Conclusion : Based on the statistical modeling of these data and a priori established performance criteria, the co‐primary endpoints of 9 month reduction in blood pressure and in‐stent restenosis are proposed. The reduction in blood pressure will be analyzed as a continuous variable and will be compared to this performance goal. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Percutaneous transluminal renal stenting for transplant renal artery stenosis

Objectives : Renal transplantation is a well‐accepted therapeutic option for patients with end stage renal disease. Renal artery stenosis occurring in a transplanted kidney is a potentially serious condition and adversely affects graft survival and prognosis. The objective of this study is to document the immediate and intermediate term clinical results of renal stenting in this rare subset of renal artery stenosis. Background: There is limited data about the effectiveness of renal stenting in transplant renal artery stenosis. Methods : Eight patients, aged between 22 and 51 (42.5 ± 9.25) years, were referred to our tertiary care interventional cardiology services for renal intervention. The diagnosis of transplant renal artery stenosis was based on clinical presentation (uncontrolled hypertension (n = 4, 50%), worsening renal function (n = 3, 37.5%) or flash pulmonary oedema (n = 1, 12.5%)] and Doppler ultrasound. Results : All patients had live donor renal transplant using end to end anastomosis 2 to 11 (6.25 ± 3.24) months prior to intervention. Angiography revealed discrete stenosis at the anastomotic site. Intrarenal stenting performed from femoral access using 6 F accessories produced excellent angiographic results. There were no access site or procedure related complications. The intervention produced excellent immediate and intermediate term clinical results. In three patients, there was stabilization of renal function during 62 ± 9.16 months of follow‐up with decrease in serum creatinine by 38.86 ± 6.62 %; P = 0.0476. In four patients with refractory hypertension, excellent blood pressure control was achieved with a reduction in mean blood pressure by 25.95 ± 5.48 mm Hg (from 122.4 ± 5.7 to 96.45 ± 2.45 mm Hg; P = 0.0002) during 65.25 ± 23.79 months follow‐up. There was decrease in antihypertensive drug requirement from 3.75 ± 0.5 to 1.75 ± 0.5. During follow‐up, Doppler ultrasound documented a high peak systolic velocity in one asymptomatic patient with well controlled blood pressure and preserved renal function. Sustained benefits of percutaneous revascularization were supported by normal Doppler parameters in the remaining patients. Conclusions : Percutaneous renal stenting provides excellent angiographic and clinical results sustained at intermediate term follow‐up in patients with symptomatic transplant renal artery stenosis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sténose de l’artère rénale à distance d’une dénervation rénale pour HTA résistante

The onset of renal artery stenosis following a renal denervation is rare and occurs in the first few months after renal denervation. We report the onset of renal artery stenosis a long time after the renal denervation for resistant hypertension. This is a 74 year-old patient who stopped smoking in 1980 and who was treated for dyslipidemia with a revascularized coronary artery disease in 2011, a well-stabilized peripheral arterial disease since 2001, a stable asymptomatic carotid atheroma and a good kidney function. His hypertension known since 1995 became resistant. After the control of renal arteries by angio-CT scan, he had a renal denervation in October 2012. His blood pressure decreased 3 months later confirmed by self-blood pressure monitoring (SBPM) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) with a CT scan with a non-significant renal artery stenosis in January 2014. He remained normotensive under treatment until July 2015 but his hypertension became uncontrolled at the end of 2015 then resistant and severe confirmed by SBPM in April 2017, despite a 5-drug antihypertensive treatment associated to atorvastatin and clopidogrel confirmed by SBPM in April 2017. A left post-ostial renal artery stenosis with decrease in size of left kidney and cortex as compared to 2011 was detected at CT and treated by angioplasty. It was associated with a rapid decrease in blood pressure but unfortunately a new increase related to a restenosis occurred at the end of 2017, which justified a new angioplasty. Discussion about the etiology and the management of this renal post-denervation late stenosis.     

Ostial renal artery stent placement for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease

To test the utility of endoprosthetic treatment for ostial renal artery stenosis, and to examine blood pressure and its treatment, serum creatinine, and restenosis rate, 44 ostial renal stent placements were performed in 30 patients with concomitant coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, and the indication for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) therapy. There was a marked decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (163 ± 30 to 145 ± 17 and 93 ± 18 to 83 ± 10 mm Hg; P < 0.008) with a decrease in number of medication (3.2 ± 0.9 to 2.8 ± 1.0; P = 0.005). In 5 out of 8 patients not receiving an ACE inhibitor, this drug could be added. Serum creatinine changed from 1.46 ± 0.7 mg/dl to 1.39 ± 0.58 mg/dl (P = ns). Three patients showed restenosis (12.5%). Ostial stenting lowers blood pressure, decreases antihypertensive drugs and increases medication flexibility. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:1–8, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Redo of percutaneous renal denervation in a patient with recurrent resistant hypertension after primary treatment success

A 79‐year‐old patient was treated with percutaneous renal denervation (RDN) due to resistant arterial hypertension in the summer of 2010. After primary treatment success with a decrease of blood pressure from 170/100 to 130/80 mm Hg 6 months postablation, the blood pressure rose again at 12 months despite maintenance of the pharmacologic regimen and the decision was made to perform a second RDN procedure. Three months following the second RDN procedure, blood pressure was lowered to 130/77 mm Hg. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Renal Denervation in a Hypertensive Patient With End‐Stage Renal Disease and Small Arteries: A Direction for Future Research

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:799–801. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sympathetic overactivity plays a crucial pathogenetic role in the maintenance and aggravation of arterial hypertension in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal denervation has been shown to be effective and safe in reducing blood pressure (BP) in patients with treatment‐resistant hypertension; however, there are only case reports in hypertensive patients with ESRD and data are lacking about possibility of renal denervation in small renal arteries. A woman with uncontrolled treatment‐resistant hypertension on chronic hemodialysis underwent bilateral native kidney, catheter‐based renal denervation. Both native renal arteries were <4 mm. After 6 months without any change of antihypertensive medication or hemodialysis parameters, the authors observed a remarkable BP reduction of 38/30 mm Hg (from baseline 172/100 mm Hg to 134/70 mm Hg) as evaluated by 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring. The authors report that renal denervation seems to be effective in controlling hypertension in patients with ESRD, even in cases of small renal arteries.     

Efficacy and safety of renal denervation in elderly patients with resistant hypertension

Background : Catheter‐based renal sympathetic denervation (RD) causes significant blood pressure (BP) reductions in patients with resistant hypertension (rHTN). However, hypertensive elderly patients reportedly have a lower sympathetic tone than younger patients and a BP lowering effect of RD in this population has not yet been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of RD in elderly patients. Methods : We reviewed all consecutive patients aged ≥ 75 years (mean: 78 years) with rHTN treated with RD. Twenty‐four patients were included in this prospective study. Office and ambulatory BPs were assessed at baseline and 6‐months follow‐up. Primary endpoint was the change in office systolic BP at 6 months. Results : Baseline mean office BP was 173/86 ± 21/13 mm Hg. Baseline 24‐hr mean ambulatory BP, available in 22 patients, was 158/80 ± 20/13 mm Hg. Baseline creatinine was 1.0 ± 0.18 mg/dl and mean number of antihypertensive agents at baseline 4.3 ± 1.4. No device‐ or procedure‐related adverse events occurred. At 6‐months follow‐up, the mean office BP decreased by 19/11 ± 29/16 mm Hg (P < 0.01 compared to baseline). Mean systolic 24 hr ambulatory BP, available in 17 patients, decreased by 9/5 ± 13/13 mm Hg. Antihypertensive medications could be reduced in nine patients. Furthermore, renal function was not impaired. Conclusion : According to our findings, a similar magnitude of BP reduction as reported in previous trials can be expected in elderly patients. Elderly patients with rHTN should not be excluded from renal denervation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Comparison of standard renal denervation procedure versus novel distal and branch vessel procedure with brachial arterial access

Objectives

We assessed a novel approach to percutaneous renal denervation for uncontrolled hypertension consisting of ablation beyond the proximal main renal artery (Y-pattern), including the primary branches, and compared it to the standard procedure applied only within the main vessel. We also assessed the safety and practicality of a brachial access approach.

Successful directional atherectomy of eccentric renal artery stenosis using the simpson directional coronary atherocath as a primary therapy

A 67-yr-old female patient with accelerated hypertension, severe peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease had an abnormal renal scan, renal angiogram, and renal vein renin determination with lateralization to the left kidney. Angiography demonstrated a very tight, eccentric plaque obstructing the left renal artery of approximately 99%. Because of the anatomy of the plaque, balloon dilatation was deemed inadvisable. Subsequently, a Simpson 7F graft DCA atherocath through a four-curved 10F right bypass graft guiding catheter was used to successfully debulk the left renal artery. After debulking, the artery was dilated with a 5 mm Meditech balloon on a wire through a Cobra guiding catheter. The patient's blood pressure responded immediately and there were no complications. A large amount of atherosclerotic plaque was removed from the renal artery. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Making the proglide™ work for large arteriotomies: A stitch in time

Renal denervation has been shown to be safe and effective in reducing blood pressure in treatment‐resistant hypertensive patients. We describe a 65‐year‐old lady with essential hypertension who underwent renal denervation using the Vessix? single shot multielectrode system. Twelve months later renal duplex scanning documented increased velocities in the left renal artery and repeat angiography confirmed the development of a new stenosis. Although renal denervation is a promising therapy, we advise caution as large randomized blinded studies with long‐term follow‐up are still ongoing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

SCAI expert consensus statement for renal artery stenting appropriate use

The pathophysiology of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) includes activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone axis with resultant renovascular hypertension. Renal artery stenting has emerged as the primary revascularization strategy in most patients with hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic RAS. Despite the frequency with which hemodynamically significant RAS is observed and high rates of technical success of renal artery stenting, there remains considerable debate among experts regarding the role of medical therapy versus revascularization for renovascular hypertension. Modern, prospective, multicenter registries continue to demonstrate improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with excellent safety profiles in patients with RAS. Modern randomized, controlled clinical trials of optimal medical therapy versus renal stenting particularly designed to demonstrate preservation in renal function after renal artery stenting have demonstrated limited benefit. However, these trials frequently excluded patients that may benefit from renal artery stenting. This document was developed to guide physicians in the modern practical application of renal stenting, to highlight the current limitations in the peer‐reviewed literature, to suggest best‐practices in the performance of renal stenting and to identify opportunities to advance the field. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.