Primary percutaneous coronary intervention of an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left sinus of valsalva

The presence of an anomalous origin of a coronary artery as the infarct related vessel during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction is rare and may present a technical challenge. We reported on a primary coronary percutaneous intervention performed in a right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus. The technical tips and tricks of treating congenital coronary anomalies are reviewed.     

Repeat right transradial percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with dextrocardia: the right approach to the right-sided heart.

Dextrocardia (DC) is a rare cardiac condition in which the cardiac location, as well as apex, is rightwardly displaced. As the incidence of atherosclerotic disease is similar to that of the general population, there have been few reports of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in these patients. Proposed technical strategies for successful angiography and PCI in DC include counter-directional torquing of the catheter, as well as right-left mirror-image inversion angiographic views. All previous reports of DC PCIs have been via transfemoral access.We present a case of successful repeat transradial PCI in a patient with DC. This is first report of transradial coronary angiography, PCI, or repeat PCI in a DC patient. A literature review of technical considerations, including our own recommendations for guide catheter selection, are discussed. We also review the anatomic variations and epidemiology of DC. Although access complications for transradial PCI is known to be lower than that of the transfemoral approach, challenges in technique and concern of repeat access have limited the popularity of the former. Our report demonstrates the safety and feasibility of transradial angiography, PCI, and even repeat PCI, in the rare patient with DC.     

Introduction to anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery

Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) occurs when both coronary arteries arise from the same aortic sinus from a single ostium or two separate ostia. While most coronary anomalies are benign, the two most common subtypes that predispose to sudden cardiac death in the young are interarterial anomalous right coronary artery and interarterial anomalous left coronary artery. Practitioners face many challenges with AAOCA. Diagnosing patients may be difficult because children and adolescents are often asymptomatic and first presentation may be sudden death or sudden cardiac arrest. Risk stratification is also challenging as determining which unique characteristics place the child at highest risk of sudden death has not been adequately delineated and ischemic testing may give false negative results. Last, there is significant variability in decision making regarding management of youth with AAOCA. Future research is needed to help determine the best way to identify at‐risk children and which treatment is the safest and most efficacious.     

Coronary angioplasty of anomalous right coronary arteries

We report 2 cases of successful angioplasty of anomalous right coronary arteries originating above the sinotubular line at the junction of the right and left sinus of Valsalva. The use of Amplatz left guiding catheters provided optimal support for performing angioplasty. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

自发性冠状动脉夹层并血栓形成致急性心肌梗死2例

急性心肌梗死(AMI)是心内科的常见急症,其病死率和致残率较高。自发性冠状动脉夹层(SCAD)可因假腔压迫及合并血栓形成导致冠状动脉闭塞,是AMI的罕见病因之一。本文报告2例SCAD并血栓形成致AMI,并行冠状     

Bare‐metal stent thrombosis after noncardiac surgery greater than 10 years after stent implantation

We present a case of bare‐metal stent thrombosis (ST) in a saphenous vein graft (SVG) after antiplatelet therapy cessation occurring in the setting of noncardiac surgery (NCS) greater than 10 years after stent implantation. This report represents the longest interval of ST in the setting of NCS and the longest interval between stent implantation and ST in a SVG. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Long‐term outcomes with aspiration thrombectomy for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A meta‐analysis of randomized trials

Randomized clinical trials that examined long‐term clinical outcomes of routine aspiration thrombectomy prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI ) in patients with acute ST ‐segment elevation myocardial infarction have yielded different results. We hypothesized that the routine use of manual thrombus aspiration prior to primary PCI lacks long‐term clinical benefits. Electronic databases were searched for randomized trials comparing routine aspiration thrombectomy and conventional PCI . We included only trials that reported clinical outcomes beyond 6 months. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events, re‐infarction, cardiovascular mortality, and stent thrombosis (ST) . A DerSimonian ‐Laird model was used to construct the summary estimates risk ratio (RR ). We retrieved 18 trials with 20 641 ST ‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients, of whom 10 331 patients underwent routine aspiration thrombectomy prior to primary PCI . At a mean follow‐up of 12 months, there was no significant decrease in the risk of all‐cause mortality (RR : 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI ]: 0.82‐1.05, P = 0.22), major adverse cardiac events (RR : 0.95, 95% CI : 0.87‐1.03, P = 0.18), re‐infarction (RR : 0.95, 95% CI : 0.80‐1.13, P = 0.59), cardiovascular mortality (RR : 0.80, 95% CI : 0.47‐1.36, P = 0.40), or ST (RR : 0.80, 95% CI : 0.63‐1.01, P = 0.06) with routine aspiration thrombectomy. Routine aspiration thrombectomy prior to primary PCI was not associated with a reduction in long‐term mortality or clinical outcomes. Future randomized trials are warranted to further evaluate the role of aspiration thrombectomy in select patients and coronary lesions.     

Posterior myocardial infarction caused by superdominant circumflex occlusion over an absent right coronary artery: Case report and review of literature

Rationale:Congenital agenesis of the right coronary artery (CARCA) initially presenting as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to total occlusion is a rare clinical condition that can lead to severe complications, including death. We report a case of successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a patient with this condition.Patient concerns:A 57-year-old man was admitted to our center with chest pain that had occurred several hours prior. Since he was initially diagnosed with AMI with ST-segment elevation, we promptly commenced coronary angiography (CAG).Diagnosis:CAG revealed the absence of a right coronary artery (RCA). In the left coronary cusp area, the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) was occluded totally.Interventions:We performed PCI for total occlusion of the proximal part of the LCX. Follow-up CAG showed a superdominant branch of the LCX, sprouting into the RCA territory.Outcomes:The patient was discharged uneventfully after successful PCI.Lessons:CARCA with AMI, which is an extremely unusual case, can be fatal; however, PCI seems to be an effective treatment option.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction due to unprotected left main coronary artery occlusion

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) occlusion is an uncommon clinical entity, but often leads to severe clinical deterioration, with devastating sequalae including fatal arrhythmias, abrupt and severe circulatory failure, and sudden cardiac death. Recent guidelines have promoted treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a class IIa recommendation alongside coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but the data are still unclear regarding optimal revascularization strategy for patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non‐STEMI (NSTEMI) with ULMCA culprit. PCI has the advantages of offering rapid reperfusion to critically ill patients, often those with prohibitive risk for surgical revascularization, with acceptable short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Recent studies demonstrate that PCI of the ULMCA is a viable alternative to CABG for appropriate patient populations, including those with ULMCA occlusion and those in cardiogenic shock, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3, and significant comorbidities. A randomized trial comparing PCI with CABG is needed to clarify the ideal revascularization strategy, though the clinical picture of these critically ill patients may preclude such studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

起源异常的右冠状动脉闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入治疗病例报道及文献回顾分析

目的:探讨先天性起源异常的右冠状动脉(冠脉)闭塞病变经皮冠脉介入(PCI)治疗的效果。方法:回顾性分析1例右冠脉起源异常伴心肌梗死患者的诊治经过,并总结近20年来报道的30余例右冠脉起源异常病例,通过对发病率、起源部位、指引导管选择等方面进行探讨。结果:异常右冠脉起源于左冠脉窦的报道较多,应用的指引导管类型以Amplatz、Judkins多见,但病例报道较少。结论:仍需更多的手术经验积累以及对磁共振成像、多排CT等诊断工具的科学应用。     

Recanalization of an atretic intramural left main coronary artery after bypass surgery in a pediatric patient with anomalous aortic origin of the left main coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva

We report a pediatric patient with nonatherosclerotic chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) leading to complete LMCA atresia which was successfully recanalized via retrograde techniques through a previous internal mammary bypass graft. After the CTO was treated, the artery was found to be anomalous off the right cusp with an intramural coarse and slit‐like orifice. The patient's ischemic symptoms resolved after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), and she has continued to do well.     

Successful utilization of a novel aspiration thrombectomy catheter (Pronto) for the treatment of patients with stent thrombosis.

Stent thrombosis is a rare but catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Thrombolytic therapy is ineffective for the treatment of patients with stent thrombosis, while primary PCI in such patients is limited by a high thrombus burden in the culprit vessel often leading to distal embolization and extensive tissue infarction. We present three patients with stent thrombosis successfully treated with the adjunctive use of a novel and new aspiration thrombectomy device (Pronto).     

冠状动脉临界病变和急性心肌梗死的关系简

目的 通过分析急性心肌梗死前不同的冠状动脉（冠脉）造影基础病变特征和心肌梗死发病时间的关系,进一步探讨急性心肌梗死的发病机制和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）的防治策略.方法 入选2005年6月到2011年11月因急性心肌梗死行介入治疗的患者104例.所有患者心肌梗死前都曾在阜外心血管病医院冠心病诊治中心行冠脉造影术或冠脉支架植入治疗.根据冠脉造影定量分析基础病变的狭窄程度,将患者分成3组（＜50％狭窄程度即轻度病变组,50％～70％狭窄程度即临界病变组,＞70％狭窄程度即严重狭窄组）.比较3组的基础病变特征,分析3组基础病变狭窄程度和心肌梗死发病时间的关系.结果 基础病变为临界病变的患者中有经皮冠状动脉介入治疗病史的较多,3组比较,差异有统计学意义[50％（13/26）vs.82.5％（47/57）vs.66.7％（14/21）,P=0.009].心肌梗死基础病变特征中,＞70％狭窄程度的患者狭窄程度重、病变长度较长、最小血管内径较小（P＜0.001）.12个月内与12个月后进展为心肌梗死的基础病变比较,狭窄程度较重（P=0.002）.基础病变狭窄程度与心肌梗死时间成负相关（r=-0.421,P＜0.001）,基础病变狭窄程度进展与心肌梗死时间成正相关（r=0.467,P＜0.001）.结论 冠脉轻度病变或临界病变,部分是随时间延长不断进展为更严重的狭窄后导致了急性心肌梗死.基础狭窄程度严重的病变（＞70％狭窄程度）,是短时间内发生急性心肌梗死的重要病因.     

Survival rate after acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention within the left main coronary artery according to time of admission

The relationship regarding time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated within the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is less investigated compared to the overall group of patients with AMI.Therefore, we aimed to assess the relationship between time of PCI (day- vs night-time) and overall mortality rate in patients treated due to AMI within the LMCA.This cross-sectional study included 443,805 AMI patients hospitalized between 2006 and 2018 enrolled in the Polish Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes. We extracted 5,404 patients treated within the LMCA. The number of patients were treated during daytime hours (7:00 am–10:59 pm) was 2809 while 473 patients underwent treatment during night-time hours (11:00 pm–6:59 am). Differences in cardiac mortality rates between night- and day-hours among patients treated with PCI during the follow-up period were assessed via the Kaplan–Meier method.The 30-day (20.3% vs 14.9%, P = .003) and 12-month (31.7% vs 26.2%, P = .001) overall mortality rates were significantly greater among patients treated during night-time, which was confirmed by comparison using Kaplan–Maier survival curves (P = .001). The time of PCI was not found among predictors of survival in multiple regression analysis (hazard ratio: 1.22; 95% confidence interval: 0.96-1.55, P = .099).Patients treated during night-time in comparison to the day-time are related to higher in-hospital, 30-day and 12-month mortality. This is probably largely a consequence that the night-time, in comparison to the day-time, of treatment of patients with AMI with PCI within the LMCA is and indicator of higher comorbidity and clinical acuity of patients undergoing therapy. Therefore, the night-time was not found to be an independent predictor of greater mortality rate during the 12-months follow-up period.     

Myocardial infarction in the distribution of a patent anomalous left circumflex coronary artery

Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery is the most common congenital coronary artery anomaly. Myocardial infarction has been seen in the distribution of this anomalous vessel. This has been noted most typically when the vessel is atherosclerotic. Sudden death and myocardial infarction, however, also have been seen in a case without atherosclerotic involvement. This is a case report of a 45-year-old man who suffered a myocardial infarction after strenuous and sustained physical effort and who was found to have nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries with an anomalous left circumflex coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva.     

Migrating type a intramural hematoma after repair of an anomalous right coronary artery aortocoronary dissection with a covered stent

Iatrogenic aortocoronary dissection is a rare and potentially life‐threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Prompt coronary stenting can stop progression and avoid the need for surgical intervention. Herein, we describe a case of migrating aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) after repair of an anomalous right coronary artery aortocoronary dissection with a covered stent. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

三维超声心动图右心室特征对急性左心室下壁心肌梗死患者PCI术后心力衰竭的预测价值

目的]探究三维超声心动图右心室特征对急性左心室下壁心肌梗死(INFMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心力衰竭(HF)的预测价值。 [方法]纳入2018年10月—2021年10月261例INFMI患者,根据PCI术后1年随访记录分为心力衰竭组(n＝42)和无心力衰竭组(n＝219)。比较两组临床资料和心动图特征;采用LASSO-Logistic回归筛选术后HF发生的独立影响因素;构建列线图模型并验证。 [结果]经筛选,在最优λ值处LASSO模型纳入INFMI患者游离壁中间段和整体纵向应变、流入道舒张期末容积和射血分数、体部舒张期末容积和射血分数。术后体部射血分数降低(截断值43.27%)、流入道射血分数降低(截断值51.49%)、整体纵向应变升高(截断值－13.52%)对HF有较高预测价值。联合年龄、Killip分级、N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)构建列线图模型区分度较高,一致性指数0.981(95%CI:0.872～0.997),预测值与实际值拟合度较好。 [结论]INFMI患者右心室整体纵向应变、流入道和体部射血分数联合年龄、Killip分级、NT-proBNP对PCI术后1年HF风险具有较高的预测价值,预测模型可作为临床决策工具使用。     

Clinical evaluation of anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA)

The clinical evaluation of patients with an anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), a congenital abnormality of the origin or course of a coronary artery that arises from the aorta, is challenging given its first presentation being sudden cardiac arrest in about half of the patients. Symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath and syncope during exertion should be of concern in evaluating young athletes and nonathletes. The lack of abnormal signs on the physical exam and electrocardiogram further adds to the difficulty in establishing the diagnosis. Additional imaging with echocardiography, computed tomography angiography and/or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often needed and establishes the diagnosis. High‐risk lesions include origin of the coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva, intramural course and ostial abnormalities (stenosis, hypoplasia). Functional studies should be performed to assess myocardial perfusion at rest and during stress, such as nuclear imaging, stress echocardiography and stress cardiac MRI.