Survival of women after breast conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer

Background. Increasing numbers of older women with breast cancer are receiving breast-conserving surgery (BCS). However, substantial numbers of them are not receiving either axillary dissection or adjuvant irradiation. Objective. To determine whether failure to perform axillary dissection or irradiation is associated with decreased survival in women with early-stage breast cancer. Method. We studied 26,290 women aged 25 in 1988-1993 from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data and 5,328 women aged 65 in 1991-1993 from SEER-Medicare linked data, who had early-stage breast cancer and received BCS. Results. Twenty seven percent of women aged 25 receiving BCS did not receive axillary dissection, most of whom (74%) were age 65. Women receiving BCS with axillary dissection had lower 7-year breast cancer-specific mortality than did those without dissection (hazard ratio=0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.44–0.63). We found an interaction between receipt of axillary dissection and radiotherapy on survival of older women after BCS. Women who received either axillary dissection or radiotherapy experienced similar survivals to those who received both axillary dissection and radiation, while women who received neither treatment experienced poorer survival (hazard ratio=1.76, 1.23–2.52), after controlling for demographics, tumor size and comorbidity. Conclusions. Women who receive neither axillary dissection nor radiation therapy after BCS experience an increased risk of death from breast cancer. The lack of improvement in the past two decades in survival of older women with breast cancer may be explained in part by the increasing use of treatments that do not address potential tumor in axillary nodes.     

老年早期乳腺癌患者行乳腺区段切除术后生存分析

目的:评价老年早期乳腺癌患者行乳腺区段切除术后疗效。方法:回顾分析我院2011年1月到2016年4月共65例70岁以上女性早期老年乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征、转移复发及生存资料。患者均接受乳腺区段切除,术后根据情况行内分泌治疗或放疗。结果:中位随访42个月,共有6例患者出现同侧局部复发或合并远处转移,10例死亡,其中3例因乳腺癌转移死亡,7例死于其它疾病。3年累积乳腺癌特异性DFS 91.1%,3年累积OS 90.2%。单因素分析显示Ki67表达>14%（P=0.009）以及ER/PR阳性患者未接受内分泌治疗（P=0.023）是出现转移复发的独立危险因素。结论:对于70岁以上老年早期乳腺癌患者给予乳腺区段切除治疗是一种安全有效的方法。     

Different annual recurrence pattern between lumpectomy and mastectomy: implication for breast cancer surveillance after breast-conserving surgery

Purpose.

To investigate the recurrence pattern and annual recurrence risk after breast-conserving surgery and compare them with those after mastectomy.

Methods.

This retrospective analysis included 6,135 consecutive unilateral breast cancer patients undergoing surgery in 1998–2008, with 847 lumpectomy patients and 5,288 mastectomy patients. Recurrence patterns were scrutinized and annual recurrence rates were calculated. Furthermore, a literature-based review including seven relevant studies was subsequently performed to confirm our single-institution data-based observations.

Results.

After lumpectomy, 50.9% of recurrences occurred within 3 years and 30.2% of recurrences were detected at 3–5 years; after mastectomy, 64.9% of recurrences occurred within 3 years and 20.4% occurred at 3–5 years. The major locoregional recurrence pattern after lumpectomy was ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence, which mainly (81.3%) occurred ≤5 years postsurgery but with a low incidence of 37.5% ≤3 years postsurgery. Annual recurrence curves indicated that the relapse peak after mastectomy emerged in the first 2 years; however, recurrence after lumpectomy increased annually with the highest peak near 5 years. By reviewing relevant studies, we confirmed our finding of different annual recurrence patterns for lumpectomy and mastectomy patients. The hazard ratio of dying for those recurring ≤5 years postlumpectomy relative to patients relapsing >5 years postlumpectomy was 4.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.05–20.28; p = .042).

Conclusions.

Different recurrence patterns between mastectomy and lumpectomy patients imply that scheduling of surveillance visits should be more frequent during the 4–6 years after lumpectomy. Further prospective trials addressing the necessity of frequent and longer surveillance after lumpectomy are warranted.     

Second malignancies after treatment of early-stage breast cancer: lumpectomy and radiation therapy versus mastectomy.

PURPOSE: To determine the risk of second malignancies after lumpectomy and radiation therapy (LRT), and to compare it with that in a similar cohort of early-stage breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy without radiation (MAST). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1970 and December 1990, 1,029 breast cancer patients at our institution underwent LRT. A cohort of 1,387 breast cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment by mastectomy (MAST), and who did not receive postoperative radiation during the same time period, served as a comparison group. Second malignancies were categorized as contralateral breast versus nonbreast. In the cohort of patients undergoing LRT, a detailed analysis was carried out with respect to age, disease stage, smoking history, radiation therapy technique, dose, the use of chemotherapy or hormone therapy, and other clinical and/or pathologic characteristics. RESULTS: As of March 1999, the median follow-up was 14.6 years for the LRT group and 16 years for the MAST group. The 15-year risk of any second malignancy was nearly identical for both cohorts (17.5% v 19%, respectively). The second breast malignancy rate at 15 years was 10% for both the MAST and LRT groups. The 15-year risk of a second nonbreast malignancy was 11% for the LRT and 10% for the MAST group. In the subset of patients 45 years of age or younger at the time of treatment, the second breast and nonbreast malignancy rates at 15 years were 10% and 5% for patients undergoing LRT versus 7% and 4% for patients undergoing mastectomy (P, not statistically significant). In the detailed analysis of LRT patients, second lung malignancies were associated with a history of tobacco use. There were fewer contralateral breast tumors in patients undergoing adjuvant hormone therapy, although this did not reach statistical significance. The adjuvant use of chemotherapy did not significantly affect the risk of second malignancies. CONCLUSION: There seems to be no increased risk of second malignancies in patients undergoing LRT using modern techniques, compared with MAST. Continued monitoring of these patient cohorts will be required in order to document that these findings are maintained with even longer follow-up periods. With nearly 15 years median follow-up periods, however, these data should be reassuring to women who are considering LRT as a treatment option.     

乳腺癌保乳术后放化综合治疗疗效评价

目的:评价临床早期乳腺癌行保乳手术加术后放化疗综合治疗的疗效。方法:Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房的肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清除术患者106例(保乳组),同期行乳腺癌改良根治术患者95例(对照组),术后早期予以全身化疗、全乳腺区放疗和(或)内分泌治疗。结果:全部病例中位随访53个月,保乳组中无局部复发者,对照组局部复发1例;保乳组和对照组的3、5年生存率分别为96.34%(79/82)和95.58%(65/68),P=0.9571;90.24%(37/41)和90.47%(38/42),P=0.9870。远隔脏器转移率分别为5.7%和5.3%,P=0.9774。两组间各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义,患侧乳房外形的优良率达96.2%。结论:早期乳腺癌采用保留乳房手术加术后放化疗综合治疗,疗效与根治术相似,美容效果好,可作为首选方法之一。     

浸润性乳腺癌乳房切除术联合Ⅰ期重建后放疗相关问题研究现状

随着对外形美观的要求越来越高,越来越多患者在乳房切除术后会选择不同类型重建手术。对于这部分患者,怎样的综合治疗时序可以让患者在外形美观和抗肿瘤治疗疗效间取得平衡、得到最大获益,是目前多学科治疗关注的重要问题。本文从术后放疗对乳房重建的美容影响、组织扩张器和永久性假体置换与术后放疗的时序关系以及乳房重建手术和放疗技术的最新进展做一综述。笔者综合现有文献报道以及临床实践总结了重建手术与辅助治疗的整体决策推荐流程图,为临床实践提供参考。     

Fat necrosis of the breast following lumpectomy and radiation therapy for early breast cancer

Between January 1980 and December 1985, 121 patients with early breast cancer were treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Westmead Hospital by external beam irradiation and an iridium wire boost following "lumpectomy". After a median follow-up of 26 months, 14 patients have developed recurrent masses in the treated breast. In four, recurrent carcinoma was strongly suspected and subsequently confirmed by fine needle aspiration biopsy, but in only two was a subsequent salvage mastectomy possible. The remaining 10 patients developed a nodule which was usually tender. With three exceptions, the nodule was at the primary tumour site and developed 4-43 months after treatment. In seven, tumour recurrence was suspected but not confirmed by biopsy and the other three were accepted as having post-treatment "radiation fibrosis". Excision biopsy was undertaken in eight of the 10 patients. Another patient underwent partial mastectomy for presumed local recurrence. The histological appearance in all cases was similar, with areas of fat necrosis and fibrosis with atypical stromal fibroblasts. Suture material was present microscopically in eight patients and was noted macroscopically (that is, by mammogram) in the one patient who did not undergo surgery. This complication is most likely caused by a combination of surgical and radiation factors. The difficulty in management is differentiation between tumour recurrence and a benign condition.     

Radiotherapy after lumpectomy for breast cancer in very old women

During a 15-year period, 47 women aged 80 to 89 years, with 48 breast cancers, were treated with postlumpectomy radiotherapy after lumpectomy alone (31 breast cancers) or lumpectomy and axillary dissection (17 breast cancers). Forty-three breast cancers in 42 women were invasive carcinomas, and 5 women had ductal carcinoma in situ. Forty-six breasts were treated with whole breast irradiation with a usual dose of 5,000 cGy in 25 fractions. Six women were treated with accelerated regimens of 250 cGy/d to 300 cGy/d to 4,000 cGy to 4,500 cGy. An additional boost to the operative area was administered to 34 breasts. Two women were treated with radiotherapy just to the operative area of the involved breast with 3,600 cGy and 3,700 cGy in 10 fractions, respectively. Thirty-four women received adjuvant tamoxifen. Twenty-five women (53.2%) are alive and free of disease at 21 to 156 months from surgery (median: 43 months). Seventeen women died at 14 to 159 months after surgery (median: 65.5 months). Twelve of these women survived greater than 5 years from treatment. Distant metastases have developed in only two women. One died at 68 months after treatment and one is alive with disease at 34 months. There are no patients with known local-regional recurrence. Radiotherapy was well tolerated in all patients, and the majority had a good to excellent cosmetic result. Age alone is not a contraindication to the administration of postlumpectomy breast irradiation.     

50例早期乳腺癌保乳手术临床分析

目的:与改良根治术比较,探索保乳手术对早期乳腺癌的临床疗效.方法:对宝鸡市人民医院自2006年1月至2010年12月50例早期乳腺癌患者进行回顾性分析,实施保乳手术25例,改良根治手术25例,对两组患者的临床资料进行研究,对比术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院天数、美容效果、术后并发症及无进展生存率.结果:保乳手术组在术后住院天数、手术时间、术中出血量、美容效果方面均明显优于改良根治手术组(P＜0.01),两组患者在术后并发症方面的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者的中位随访时间均为24.5个月,术后复发转移率相同,2年无进展生存率也均为92％ (P ＞0.05).结论:保乳手术创伤小、恢复快,且并未影响早期乳腺癌患者的治疗效果,更为重要的是保乳手术为患者提供了更为理想的美容效果.     

Survival after cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer

Aim

To determine the difference in survival after cystectomy between patients presenting with primary muscle infiltrating bladder cancer and patients with progression to muscle infiltration after treatment for initial non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the files of 188 patients who underwent cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma between 1987 and 2005. Two groups were defined: patients presenting with muscle-invasive tumours and those progressing to muscle invasion after initial treatment. This second group was further divided into low-intermediate and high risk according to the EAU grouping for NMIBC.

Results

The 5-year disease specific survival (95% confidence intervals) for all patients was 50%(42–59%); 49%(40–60%) in the primary muscle infiltrating group and 52%(37–74%) in the progressive group (p = ns). The 5-year disease specific survival in the progressive group according to EAU risk groups was 75%(58–97%) for the initially diagnosed low-intermediate risk tumours and 35%(17–71%) for the initially diagnosed high-risk tumours (p = 0.015). The percentage of patients with non-locally confined tumours (pT3/4-N0//any pT-N+) was 31%//45% and 24%//46% in the primary muscle infiltrating and progressive group, respectively.

Conclusions

Despite close observation of patients treated for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the survival of patients who progress to muscle invasion is not better than survival of patients presenting with primary muscle infiltrating cancer. Patients with high-risk non-invasive tumours (EAU risk-categories) who progress to muscle-invasive disease have a worse prognosis compared to patients with low or intermediate risk tumours.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后放化疗的最佳顺序

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌保乳治疗后放化疗最佳顺序，使保乳治疗的局部控制、远处转移和保乳效果达到最佳。方法 2000年1月～2002年11月，对38例符合保乳治疗条件的早期乳腺癌实施了保乳治疗。手术方式为局部广泛切除术和腋窝淋巴结清扫，术后2周开始化疗，化疗2周期后再开始放疗，全乳剂量50Gy，瘤床补充照射10～18Gy。放疗结束后根据使用化疗方案选择立即化疗或休息1周后再开始化疗，化疗共6周期。治疗结束后每3个月复查1次，放疗后6个月行乳房钼靶摄影。此后1年1次乳房照片检查。结果 38例保乳治疗的患者均定期复查，中位随访24个月(5～35个月)。未发现局部复发和远处转移。放疗后1年或以上的28例患者乳房外观良好。结论 早期乳腺癌保乳治疗中“三明治”式放化疗能满足保乳治疗的目的。     

早期乳腺癌患者行改良根治手术与保乳术的疗效观察

目的分析早期乳腺癌患者分别进行改良根治手术和保乳手术的临床效果。方法 105例早期乳腺癌患者,在知情同意下,按患者及其家属意愿分为保乳组(53例)和改良根治组(52例)。保乳组采用保乳手术治疗,改良根治组采用改良根治手术。结果两组患者2年生存率和复发率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);保乳组生存质量评分均明显高于改良根治组,差异有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。结论保乳手术与改良根治手术对患者的生存率、复发率差异无统计学意义,但是保乳手术大大提高了患者的生存质量。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗

术后放疗是早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的重要组成部分.早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗时机、照射范围、剂量、方式等是放疗的重要环节,对生存率、局部控制率、美容效果有重要影响.