Erratum: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde Heft 1/2001, Seite 4–10

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Infant mortality trends in a region of Belarus, 1980–2000

Background

The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the breakup of the former Soviet Union (FSU) in 1991 challenged the public health infrastructure in the former Soviet republic of Belarus. Because infant mortality is regarded as a sensitive measure of the overall health of a population, patterns of neonatal and postneonatal deaths were examined within the Mogilev region of Belarus between 1980 and 2000.

Methods

Employing administrative death files, this study utilized a regional cohort design that included all infant deaths occurring among persons residing within the Mogilev oblast of Belarus between 1980 and 2000. Patterns of death and death rates were examined across 3 intervals: 1980–1985 (pre-Chernobyl), 1986–1991 (post-Chernobyl &; pre-FSU breakup), and 1992–2000 (post-Chernobyl &; post-FSU breakup).

Results

Annual infant mortality rates declined during the 1980s, increased during the early 1990s, and have remained stable thereafter. While infant mortality rates in Mogilev have decreased since the period 1980–1985 among both males and females, this decrement appears due to decreases in postneonatal mortality. Rates of postneonatal mortality in Mogilev have decreased since the period 1980–1985 among both males and females. Analyses of trends for infant mortality and neonatal mortality demonstrated continuous decreases between 1990, followed by a bell-shaped excess in the 1990's. Compared to rates of infant mortality for other countries, rates in the Mogilev region are generally higher than rates for the United States, but lower than rates in Russia. During the 1990s, rates for both neonatal and postneonatal mortality in Mogilev were two times the comparable rates for East and West Germany.

Conclusions

While neonatal mortality rates in Mogilev have remained stable, rates for postneonatal mortality have decreased among both males and females during the period examined. Infant mortality rates in the Mogilev region of Belarus remain elevated compared to rates for other western countries, but lower than rates in Russia. The public health infrastructure might attempt to assure that prenatal, maternal, and postnatal care is maximized.

     

四地儿童肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌抗生素敏感性监测(2000～2001年)

目的 了解当前我国儿科呼吸道感染常见病原肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗生素的敏感性，以便有效指导临床合理用药和预防。方法 连续两年对北京、上海、广州三家儿童医院和西安西京医院儿科（仅2001年）就诊的上呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽分泌物进行培养、分离肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌；采用纸片扩散法及E－test方法对分离株进行常用抗生素敏感性检测。结果 四地2年从呼吸道感染儿童鼻咽部分离肺炎链球菌共654株，流感嗜血杆菌669株。肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感（PRSP）率范围在14％－60％，2001年各地区发生率依次为上海55．0％、广州50．0％、西安45．0％、北京42．3％；与2000年相比，2001年部分地区如北京、上海青霉素中度敏感株明显增多。PRSP对β－内酰胺类、红霉素、复方磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药率明显高于青霉素敏感株（PSSP），且多重耐药率高达90％以上。北京、上海、西安地区分离株对阿莫西林／克拉维酸、头孢曲松仍具有很好的敏感性（96．6％－98．9％），而对头孢呋辛敏感性有不同程度下降，广州地区敏感率仅为59％，上海71％，而北京地区为92．3％，明显高于广州地区。2001年四地区分离株对头孢克洛总耐药率：广州地区耐药率最高（56％），上海、西安次之（15％、13％），北京最低（4．8％）。四地分离株对红霉素耐药率高达75％－96％，其中以高度耐药（≥256mg/L）为主，占80％－99％；2001年与北京地区分离株红霉素耐药率87．9％，高于上海（80％）、广州（78％）。肺炎链球菌四环素耐药情况与红霉素相近（60％－96％）；复方磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药也很突出（68％－88％）；而对氯霉素仍保持较低水平耐药（20％－30％）。各地区流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄青霉素、氯霉素耐药保持较低水平（5％－16％），多数地区对其他β－丙酰胺类抗生素有较好的敏感性（96％－100％），但2001年北京和广州对头孢克洛耐药已达12．7％和20％。对四环素、复方磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药率范围分别为11．3％－26．5％、37．5％－77．1％，各地区间耐药率略有差异。结论 四地区儿童上呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌耐药形势严峻，PRSP已达中等水平，有逐年上升的趋势，并以红霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲基异恶唑等多重耐药为主要特点。     

Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Lithuania, 1997–2000

Background  

To identify risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome relevant in Lithuania.     

Patterns of childhood mortality in a region of Belarus, 1980–2000

The public health infrastructure of the former Soviet Union was impacted by both the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Soviet breakup in 1991. This paper examines mortality patterns among children aged 1–14 years within the Mogilev region of Belarus between 1980 and 2000. This study utilized a regional cohort design that included all childhood deaths (ages 1–14 years) occurring among persons residing within the Mogilev oblast of Belarus between 1980 and 2000. Patterns of death and death rates were examined across three intervals: 1980–1985 (pre-Chernobyl), 1986–1991 (post-Chernobyl and pre-Former Soviet Union (FSU) breakup) and 1992–2000 (post-Chernobyl and post-FSU breakup) based upon administrative death files. Annual death rates among children aged 1–4 years declined between 1980 and 2000, while mortality rates among children aged 5–9 years and 10–14 years remained steady over this time period. Average annual mortality rates among males aged 5-9 years and 10–14 years increased significantly between 1986 and 1991. Compared to the baseline interval, mortality among both males and females aged 1–4 years was significantly decreased during 1986–1990 and 1992–2000. In general, mortality rates among males were 24%–95% greater compared to females. Injuries and poisonings accounted for the largest proportion of deaths across all age and gender groups examined. Subsequent to the Chernobyl disaster, significant decreases were noted in mortality rates among children aged 1–4 years while mortality rates among children aged 5–9 and 10–14 remained stable. Conclusion: Similar to the findings in other countries, injuries and poisonings predominated as the leading cause of death among Belarussian children.     

Suicide among children and adolescents in south Delhi (1991–2000)

Objective : Suicide among youth is of great concern and a subject requires thorough study to formulate prevention strategy. In this paper the incidence and trends of suicide among children and adolescent of South Delhi have been reported.Methods : A retrospective analysis was carried out on 222 cases of suicidal deaths pertaining to age group of 10–18 years, the postmortem examination on the body of which were conducted in Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi during the period from 1^1st January 1991 to 31^1st December 2000. The particular of cases were analyzed according to age group, sex, method used and causes of committing suicide.Results : Out of 222 cases 123(55.4%) were of girls (Female : Male 1.24:1). Commonest age group involved was 15–18 years in both the sexes. Commonest method used for committing suicide was hanging (57% in girls, 49.5% in boys) followed by poisoning (37.4% in girls, 49.5% in boys).Conclusion : Methods used to commit suicide are widely available and are difficult to restrict. Therefore, suicide prevention strategy based on risk factors could be more effective rather than limiting the access to methods.     

Atopische Erkrankungen und soziale Lage bei Einschulungskindern im Land Brandenburg Trendanalyse 1994–2000

Background. Since 1994, atopic diseases have been standardized according to ISAAC and verified doctor's diagnoses and continuously monitored in Brandenburg as part of the compulsory medical examination for school beginners. Results. Analysis of the results obtained between 1994 and 2000 shows an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, medical diagnoses having increased from 0.66% (1994) to 1.3% (2000) and symptoms according to ISAAC from 2.3% (1997) to 3.0% (2000). By contrast, the prevalence of asthma and atopic dermatitis (diagnoses as well as symptoms) remained stable. The discrepancy between atopic diagnoses and symptoms is conspicuous. The level of underdiagnosis for respiratory allergies was around 75% and for atopic dermatitis approx. 50%. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is significantly associated with a high social status of parents (defined by education and employment), whereas asthmatic symptoms are significantly associated with a low social status. Conclusions. The implemented core questions according to ISAAC proved useful as a screening instrument for atopic diseases in the medical examination of children by the public health services and for advising parents (especially from low-status families) about prevention measures.     

Financial and Nonfinancial Burden Among Families of CSHCN: Changes Between 2001 and 2009–2010

ObjectiveWe use the latest data to explore multiple dimensions of financial burden among children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and their families in 2009–2010 and changes since 2001.MethodsFive burden indicators were assessed using the 2001 and 2009–2010 National Surveys of CSHCN: past-year health-related out-of-pocket expenses of ≥$1,000 or ≥3% of household income; perceived financial problems; changes in family employment; and >10 hours of weekly care provision/coordination. Unadjusted and adjusted prevalence estimates were used to assess burden in 2009–2010 and calculate absolute and relative measures of change since 2001. Prevalence rate ratios for each burden type in 2009–2010 compared to 2001 were estimated by logistic regression.ResultsNearly half of CSHCN and their families experienced some form of burden in 2009–2010. The percentage of CSHCN living in families that paid ≥$1,000 or ≥3% of household income out of pocket for health care rose 120% and 35%, respectively, between 2001 and 2009–2010, while the prevalence of caregiving and employment burdens declined. Relative to 2001, in 2009–2010, CSHCN who were privately insured or least affected by their conditions were 1.7 times as likely to live in families that paid ≥3% of household income out of pocket, while publicly insured children were 20% less likely to do so and those most severely affected were 12% more likely to do so.ConclusionsOver the past decade, increases in financial burden and declines in employment and caregiving burdens were observed for CSHCN families. Public insurance expansions may have buffered increases in financial burden, yet disparities persist.     

Erratum to: Infant mortality trends in a region of Belarus, 1980–2000

After the publication of this work [1], we noted that we inadvertently failed to acknowledge funding support for this project.     

2001年作者索引

00741 1081 1404529薄笑红4490安金斗安利军安妮妮安淑华安晓玲敖余森122442500637241409540173252夕白爱宁白波白红莲白建军白剑鹏白静波00474 1021667378531043940110912460522白振山拜发俊包爱民包忠实鲍克容鲍灵芝鲍秀兰0016213336402755白梅贝国平责晓明 075417212929419600491764 1765毕可礼毕勇边德响边秋平卞洪亮卞金陵卞如滦卞义博薄辉薄慕琴45492780212532760879396804950764121206391294蔡春亮蔡家富蔡惠文蔡兰云蔡美英蔡青巴依木汗塔西白晓玲蔡维立10223163261822453818129323801602蔡卫明蔡小梅蔡晓华蔡鑫蔡幸生 0410蔡旭红蔡…     

2001年主题词索引

1.本索引引以美国国立医学图书馆《医学主题释字顺表》(1992年版)为依据。以每篇文摘,按其内容给予一个或多个规范的主题词。 2.主题词均按汉语拼音字顺序排列。 3.黑体字为主题词,书宋体字为副主题词,阿拉伯数字为本卷连续文摘号(取文摘号末4位数)。 4.对先用的非正式主题词(同义词或准同义词)采用“→…”的方式列出,如“肺吸虫病”则写“并殖吸虫病”。