应用新型Amplatzer封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损的初步研究

目的　探讨新型Amplatzer室间隔缺损封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损 (VSD)的可行性及近期疗效。方法　 2 0 0 2年 11月至 2 0 0 3年 7月采用新型Amplatzer膜部VSD封堵器对 2 6例 (男 11例 ,女 15例 )膜周部VSD(2 0例合并膜部瘤 )患者进行封堵治疗。患者年龄 3～ 4 0 (16 4± 10 7)岁 ,胸超声提示VSD的直径为 3～ 14 (4 7± 1 0 )mm。在透视及超声监测下通过建立股动静脉轨道、经右心系统释放封堵器 ,并分别于术后 2周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访。结果　 2 5例患者封堵器置入成功 ,技术成功率 96 %。术后即刻超声及造影均示完全封堵 2 0例 ,少量残余分流 2例 ,微量残余分流 3例 ,均在 1天至 3个月内消失 ,总完全封堵率为 10 0 %。术后出现完全性左束支传导阻滞 1例 ,但无心肌受损表现 ,余无其他严重并发症发生。 1例嵴内型VSD由于距主动脉瓣较近 ,封堵未成功。结论　应用新型Amplatzer膜部VSD封堵器治疗膜周部VSD是安全有效的 ,近期效果良好 ,但中、远期疗效尚需更大规模的临床观察     

室间隔缺损介入封堵治疗发生心律失常的临床研究

目的探讨室间隔缺损(VSD)经导管介入治疗发生心律失常的机制及防治对策。方法对79例VSD患者进行介入封堵治疗。膜周部VSD单纯型50例,膨出瘤型28例,肌部VSD1例。选用Rashkind双伞闭合器2例,Sideris钮扣闭合装置16例,Amplatzer PDA封堵器45例,Amplatzer偏心型膜周部封堵器11例,Am-platzer肌部VSD封堵器1例。结果79例患者75例封堵成功(94.9%)。术后新出现心律失常31例(41.3%),其中不完全性右束支传导阻滞17例(22.7%),完全性右束支传导阻滞3例(4%),完全性左束支传导阻滞6例(8%),室性早搏3例(4%),间歇性室上性心动过速2例(2.7%)。1例患者术前心电图示完全性右束支传导阻滞,术后第4天心电图表现为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,临床伴发阿—斯综合征。经紧急开胸心脏挤压,气管插管,安置心外膜临时起搏器,复苏成功,出院时患者心电图恢复至术前状态。其余25例束支传导阻滞,其中5例应用强的松30mg/日,一周后仅有2例存在不完全性右束支传导阻滞,1例存在不完全性左束支传导阻滞。3例室性早搏,2例为一过性,1例经抗心律失常药物治疗,出院时室性早搏仍有591次/24小时。结论经导管封堵VSD,出现心律失常达41.3%,但严重心律失常发生率低,是安全、有效可靠的治疗方法。     

新型Amplatzer封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损的临床研究

目的探讨新型Amplatzer室间隔缺损封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损(PMVSD)的临床疗效。方法采用新型Amplatzer膜周部室间隔缺损封堵器,对46例PMVSD患者进行封堵治疗。对心脏多普勒超声检查符合导管封堵条件的患者术前常规进行心导管检查,测定血流动力学参数。在X线透视、食管超声心动图(TEE)的监测下建立股动静脉轨道,经右心系统释放封堵器。病人分别于术后24小时、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访。结果46例患者中除2例因室间隔缺损膜部瘤松软未能成功置入外,其余患者均能正确置放新型Amplatzer封堵器和即刻完全封堵PM-VSD。术后24小时至6个月进行TEE复查,所有患者被完全封堵。结论新型Amplatzer封堵器治疗PMVSD是一种安全、成功率高、近期疗效可靠的介入方法。     

小儿VSD封堵术50例术后并发症的原因分析及护理对策

1999年Amplatzerk推出Amplatzer肌部室间隔缺损封堵器。国外临床试用取得了较好和治疗效果。2002年新的Amplatzer偏心性封堵器开始应用于临床治疗膜周部及膜周部室间隔缺损。我科自2002年开始应用美国AGA公司Amplater室间隔封堵器及我院与深圳先健公司研制的国产室间隔封堵器为VSD的患儿进行了室间隔缺损封堵术。现将2002年至2003年我科50例VSD封堵术后并发症的原因及护理总结如下：     

应用Amplatzer封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损20例

目的:观察应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管介入治疗先天性心脏病膜周部室间隔缺损(PMVSD)的可行性、安全性和疗效。方法:采用Amplatzer封堵器治疗先天性心脏病膜部室间隔缺损20例患者,术前由经胸超声心动图确诊PMVSD,术中经左心室造影明确缺损位置、直径、在透视及超声心动图监视下经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器封堵PMVSD,术后3d、3个月、6个月及1年分别行经胸超声心动图、心电图和X线检查。评价治疗效果。结果:20例VSD病人成功置入Amplatzer封堵器,透视及超声心动图显示即刻完全堵闭。术后出现溶血和三度房室传导阻滞各1例,对症治疗后消失。分别手术后3个月、6个月、1年随访,超声心动图示封堵器位置良好,19例完全闭合,仅1例残余分流,无严重并发症。结论:经导管置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗PMVSD是一种成功率高、并发症少、疗效可靠的介入方法。     

室间隔缺损介入治疗后并发封堵器移位的原因分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗室间隔缺损（VSD）发生封堵器移位的原因和预防措施。方法介入治疗后封堵器移位患者4（男3,女1）例,3例为膜周部VSD伴膜部瘤,1例为嵴内型VSD,缺损直径分别为13、12、12和10mm,所选用的封堵器分别为16、12mm国产对称型膜部VSD封堵器,14mmAmplatzer膜部VSD封堵器和14mm国产偏心型膜部VSD封堵器。结果4例均一次性封堵成功。术后即刻均无残余分流。2例在术后4和12h分别发生溶血,超声心动图检查封堵器位置无明显变化,但均有明显残余分流。经药物治疗后,溶血恢复正常,残余分流消失。1例术后第4天,心电图检查为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,超声心动图发现封堵器明显向囊袋出口移位。转心脏外科手术取出封堵器并修补缺损,术后患者Ⅲ度AVB恢复。1例嵴内型VSD术后2周,超声心动图发现封堵器向右心室移位,有明显残余分流。随访4个月残余分流减少。结论VSD封堵治疗后,封堵器移位与缺损的病理解剖特性有关。多发生在伴有膜部瘤的膜部VSD和嵴内型VSD。     

国产膜周部室间隔缺损封堵器的研制及临床应用

目的 评价我们研制的一种国产膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵器的临床应用价值及安全性。方法膜周部VSD封堵器的结构设计为“工”字形,有对称型及非对称型两种,金属材料选用镍钛形状记忆合金,阻流体选用聚四氟乙烯。通过动物实验及临床试验,对该装置的安全性、有效性和并发症进行评价,并与Amplatzer封堵器进行对比,对该装置进行综合评价。结果封堵器检验合格并通过国家安全检测。成功建立VSD模型的22头猪均成功置入封堵器,随诊除1例伤口感染外无并发症发生。进行临床实验的58例膜周部VSD病例全部成功置入封堵器,1例出现Ⅱ度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞,其余无并发症发生。新型膜周部VSD封堵器与Amplatzer封堵器相比成功率、并发症方面差异无统计学意义。但术后即刻封堵效果优于Amplatzer封堵器。结论我们研制的封堵器结构设计合理,是一种疗效确切的膜周部VSD介入治疗装置,达到或优于进口Amplatzer装置的治疗效果。     

应用双封堵器封堵治疗复杂膜部瘤型室间隔缺损

目的:探讨应用双封堵器对复杂膜部瘤型室间隔缺损（VSD）进行介入封堵治疗的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法: 12例复杂膜部瘤型VSD患者,左心室造影后常规右股动脉-左心室-VSD-右心室-右股静脉输送轨道,对VSD进行封堵,重复左心室造影,发现存在不能接受的残余分流,遂建立右股动脉-左心室-VSD-右心室-左股静脉输送轨道,应用第2枚封堵器对残余分流进行封堵,左心室、升主动脉造影以及超声心动图检查确认封堵效果良好,释放封堵器。术后1、3、6、12个月复查超声心动图、X线检查和12导联心电图。结果: 12例患者均封堵成功。术毕即刻造影和超声心动图检查示封堵效果良好,无残余分流,各组瓣膜功能良好,无并发症发生。随访期间所有患者杂音消失,超声心动图检查无残余分流,心电图检查均为窦性心律,无房室传导阻滞或束支传导阻滞。结论: 应用双封堵器对复杂膜部瘤型VSD进行封堵治疗是可行的,且具有满意的疗效和安全性。     

经胸右心室穿刺封堵术治疗室间隔缺损

目的:总结外科微创非体外循环下经胸右心室穿刺室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术的临床经验。方法:取19例VSD患者行微创非体外循环、食管超声(TEE)指引下经胸右心室穿刺VSD封堵治疗。膜周部VSD14例,干下型VSD3例,肌部VSD1例。缺损直径2.5～12(5.49±2.90)mm,膜周部VSD中2例形成膜部瘤。手术方法采用全麻,根据VSD位置选择切口位置,干下型VSD患者选择左侧胸骨旁第Ⅱ肋间切口,其余患者均选择胸骨正中中下1/3切口。TEE指引下安放VSD封堵器来封堵VSD。封堵器较缺损范围大1～2mm,干下型缺损选择偏心封堵器。结果:1例干下型VSD因封堵器释放后TEE显示主动脉瓣反流增加,经调整位置后无明显改善,遂改行常规体外循环修补VSD。其余18例封堵成功,其中16例应用等边封堵器,2例应用偏心(0mm)封堵器(均为干下型VSD),封堵器直径5～12mm,术后呼吸机辅助时间均小于5h,平均住院时间约为5d。所有封堵成功患者均未输血,术后第2天常规口服阿司匹林3mg.kg-1.d-1(最大100mg/d)。全组均未出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞及残余分流等并发症。结论:外科微创非体外循环下经胸右心室穿刺VSD封堵...     

室间隔缺损介入治疗并发完全性房室传导阻滞临床分析

室间隔缺损（VSD）是一种常见的先天性心脏病，约90％的VSD位于膜周部及肌部。2002年Amplatzer偏心型膜部室间隔缺损封堵器和国产双盘状膜部室间隔封堵器开始使用以后，VSD的介入治疗在临床广泛开展，目前国内介入治疗病例已超过2000例，对其并发症特别是严重并发症如完全性房室传导阻滞（CAVB）的认识处理日益受到重视。CAVB一旦发生将延长住院时间，如处理不当可导致患死亡。我们在154例室间隔缺损介入治疗手术中，2例术中发生CAVB，3例术后延迟发生CAVB，现总结VSD介入治疗时发生的CAVB，探讨其发生的原因和预防措施。     

Percutaneous closure of congenital and acquired ventricular septal defects--considerations on selection of the occlusion device

Nonsurgical closure of congenital and acquired ventricular septal defects (VSD) has become increasingly acceptable with the availability of various occlusion systems that allow percutaneous treatment of muscular and membranous defects. This study describes a series of 12 patients (0.2-74-years-old) who underwent defect closure with six different occlusion systems. Device selection according to anatomy and outcome is highlighted. Seven VSDs were located in the membranous part of the septum, five in the mid-muscular septum. Complex heart lesions were present in five postmyocardial infarction VSD in one and residual postsurgical defects in three patients. The size of the VSD ranged from 2.6 to 10 mm. The applied devices were: Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder (n=4), Amplatzer septal occluder (n=2), Amplatzer duct occluder (n=1), Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder (n=2), Nit-Occlud coil (n=2), and Cook PDA coil (n=1). The devices were implanted successfully in nine patients. There was complete VSD closure in eight patients within the first 24 hours. In one patient, a trivial residual shunt disappeared at 6 months follow-up. Because of device instability, two occluders were removed during catheterization. In two other cases, tricuspid valve tissue was entrapped in the occluder and had to be removed surgically, one of them during the consecutive Rastelli operation. Neither significant arrhythmia, nor thromboembolism or hemolysis occurred in out patients during follow-up. Transcatheter closure of VSD is an attractive alternative to surgery. In complex congenital heart disease, surgical-interventional hybrid therapy may improve morbidity and total outcome. The recently developed Amplatzer VSD devices allow closure of muscular and membranous VSDs. Implantation and short-term follow-up are superior to the formerly used devices. Long-term effects have to be evaluated in further studies.     

经导管封堵小儿室间隔缺损围术期心律失常的处理

目的探讨经导管室间隔缺损封堵术围术期出现的心律失常的处理方法.方法对182例先天性室间隔缺损的患儿进行室间隔缺损封堵术,经心电监测、常规心电图检查和24 h动态心电图检查,对围术期出现心律失常的31例患儿根据病情进行不同的处理.结果本组患儿无死亡,3例术后出现三度房室传导阻滞的患儿安装了临时起搏器,2例恢复窦性心律,1例转外科手术,外科术后恢复窦性心律.1例术中出现三度房室传导阻滞的患儿转心外科手术.左束支传导阻滞及二度房室传导阻滞的病例均行内科治疗并恢复,其他非严重心律失常病例给予内科对症治疗.结论经导管封堵室间隔缺损围术期心律失常的发生率相对较高,围术期的心电监测十分重要,术后要进行密切的随访观察.     

超声心动图检查在VSD介入封堵术中应用

目的探讨超声心动图检查在室间隔缺损(VSD)介入封堵术的适应证筛选及术中、术后的应用价值.方法对12例施行介入封堵术的患者术前用超声心动图测量VSD之形状与大小,术中进行超声心动图监测,术后以超声心动图随诊.结果 12例患者中,膜周部5例,隔瓣后型3例,膜周嵴下型2例,嵴内漏斗部1例,心肌梗死室间隔肌部穿孔1例.共放置13个封堵器,被封堵的VSD直径为3～8mm,平均为(5.2±0.8)mm.10例患者封堵术后即刻观察,穿隔分流消失,术后1周复查,封堵器位置良好、稳定、无残余分流;1例微量残余分流,术后24小时超声心动图复查分流消失;1例少量残余分流,术后即刻复查最大分流速度为1.2m/s(低于险值2m/s),6个月后复查仅见微量残余分流.结论超声心动图检查对介入封堵术的适应证的筛选、确定封堵器释放时间、释放时即刻疗效的评价及术后随访具有重要价值.     

Initial experience with the Amplatzer membranous septal occluder in adults

OBJECTIVES: Most perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSD) that are still patent in adult life are small, hemodynamically and clinically unimportant, and do not require any intervention. However, surgery in adulthood for those that need to be closed carries significant morbidity. A trans-catheter technique for closing pmVSDs has been developed, and this paper describes our initial experience using the Amplatzer membranous septal occluder (AMSO). PATIENTS/METHODS: Twelve patients, 9 female and 3 male, median age 34.5 years (range: 21-67) underwent catheterization for attempted pmVSD closure. Ten of the defects were native and 2 were post-operative residual defects. Transcatheter VSD closure was performed as previously described, under general anesthesia and with trans-esophageal echocardiographic (TEE) monitoring. Patients had a moderate to large left to right shunt (mean Qp/Qs = 2.0+/-0.4) with mild left heart volume overload and near normal pulmonary pressure. All 10 native pmVSDs were closed successfully, 9 with AMSO and one with an Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder, after failure to implant the AMSO. There was one post procedural complication--self-limiting retroperitoneal bleeding. Three patients had a residual leak. Attempted VSD closure in the 2 patients with post surgery residual shunt was unsuccessful. CONCLUSION: We conclude that transcatheter mVSD closure with the AMSO is an efficient and safe alternative to surgery in carefully selected adult patients with native pmVSDs.     

Percutaneous transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure in adults with Amplatzer septal occluders

BACKGROUND: The interest in transcatheter ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure is continuously growing. Therefore, we report our experience in perimembranous (Pm) and postinfarction (Pi) VSD closure. METHODS: All patients, older than 16 years, were selected from a data base, in which Pm and Pi VSDs were registered.The patients' files were reviewed until the most recent follow-up date. RESULTS: Nine (7 male, 37.4 +/- 12.8 y) and 8 (6 male, 76.3 +/- 6.2 y) patients underwent a Pm (group A) and Pi VSD (group B) closure, respectively. One female patient was treated for a posttraumatic VSD (26 y). In group A, 7 patients were closed with the Amplatzer perimembranous VSD occluder, one with the muscular VSD occluder, and one patient with the atrial septal defect occluder. All patients in group B were treated with the muscular VSD occluder. In the post-traumatic VSD an Amplatzer patent foramen ovale occluder was used. Device implantation was feasible in all, except in two patients with extremely large VSDs (one Pm and one PiVSD). Total transcatheter closure or small residual leakage was achieved in 7/8 patients in group A, but one patient needed surgical VSD repair because of massive haemolysis, another patient died 9 months later. A small or moderate shunt was present immediately after the procedure in all patients of group B. No device-related complications were reported, but all, except one patient, died within 2 weeks after the procedure because of an extremely high co-morbidity (logistic Euroscore 70 +/- 25%).Total closure was achieved in the post-traumatic VSD. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter closure of Pm and Pi VSD with Amplatzer septal occluders in adults is feasible and safe, but the post-procedural prognosis totally depends on the aetiology of the VSD and its co-morbidity.     

Initial experience with the amplatzer membranous septal occluder in adults

Objectives: Most perimembranous ventricular septal defects (pmVSD) that are still patent in adult life are small, hemodynamically and clinically unimportant, and do not require any intervention. However, surgery in adulthood for those that need to be closed carries significant morbidity. A trans‐catheter technique for closing pmVSDs has been developed, and this paper describes our initial experience using the amplatzer membranous septal occluder (AMSO). Patients/methods: Twelve patients, 9 female and 3 male, median age 34.5 years (range: 21–67) underwent catheterization for attempted pmVSD closure. Ten of the defects were native and 2 were post‐operative residual defects. Transcatheter VSD closure was performed as previously described, under general anesthesia and with trans‐esophageal echocardiographic (TEE) monitoring. Patients had a moderate to large left to right shunt (mean Qp/Qs = 2.0±0.4) with mild left heart volume overload and near normal pulmonary pressure. All 10 native pmVSDs were closed successfully, 9 with AMSO and one with an Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder, after failure to implant the AMSO. There was one post procedural complication—self‐limiting retroperitoneal bleeding. Three patients had a residual leak. Attempted VSD closure in the 2 patients with post surgery residual shunt was unsuccessful. Conclusion: We conclude that transcatheter mVSD closure with the AMSO is an efficient and safe alternative to surgery in carefully selected adult patients with native pmVSDs.     

经导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭膜周部室间隔缺损

目的 :经导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭膜周部室间隔缺损 (perimembranousventricularseptaldefect,PMVSD) ,并对其疗效进行初步分析。方法 :18例室间隔缺损 (VSD)中男性 8例 ,女性 10例 ,平均年龄 7 6岁 ,平均体重 2 6 9kg。局麻下行右心导管检查 ,左室造影测量室缺大小 ,经VSD建立股动脉 股静脉轨道 ,封堵器沿传送装置送至左室 ,打开左侧伞并确认铂金标记 (MARK)位于 6点位 ,指向心尖 ,在室间隔右室侧打开右侧伞 ,经超声心动图和左室造影确认封堵器位置良好 ,无残余分流 ,无三尖瓣及主动脉瓣关闭不全后释放封堵器。结果 :18例VSD患者封堵手术均获成功。VSD平均大小 3 9mm ,所选封堵器平均大小 7 1mm ,放射线观察MARK均在 6点位置。封堵效果良好 ,术后 2 4h左室舒张末径明显缩小 ;术后 2 4h仅 2例有微量残余分流 ,无 1例出现主动脉瓣关闭不全 ,无其它严重并发症 ,平均住院3 5d。结论 :经导管应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭膜周部VSD封堵效果好 ,恢复快 ,免除开胸创伤及体外循环等高风险 ,值得进一步推广。     

Technology Insight: transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects has been employed increasingly in the past decade. This technique is now regarded as the treatment of choice for patients with appropriate atrial septal defects. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has undergone fewer clinical trials, even though VSDs are more common than atrial septal defects. The implanted device does not seem to embolize and complications are few. Decreases in left ventricular and diastolic pressure and improvement of ventricular function have been reported early following device closure, and the left-to-right shunt has been either eliminated or dramatically reduced. In small infants who are in heart failure at a young age and who weigh less than 8 kg, which is below the recommended threshold for device closure, technological advancements in device size and catheter manipulation are needed before VSDs can be closed. A large number of VSDs, particularly if small to medium in size, will become smaller or close spontaneously, making intervention unnecessary. Muscular VSDs have been closed with transcatheter devices for the past 15 years. Although perimembranous defects are more common than muscular defects, they have not become more amenable to closure since the introduction of the Amplatzer VSD occluder device (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN). Previous devices, such as the Rashkind and button devices, have been unsuccessful in attempts at closure of the VSDs because of the proximity of the defects to the aortic valve and potential aortic valve damage. Before the transition is made to routine therapy, large, multicenter trials are justified to test the feasibility, safety and efficacy of nonsurgical closure of VSDs. In this review, I discuss the current applications of transcatheter closure of membranous, perimembranous and muscular VSDs, in particular with Amplatzer devices, and the implications for future development.