Treatment of retinal detachment resulting from myopic macular hole with internal limiting membrane removal

PURPOSE: To examine the efficacy of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal for retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole in highly myopic eyes. METHODS: Eleven consecutive highly myopic eyes (11 patients) with retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole were treated by vitrectomy with removal of the internal limiting membrane, which was stained with indocyanine green and sulfur hexafluoride gas injection. Postoperatively, the patients were instructed to remain prone for 2 weeks. The excised specimens were evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The mean postoperative follow-up was 9.2 +/- 2.3 months (range, 7 to 13 months). In 10 of the 11 eyes (91%) the retina was reattached during the initial surgery. Redetachment occurred in one eye, which was successfully treated during the second surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity improved in all eyes and ranged from 20/400 to 20/50. Pathologic examination showed that the internal limiting membrane and epiretinal tissues were present in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The use of indocyanine green staining can facilitate removal of a macular internal limiting membrane and overlying epiretinal membrane, resulting in complete relief of the macular traction. Primary removal of the internal limiting membrane may contribute to a high initial success rate for retinal reattachment and be an important adjuvant to the treatment of retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole in highly myopic eyes.     

内界膜剥除对适度高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离视网膜复位及裂孔闭合的影响

目的 比较曲安奈德(TA)玻璃体染色辅助玻璃体切割(PPV)联合与不联合内界膜剥除对适度高度近视黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离(MHRD)视网膜复位及黄斑裂孔闭合的影响.方法 屈光度≥6D,增生型玻璃体视网膜病变分级A、B级,眼轴长度≥26 mm但＜29 mm,视网膜色素上皮及脉络膜萎缩轻或不明显,0～1级且深度≤2 mm巩膜后葡萄肿的适度高度近视MHRD患者43例43只眼纳入观察.将43只眼随机分为内界膜剥除组和内界膜保留组.其中,内界膜剥除组24只眼,内界膜保留组19只眼.TA玻璃体染色辅助PPV后,内界膜剥除组行内界膜剥除,内界膜保留组不行内界膜剥除.手术后1周,l、3、6、12个月时随访,比较两组间矫正视力、视网膜复位及黄斑裂孔闭合率的差异.结果 手术后12个月,内界膜剥除组视网膜复位22只眼,视网膜复位率91.67％;内界膜保留组视网膜复位18只眼,视网膜复位率94.74％;两组患者的视网膜复位率比较,差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法,P=1.000).内界膜剥除组黄斑裂孔闭合14只眼,黄斑裂孔闭合率58.33％;内界膜保留组黄斑裂孔闭合11只眼,黄斑裂孔闭合57.89％;两组患者的黄斑裂孔闭合率比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.049,P=0.824).两组患者手术后视力比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.001,P=0.977).结论 采用TA辅助PPV治疗适度高度近视MHRD眼,其视网膜复位、裂孔闭合及视力改变与内界膜是否剥除无明显关系.     

Effect of internal limiting membrane removal in treatment of retinal detachment caused by myopic macular hole

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical outcomes of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment caused by a macular hole. Nineteen, consecutive, highly myopic eyes with full thickness macular hole with retinal detachment were treated by vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal, endolaser photocoagulation on the center of the hole and fluid gas exchange. In five eyes with other peripheral breaks, scleral buckling (3 cases), encircling (1 case) and barrier laser (1 case) were combined. In 15 eyes (79.0%) the macular hole was closed after the initial surgery. In 4 eyes (21%) the macular hole was reopened, but these were successfully treated with fluid gas exchange (1 case) or macular buckling (3 cases). The visual acuity was improved in 15 eyes (79.0%). In conclusion, these results suggest that the removal of the perifoveal internal limiting membrane may be an important adjuvant in the treatment of the myopic macular hole with retinal detachment.     

内界膜剥除联合硅油填充治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的临床观察

目的 观察玻璃体切割联合视网膜前膜剥除(ERMP)和(或)内界膜剥除(ILMP)及硅油填充治疗伴有后巩膜葡萄肿的高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离(MHRD)的疗效.方法 高度近视MHRD患者85例85只眼纳入研究.所有患者均采用国际标准视力表行矫正视力检查以及裂隙灯显微镜加前置镜、间接检眼镜、A/B型超声、光相干断层扫描(OCT)、眼压检查.患者平均眼轴长度(29.1±1.8) mm.后极部脉络膜弥漫性萎缩24只眼;部分性萎缩61只眼.将小数视力换算成最小分辨角对数(logMAR)视力进行统计学处理.平均logMAR矫正视力为1.93±0.37.均行玻璃体切割曲安奈德(TA)或吲哚青绿(ICG)辅助的ILMP和(或)ERMP以及硅油填充手术.85只眼均联合TA辅助行ERMP.其中,单纯TA辅助行ERMP 21只眼;ICG辅助行ILMP 56只眼;TA辅助行ILMP 8只眼.平均硅油填充时间(6.2±1.6)个月.观察患眼手术后矫正视力、视网膜复位、黄斑裂孔闭合情况以及手术后并发症.手术前后视力行t检验;对影响手术后视力的相关因素行相关性分析;视网膜脱离复发行logistic多元回归分析,黄斑区视网膜劈裂对裂孔闭合的影响行x2检验.结果 患眼手术后平均logMAR矫正视力为1.34±0.48.与手术前平均logMAR矫正视力比较,差异有统计学意义(t=39.38,P＜0.01).手术后矫正视力与患眼眼轴长度(r=0.142)、后极部脉络膜萎缩程度(t=0.23、-0.165)、黄斑裂孔是否闭合(t=0.12、-0.005)均无相关性(P＞0.05).首次手术后视网膜复位79只眼,占92.9％.视网膜脱离复发6只眼,占7.1％.Logistic多元回归分析结果显示,视网膜脱离复发与患眼手术前脉络膜是否脱离、增生型玻璃体视网膜病变程度、眼轴长度、后极部脉络膜萎缩程度以及是否行ILMP均无相关性(比值比=1.428、5.039、0.815、2.578、0.432,P＞0.05).85只眼中,黄斑裂孔闭合10只眼,占11.8％;黄斑裂孔未闭合75只眼,占88.2％.手术后2周,出现高眼压24只眼,占28.2％,给予降低眼压药物治疗后眼压控制.硅油取出手术前出现高眼压12只眼,占14.1％,硅油取出手术后眼压均得到控制.结论 玻璃体切割联合ERMP和(或)ILMP及硅油填充可在伴有后巩膜葡萄肿的MHRD患者中获得较高的首次手术复位率.     

Floating flap of internal limiting membrane in myopic macular hole surgery

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - To evaluate the surgical results of macular hole (MH) in patients with high myopia treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV)...     

病理性近视并发黄斑裂孔玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除术后疗效分析

目的:探讨玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除术治疗病理性近视黄斑裂孔的临床效果。方法:回顾性研究。选取2017-01/2019-01于我院确诊的高度近视黄斑裂孔患者18例19眼,将其分为病理性近视组(9例10眼)和非病理性近视组(9例9眼),均接受玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除术。术后随访3~23mo,观察两组患者末次随访时最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、视物变形症状及黄斑裂孔闭合情况。结果:末次随访时,病理性近视组术后BCVA提高6眼,不变2眼,下降2眼,黄斑裂孔完全闭合7眼(70%),裸露型闭合2眼(20%),未闭合1眼(10%);非病理性近视组术后BCVA提高6眼,不变2眼,下降1眼,黄斑裂孔完全闭合8眼(88%),裸露型闭合1眼(11%)。术前两组患者眼轴长度有明显差异,眼轴长度与末次随访时黄斑裂孔闭合率呈负相关(rs=-0.477,P=0.039)。结论:玻璃体切除联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔可有效改善最佳矫正视力,但病理性近视患者裂孔闭合率低于非病理性近视患者。     

Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without macular hole in highly myopic eyes

PURPOSE: To report anatomic and visual improvement following vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for two highly myopic patients with retinoschisis and/or retinal detachment without a macular hole. DESIGN: Two interventional case reports. METHODS: Two highly myopic patients who had retinoschisis and/or retinal detachment without a full-thickness macular hole underwent vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and long-acting gas injection. Main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, biomicroscopic appearance, and optical coherent tomography finding. RESULTS: Vitrectomy with ILM peeling results in biomicroscopic, functional, and tomographic improvement in both patients, for follow-up periods of 12 months and 8 months, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas tamponade is an effective method for retinoschisis and/or retinal detachment without a macular hole in highly myopic patients.     

Flower-petal inverted flap for internal limiting membrane in myopic eyes with macular hole and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

We demonstrate a modified internal limiting membrane (ILM) inverted flap technique for closure of macular holes (MHs) concurrent with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in myopic eyes. Multiple ILM flaps were created in a flower-petal configuration around the MH over the detached retina after shallowing the retina as much as possible. Traction was always in a direction that allowed the optic disc to act as an anchor to limit iatrogenic breaks and to bridge the hole with multiple, more secure flaps should one of the flaps revert or break away. The technique proved safe and efficient in MH closure in our series of eight cases. The modification described provides an effective approach for challenging myopic cases in which ILM flap creation is needed over a detached retina.     

单纯玻璃体腔注气治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的临床疗效:北京同仁眼科中心的结果

目的探讨单纯玻璃体腔注气治疗高度近视合并黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效。设计前瞻性随机对照研究。研究对象北京同仁医院24例(24眼)屈光度超过–6.0D黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者。方法随机分为单纯C3F8注气组(A组)14例、玻璃体切割联合C3F8注气组(B组)10例。手术前后检查矫正视力、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、眼底、眼部超声波和相干光断层扫描(OCT)。术后平均随诊(27.3±12.8)个月。主要指标视网膜复位例数,术后视力,手术费用。结果术后最后随诊时,单纯C3F8注气组、玻璃体切割联合C3F8注气组间手术复位率分别为28.6%(4/14例)和20%(2/10例),视力改善≥2行例数亦分别为4例和2例(P均=1.00)。两组间手术费用比较有显著性差异(P=0.000)。结论单纯玻璃体腔C3F8注气治疗高度近视合并黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离是一种可供选择的经济、有效的手术方式。     

微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔

目的　观察微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗高度近视黄斑裂孔的临床效果。方法　回顾性非随机临床对照研究。收集２０１０年１月至２０１５年１月高度近视性黄斑裂孔患者２４例２４眼,同期收集特发性黄斑裂孔患者４３例４３眼作为对照组,两组均行标准三通道经睫状体平坦部２３Ｇ微创玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术。观察两组术前及术后最佳矫正视力（ｂｅｓｔｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｅｄｖｉｓｕａｌａｃｕｉｔｙ,ＢＣＶＡ）及光学相干断层扫描检查黄斑裂孔封闭情况。结果　高度近视性黄斑裂孔组与特发性黄斑裂孔组的解剖闭合率（７９．２％ 和８８．４％）及术后ＢＣＶＡ（ＬｏｇＭＡＲ）（０．５６±０．４２和０．６３±１．３８）比较,差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）,两组末次随访时ＢＣＶＡ（ＬｏｇＭＡＲ）分别与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（ｔ＝４．８８６、６．７３５,均为Ｐ＜０．００１）。两组术中均未见医源性裂孔形成,术后无眼内出血或眼内炎等严重并发症发生。结论　玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术是修复高度近视眼解剖和功能的有效方式。     

Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for myopic macular hole: A meta-analysis

A macular hole (MH) may be a significant complication in patients with high myopia. The recently reported inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique is a promising alternative to treat myopic MHs. We performed a meta-analysis of the published anatomical and functional results of the “inverted ILM flap” technique for the treatment of myopic MH with or without retinal detachment (RD). Our results showed that the inverted ILM flap technique, either covering or insertion, is an effective method for treating myopic MH with or without RD and provides high MH closure, ranging from 91.8% to 97.1%. Despite the high MH closure rate, the pooled visual acuity improvement rate was 77.3% and 66.2% in patients with myopic MH without RD, while it was 95% and 80.3% in patients with myopic MHRD, using “covering” and “insertion” ILM flap technique, respectively. Potential complications included reopening or persistence of MH, development of RD, choroidal detachment, ocular hypertension, and chorioretinal atrophy.     

Vitreous surgery in highly myopic retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of vitreous surgery in conjunction with photocoagulation for highly myopic retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole. Methods: Sixty‐two consecutive highly myopic patients (65 eyes) with retinal detachment from macular holes underwent vitreous surgery. Gas tamponade in conjunction with laser photocoagulation was performed in 46 eyes (44 cases, group 1); gas tamponade only was performed in 12 eyes (11 cases, group 2); and silicone oil tamponade only was performed in seven eyes (seven cases, group 3). Additional laser photocoagulation was given in group 1 if necessary. The anatomical and functional success rates were compared between the groups. Results: Primary retinal reattachment was achieved in 43 eyes (93.5%) in group 1, seven eyes (58.3%) in group 2 and four eyes (57.1%) in group 3. Final visual acuity was 6/60 or more in 24 eyes (52.2%) in group 1, in six eyes (50.0%) in group 2 and in three eyes (42.9%) in group 3. The initial retinal reattachment rate was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.0075) and group 3 (P = 0.0248). The macular hole was completely closed in 18 eyes in group 1 and one eye in group 2 after 2 months or longer. A thin fibrous membrane and scar could be easily noticed beneath the macula in 15 eyes. Conclusion: Vitreous surgery in conjunction with laser photo­coagulation can improve the surgical success rate for highly myopic retinal detachment resulting from a macular hole.     

Internal limiting membrane removal in macular hole surgery for severely myopic eyes: a case-control study

AIMS: To determine the surgical outcome of indocyanine green (ICG) assisted retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in macular hole surgery for severely myopic eyes and compare the visual and anatomical outcomes with an emmetropic control group. METHODS: 10 severely myopic eyes (-6.0 D or greater) of 10 patients with macular holes without retinal detachment were recruited prospectively. All eyes received ICG assisted ILM removal of 3-4 disc diameters around the macular holes. Cases were matched with a prospective control group of 10 emmetropic macular hole patients who underwent identical ICG assisted ILM peeling surgery in the same period. RESULTS: The mean refractive error in the myopic and control group was -11.8 D and +0.3 D, respectively (two tailed t test, p < 0.001). The mean follow up duration for the myopic and control group was 12.1 and 13.3 months, respectively (two tailed t test, p = 0.63). The primary anatomical closure rate in both groups was 90% (Fisher's exact test, p = 1.0). For both the myopic and control groups, there were significant improvement in the mean log MAR visual acuity after the surgery with improvements from 0.86 to 0.57 for the myopic group (two tailed t test, p = 0.015) and 0.89 to 0.44 for the control group (two tailed t test, p = 0.002). The mean preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, rates of final visual acuity of 20/50 or better, and improvement of two or more lines were not statistically different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: ICG assisted ILM peeling in macular hole surgery for severely myopic eyes without retinal detachment gives promising anatomical and visual outcomes, which are comparable to that of non-severely myopic eyes.     

Outcome results in macular hole surgery with internal limiting membrane removal

PURPOSE: To determine the visual outcome and anatomic closure rate of macular hole surgery using pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty three eyes of 52 consecutive patients with a full-thickness idiopathic macular holes (stage 3 or 4). All eyes underwent a pars plana vitrectomy including separation of the posterior hyaloid, ILM peeling with trypan blue (TB) or indocyanine green (ICG) and gas endo-tamponade with instructions to the patient, to be face down for 4-5 days. Postoperative anatomic results, visual acuity (VA), and complications were recorded. The follow-up was 3 to 22 months. RESULTS: VA improved postoperatively in 45 eyes (84.9%), at least two lines on the Snellen chart in 24 eyes (45.3%). It remained unchanged in 6 eyes (11.3%) and deteriorated in 2 eyes (3.80%). The mean preoperative VA was 0.1 +/- 0.04 and does not differ significantly between stage 3 and 4. The improvement of postoperative VA was statistically significantly better in stage 3, in comparison to stage 4. The anatomical success rate (flat/closed) was 88.7% (47 eyes). There were no differences in VA improvement between TB- or ICG-stained eyes. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Vitrectomy with ILM removal in macular holes provides with meaning improvement in visual acuity. 2. Patients with macular hole in stage 3 have a better prognosis for visual rehabilitation. 3. A kind of dye and preoperative VA do not influence postoperative visual function improvement.     

Indocyanine green assisted retinal internal limiting membrane removal in stage 3 or 4 macular hole surgery

AIMS: To determine surgical outcome in primary idiopathic stage 3 or 4 macular holes with indocyanine green (ICG) assisted retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling. METHODS: A prospective, consecutive, interventional case series with 41 eyes of 40 patients was included. No patient defaulted follow up. Besides a standard macular hole surgery, all eyes received ICG assisted ILM removal of 3-4 disc diameters around macular holes. At the end of the surgery, 12% perfluoropropane gas was used. A face down posture for 2 weeks was required postoperatively. RESULTS: The mean follow up period was 15.1 months (range 6-24 months). Twenty (48.8%) eyes had stage 3 macular holes and 21 (51.2%) had stage 4 macular holes. The overall median duration of holes was 11 months. 19 (46.3%) were chronic macular holes of more than 12 months' duration. The anatomical success rates after one surgery was 87.8% (36 eyes), while that of chronic and non-chronic ones was 78.9% and 95.5%, respectively. The median preoperative and postoperative visual acuity was 20/200 (range 20/60 to counting fingers) and 20/100 (range 20/20 to 20/400), respectively. 24 (58.5%) eyes had improvement of two or more Snellen lines. The mean was 3.2 lines (range two to nine lines), with 3.6 lines and 2.7 lines for non-chronic and chronic holes, respectively. For all the 41 eyes, 16 (39%) eyes had a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. CONCLUSION: ICG assisted retinal ILM removal, in idiopathic primary chronic and non-chronic stage 3 or 4 macular hole surgery, appears to give a promising anatomical closure rate without compromising the visual result.     

Changes in multifocal oscillatory potentials after internal limiting membrane removal for macular hole

Purpose To determine whether removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) during macular hole (MH) surgery alters the retinal function. Methods Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were recorded preoperatively and 3 months after surgery from 11 eyes of 10 patients with an idiopathic MH treated successfully by pars plana vitrectomy accompanied by ILM removal. A low frequency (9.4 Hz) pseudorandom binary m-sequence stimulus was used to elicit the mfERGs from different retinal loci. The bandpass of the amplifier was set at 10–300 Hz to record the mfERGs and at 100–300 Hz to record the oscillatory potentials (OPs). Results An anatomical closure of the MH was achieved in all patients, and the mean visual acuity was significantly improved postoperatively. No significant difference was observed in both the amplitudes and implicit times of the negative and positive waves of the mfERGs and the OPs recorded preoperatively to those recorded postoperatively. Conclusions MH surgery with ILM removal does not alter the electrophysiological function of both the outer and inner retina of the posterior pole where the ILM was removed.     

高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的治疗

目的:探讨玻璃体手术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔引起的视网膜脱离的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2001-03/2007-02的1组病例31例(32眼)。纳入标准为屈光不正≥-6.00D,黄斑下视网膜脉络膜萎缩的白色黄斑裂孔引起的原发性视网膜脱离,经过玻璃体手术联合硅油填充术治疗的病例,随访时间≥6mo。结果:随访时间6～12(平均8.4)mo。所有病例均行玻璃体切除联合硅油填充术、自体浓缩血小板封黄斑裂孔。8眼进行了内界膜剥除。术后最终视网膜复位29眼(91%),未复位3眼;术后视力提高22眼(69%),不变7眼(22%),下降3眼(9%)。结论:玻璃体切除术,自体浓缩血小板封孔是治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的一种有效方法。     

Vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling of a traumatic macular hole with retinal folds

An 8-year-old active boy suffered a penetrating injury to his right eye. A temporal retinal perforation with an adherent blood clot about 4-disc diameter from the fovea was noted. Six weeks after the initial primary repair, a macular hole (MH) and retinal folds radiating from the penetrating site of the retina were found. Two months after the injury, the patient underwent a standard pars plana vitrectomy. Intraoperatively, the retinal folds still existed after creating a posterior hyaloid detachment and disappeared concurrently within the area of the internal limiting membrane peeling. Occlusion therapy was carried out after absorption of the intraocular gas. One year after the vitrectomy surgery, the MH remained closed with a visual acuity improving from 20/60 to 20/25 in his right eye. Our results suggest that vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and sequential occlusion therapy can achieve both anatomical and functional improvement in a child suffering a penetrating injury with a MH and retinal folds.