毒理基因组学及其应用

毒理基因组学是应用基因组学的理论与技术研究组织细胞特定基因的功能，用以评价或预测受试物毒性的一门技术和理论，其研究平台为DNA微阵列技术。毒理基因组学的提出及应用将毒理学推向新的理论和技术发展阶段。本就其在毒理学中的广泛应用及其面临的挑战作一综述。     

基因芯片在毒理基因组学中的应用

毒理基因组学是一门由毒理学与基因组学相互交融而产生的新兴学科。其目的是运用基因组资源及技术探索并研究潜在的威胁人类健康或环境质量的毒物。基因芯片是最主要的基因组资源。通过基因芯片技术 ,可以同时检测成千上万基因的基因表达变化 ,获得高敏感性、可监测的基因水平的毒性标志。本文将对基因芯片的原理及基因芯片在毒理基因组学中的应用作一介绍。     

毒物基因组学展望

本文介绍了毒物基因组学定义，并阐述了毒物基因组学对特异毒性、实验病理、混合物危险性评价、免疫毒理、神经毒理、生态毒理、预测毒理学等研究的突破性作用，是毒理学一次革命.     

毒理基因组学——在基因表达水平上的环境与健康研究

毒理基因组学是在生物高通量技术手段的应用基础上发展起来的一个新的研究领域 ,主要在基因组水平上研究机体对环境因子的应答反应 ,了解基因 环境交互作用在疾病发生中的作用。本文对毒理基因组学的研究目标、研究内容及其在提高环境卫生水平和预防环境相关疾病中的作用进行综述     

苯所致白血病机制研究进展

苯能引起急性髓性白血病和其他造血系统恶性疾病。低剂量苯暴露的工人也会出现血液毒性,所以对苯的危害评价一直受到关注,特别是低剂量苯暴露的研究具有重要意义。阐述了苯引起白血病可能的机制,如相关的靶基因和相关通路受到干扰、基因诱导、染色体和表观遗传的改变以及基因组不稳定性增加等等。苯所引起的氧化应激,免疫监视下降,导致白血病干细胞形成及增生。由于苯引起血液毒性的复杂性,对于不能毒性评价的建议使用整合方法,比如对人、动物以及体外干细胞巢模型的毒理基因组学和系统生物学研究。这些研究方法可以帮助揭示苯的毒性机制,有利于发现早期生物标志物,促进苯的毒性评价。     

基因芯片技术在金属毒理学中单核苷酸多态性研究的应用

基因芯片这一技术方法在1991年的Science杂志上被首次提出，其高度并行性、高通量、微型化和自动化的特点适应了分析人类基因组计划(human genome project，HGP)所提供的海量的基因序列信息的需要。在毒理学领域，出现了基因组学和生物信息学的一个新分支——毒理基因组学(toxicogenomics)，它从基因组全局上研究毒物作用与基因表达的相互影响。毒理基因组学的最新研究工具就是基因芯片，它可以使我们对成百上千个基因的表达水平同时进行检测。     

特殊毒理在卫生学研究中的应用

特殊毒理是研究环境因子的致癌、致突变和致畸等方面的特殊作用,以及对生物体的生殖毒性。鉴于特殊毒理的日益重要,在卫生学研究中也被广泛地采用,无论是毒性研究、环境因子的生物效应观察和接触某毒物的人群监测,以及制订卫生标准等,都引入了特殊毒理试验。本文仅就特殊毒理试验在卫生学研究中的应用,作一简介。一、安全性评价     

组织器官特异性基因差异表达在毒理学中的应用

传统的毒理学检验方法研究时程较长,敏感性低,且有些毒性效应未能被检出.近年来有不少文献报道用基因组学和蛋白组学方法进行药物安全性评价,本文就组织器官特异性基因转录和翻译的表达差异,在药物毒性试验中的应用原理,如何应用mRNA转录和蛋白的翻译表达变化来研究器官特异毒性作用,如何运用毒性基因表达探讨动物机体内肝肾等多种器官特异毒性作用的机制等最新应用情况进行综述,为其更好地应用于新药开发中的毒性试验和药物的临床试验提供参考.     

多环芳烃和铅联合暴露产生神经毒性的机制

目的探讨多环芳烃(PAHS)与铅(Pb)联合暴露产生神经毒性的可能作用机制。方法用比较毒理基因组学数据库分析Pb和15种欧盟优先控制的PAHS共同影响的基因/蛋白及其中与神经系统疾病有关的基因/蛋白。通过文献分析这些基因/蛋白对神经系统损伤的可能机制。结果 Pb和15种PAHS可以影响的基因/蛋白有16个,其中有14个与神经系统疾病有关。这些基因/蛋白可以通过配体激活、细胞凋亡、氧化应激、炎症介质等途径造成神经系统损伤。结论 PAHS与Pb联合暴露可在分子水平上相互影响,造成神经系统损伤。     

基因组时代生物标志物研究的机遇与挑战

20世纪50年代,DNA双螺旋结构模型的建立标志着人类发现了生命的最基本信息。20世纪70年代,遗传工程技术的发展使之趋于成熟,20世纪90年代开始,人类基因组计划把生命科学带入了新的世纪。人类基因组计划的任务是测定人类基因组的30亿个核苷酸序列结构,为阐明人类基因的结构与功能,解读人类遗传信息奠定基础。在此基础上的后基因组学研究要解决的课题是全面系统地分析基因功能,在整体水平上阐述基因活动规律。因此,萌生出许多后基因组学分支学科,与预防医学关系密切的学科有药物基因组学、环境基因组学、营养基因组学、毒理基因组学等,为预防医学提供了前所未有的发展契机。     

Nutrition and health--genetically modified food

The genetically modified (GM) crops cultivated at present have new properties of benefit to agriculture. It is expected that in the future GM crops will also be cultivated with more complex genetic modifications that are aimed at improving the nutritional and health value to the consumer. The safety assessment of GM foods before market approval is based on a comparison of the characteristics of the GM food with those of the conventional counterpart. Identified differences are thoroughly tested for their toxicological and nutritional consequences. Supplementary modern analytical techniques are being developed for the assessment of future complex GM foods. No cases of adverse health or nutritional effects in consumers have been reported for the existing generation of GM foods. The feasibility of post-market surveillance of (GM) foods, in order to identify small or chronic effects that have not been noticed in the pre-market phase, is being investigated, yet its value should not be overestimated. Surveillance can be informative in case of specific questions concerning certain products as long as the consumer intake is well documented. To this end traceability and labelling systems must be set up.     

FMEA与RCA在食品安全风险评估中的应用

本文通过对失效模式与影响分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis,FMEA)与根本原因分析(Root CauseAnalysis,RCA)的概念、应用介绍,并尝试通过两种方法的融合形成一种改良的分析,论述其在食品安全风险评估中的应用,并对其分析步骤描述,以便为食品安全的风险评估提供思路。     

European experiences in the development of approaches for the successful control of workplace health risks

In recent years, several approaches have been proposed for the application of control banding concepts to the assessment and management of various workplace health and safety risks. Whilst many of the earlier approaches have originated in the UK, several of the most recent examples have been developed in Europe. The European schemes have attempted to build upon the lessons learned from the earlier control banding schemes and to apply them to new areas of health and safety. This paper analyses the evolution of the earlier approaches and reviews the more recent European developments in the context of continuing regulatory and societal demands for the improved assessment and regulation of workplace chemical risks.     

Quantification of nanoparticle release from polymer nanocomposite coatings due to environmental stressing

Certain engineered nanoparticles (ENP) reduce the flammability of components used in soft furnishings (mattresses and upholstered furniture). However, because of the ENP's small size and ability to interact with biological molecules, these fire retardant ENPs may pose a health and environmental risks, if they are released sometime during the life cycle of the soft furnishing. Quantifying the released amount of these ENPs under normal end-use circumstances provides a basis for assessing their potential health and environmental impact. In this article, we report on efforts to identify suitable methodologies for quantifying the release of carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and sodium montmorillonites from coatings applied to the surfaces of barrier fabric and polyurethane foam. The ENPs released in simulated chewing and mechanical stressing experiments were collected in aqueous solution and quantified using Ultraviolet-Visible and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. The microstructures of the released ENPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The reported methodology and results provide important milestones to estimate the impact and toxicity of the ENP release during the life cycle of the nanocomposites. To our knowledge, this is the first study of ENP release from the soft furnishing coating, something that can be important application area for fire safety.     

医技科室质量与安全考核体系构建与应用

如何为医技科室制定量化的考核标准,是当前医院管理部门关注的热点。文章基于医院信息化发展规划和加强医疗质量与安全管理的要求,借助医院信息化平台搭建完成医技科室质量与安全考核体系,包括考核指标的标准设置、考核实施方法以及考核系统的建立等。在应用过程中,对考核结果进行分析,逐渐完善了医技科室质量管理体制和流程,为临床科室的技术辅助需求提供了有力支撑。     

“危险性评估”及其在我国食品卫生标准研制中的应用

本文阐述了危险性评估的基本概念与主要内容，介绍了危险性评估在世贸组织以及国际食品法典委员会中的地位和作用，并简要举例说明危险性评估在我国食品卫生标准制定过程中的应用情况。     

临床决策支持系统在护理评估中的应用

介绍了临床决策支持系统在护理评估中的设计与运用,将具有人机对话功能的临床决策支持系统整合到结构化电子病历中,同时植入护理评估临床应用模块。实施后,患者护理评估准确性、护理措施正确性以及护理评估质量明显提高（P<0.05）。应用临床决策支持系统的护理评估,保证了患者安全,提高了护士工作效率。     

Constantly evolving safety assessment protocols for GM foods

he introduction of GM foods has led to the evolution of a food safety assessment paradigm that establishes safety of the GM food relative to its conventional counterpart. The GM foods currently approved and marketed in several countries have undergone extensive safety testing under a structured safety assessment framework evolved by international organizations like FAO, WHO, Codex and OECD. The major elements of safety assessment include molecular characterization of inserted genes and stability of the trait, toxicity and allergenicity potential of the expressed substances, compositional analysis, potential for gene transfer to gut microflora and unintentional effects of the genetic modification. As more number and type of food crops are being brought under the genetic modification regime, the adequacy of existing safety assessment protocols for establishing safety of these foods has been questioned. Such crops comprise GM crops with higher agronomic vigour, nutritional or health benefit/ by modification of plant metabolic pathways and those expressing bioactive substances and pharmaceuticals. The safety assessment challenges of these foods are the potential of the methods to detect unintentional effects with higher sensitivity and rigor. Development of databases on food compositions, toxicants and allergens is currently seen as an important aid to development of safety protocols. With the changing global trends in genetic modification technology future challenge would be to develop GM crops with minimum amount of inserted foreign DNA so as to reduce the burden of complex safety assessments while ensuring safety and utility of the technology.     

构建医疗设备应用安全和质量控制体系

目的：构建医疗设备应用安全和质量控制,确保医疗诊治质量、保证患者安全、避免医疗纠纷。方法：通过加强采购管理,注重使用、维修、质量检测、计量等一系列措施,建立起医疗设备全程应用安全和质量控制模型。结果：建立完善的科学的医疗设备应用安全和质量控制体系,实现医疗设备的全程质量控制管理。结论：医学工程人员必须紧跟时代的步伐,找准自己的位置,把工作重心放到医疗设备应用安全和质量控制上来,促进医疗技术的科学发展,创造和谐的医患关系,为医学工程事业开辟出新的天地。