不同能量二极管激光睫状体光凝的实验研究

目的：比较不同能量二极管激光睫状体光凝对家兔眼压的影响。方法：采用Ｖｉｓｕｌａｒｓ ＤｉｏｄｅⅡ二极管激光对两组有色素兔和一组无色素兔进行接触式经巩膜睫状体光凝术。激光击射部位在角巩膜缘后１～１．２ｍｍ,聚焦于睫状体,沿角巩膜缘共击射２４点,第一组有色素兔使用能产生爆破声的临界能量。第二组有色素兔用较低的能量,第三组无色素兔用相当高的能量。随访并记录２月的眼压及不良反应。结果：二极和激光睫状体光凝术可显著降低眼压,其中使用较高能量的有色素兔组具有最好的降眼压效果。结论：睫状体光凝的降眼压效果与激光能量、击射点数和术眼所含色素的多少有关。     

用平头光纤经巩膜睫状体行Nd:YAG光凝的可行性

为探讨以平头光纤经巩膜睫状体行Nd:YAG光凝的可行性,对离体猪眼进行了实验研究,并就这种光凝方法所需的能量及其安全性和有效性,与采用微透镜聚焦头光凝进行了对比。结果表明,后者光凝能量达15 J(15W,1.0S)时,可明显破坏睫状体而巩膜无碳化;前者获得最佳光凝效果的能量为5J(10W,0.5S)。讨论了光凝造成巩膜损害的原因。推断:以平头光纤经巩膜睫状体对活体人眼施行接触式Nd:YAG光凝是可行的。     

半导体激光光凝治疗晚期青光眼的护理

目的探讨半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗晚期青光眼的护理方法。方法34例（36眼）晚期青光眼以半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝，术后使用非接触眼压计观察眼压，密切观察，做好心理护理、生活护理及并发症的预防和护理。随访6月以上。结果本组患者情绪稳定，眼压下降明显。止痛效果良好，未出现严重并发症。结论半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗晚期青光眼配合良好的护理，能减少不良反应的发生，改善预后，保证治疔效果。     

半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗硅油填充术后难治性高眼压

目的　观察半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝 (transclera ciliary photocoagulation)治疗硅油填充术后高眼压的效果。方法　对 14例行玻璃体切割加硅油注入术后发生眼压升高的患者 ,在取出部分硅油和药物不能控制眼压时行半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术 ,采用 810 nm波长激光 ,G-探头行巩膜睫状体光凝 ,每眼共光凝 15～ 2 0点。结果　行光凝术后随访 4～ 8个月 ,平均 5个月。 14只眼术前眼压为 (5 8m m± 17) mm Hg,术后平均眼压为(2 1m m± 10 ) mm Hg。经 t检验 ,P <0 .0 1,在所随访的患者中 ,1只眼因发生新生血管性青光眼 ,经多次光凝无效而行眼球摘除 ,其余 13只眼均保持一定的有用视力 ,无眼球萎缩的发生。结论　半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝对玻璃体切割硅油填充术后难治性高眼压具有较好的作用 ,能保持术眼的视功能 ,有效的避免冷冻术所带来并发症     

不同点数半导体二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝对兔眼压影响的实验研究

目的研究不同点数半导体二极管激光睫状体光凝对兔眼压的影响及其病理变化。方法用波长为810nm半导体二极管激光对2组灰兔进行睫状体光凝,采用相同的能量不同的点数,并设一组对照,记录4周的眼压变化情况及不良反应,4周后取兔眼标本做睫状体的病理切片。结果光凝后2组灰兔的眼压均下降,随时间的增加,眼压有所回升,2组灰兔术前术后眼压变化值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),光凝后睫状体的病理变化主要为睫状上皮的破坏和睫状体基质血管的充血及出血,并且激光的点数越多,对睫状体的破坏程度越严重。结论半导体二极管激光睫状体光凝的降眼压效果和激光击射的点数有关,不同点数的激光对睫状体有不同程度的破坏作用。     

睫状体光凝与视网膜消融术治疗新生血管性青光眼

目的观察半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝联合视网膜消融术(全视网膜光凝或前部视网膜冷凝)治疗新生血管性青光眼的临床效果。方法12例12眼药物不能控制的新生血管性青光眼接受治疗。8眼睫状体光凝和全视网膜光凝，4眼同时行睫状体光凝和前部视网膜冷凝。术后随访6～19月，对比分析6月时的眼压、视力及虹膜新生血管改变。结果睫状体光凝前眼压36～67mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa)，平均45．52mmHg。末次治疗后6月，在不用抗青光眼药物的情况下，6眼(50％)眼压在9～17mmHg；局部滴用0．5％噻吗心胺滴眼液后4眼(33．33％)眼压低于21mmHg，2眼(16．67％)眼压高于21mmHg。视力下降者2眼，提高者2眼，不变者8眼。虹膜新生血管完全消失8眼，部分消失4眼。结论半导体激光经巩膜睫状体光凝联合视网膜消融术治疗新生血管性青光眼，既能及时降低眼压，又能减少视网膜缺血，拯救现有或潜在视力。     

睫状体光凝治疗挫伤性晶状体脱位玻璃体切除术后青光眼临床观察

目的探讨睫状体光凝治疗挫伤性晶状体脱位玻璃体切除术后青光眼的疗效。方法对13例（13眼）因眼挫伤致晶状体脱位继发青光眼行玻璃体切除术后高眼压,经各种降眼压药物治疗无缓解的情况下,采用810nm激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗后缓解。结果经一次睫状体光凝后,眼压控制在21mmHg以下者8例（61．54％）;经一次治疗后,眼压在26—31mmHg,联合降眼压药物后控制正常者5例。结论睫状体光凝治疗挫伤性晶状体脱位玻璃体切除术后青光眼能有效控制眼压。     

二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼

目的:研究二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼的有效性及激光治疗参数。方法:对我院收治的50例50眼晚期难治性青光眼患者行二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术,记录每位患者所用能量,击射范围,光凝点数,爆破点数,观察患者治疗前后的眼压、眼部症状,视力、裂隙灯观察眼前节的改变和并发症等。结果:术后平均眼压(18.50±2.50)mmHg,术后眼压较术前明显下降(P<0.01)。术后46眼疼痛明显减轻,术前术后眼压差值与击射能量的相关性不高;眼压下降值与击射范围、击射点数呈正相关性,眼压下降值与爆破点数显著相关,呈正相关性。结论:二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝术治疗难治性青光眼是一种安全有效的方法,激光治疗参数需根据术前眼压、不同类型青光眼进行设计。     

睫状体冷冻及经巩膜二极管激光光凝治疗重症青光眼的疗效分析

目的:比较睫状体冷冻及经巩膜二极管激光光凝治疗重症青光眼的效果。方法:收集我院2006-08/2007-10重症青光眼患者72例(72眼),用睫状体冷冻及半导体二极管激光治疗,随机分为两组,睫状体冷冻组36例(36眼),于角巩膜缘后2mm区域360°用液态二氧化碳冷冻机行睫状体冷冻,共6～8点,60～120s/点。睫状体光凝组36例(36眼),于角巩膜缘后1.5mm行全周睫状体光凝,激光点数16～36点,能量1.4～2.0W,脉冲时间0.5～2s。结果:对睫状体冷冻组及睫状体光凝组进行术后观察1,7d;1,3,6mo后分析比较,术后短期内:眼压降低、术后渗出反应及疼痛等指征有显著差异(P<0.05),远期各项比较无显著差异。结论:两组方法对于治疗重症青光眼,控制眼压,缓解疼痛均有显著疗效,睫状体光凝能量确切,操作简便安全,术后眼压下降迅速,对眼睑、结膜及巩膜等影响小,眼球萎缩及光感消失等发生几率低,而睫状体冷冻对于角膜变性、角巩膜葡萄肿及先天性大眼球等激光定位困难且易穿孔者有优势。     

二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗外伤性青光眼23例疗效观察

目的 探讨经巩膜睫状体光凝治疗外伤性青光眼的临床价值。方法 应用接触式二极管激光对２３例２３眼眼压为２５．８１－８１．６５ｍｍＨｇ的外伤青光眼患者行睫状体光凝术。结果 随访３个月眼压控制良好。结论 二极管激光经巩膜睫状体光凝是治疗外伤性、难治性青光眼的有效、安全的方法。     

External limbal sclerostomy with contact Nd:YAG laser versus surgical knife

An ab externo limbal sclerostomy was made into the anterior chamber using either a contact neodymium: yittrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser probe or a surgical superblade. 5-fluorouracil was injected subconjunctivally as an antiproliferative agent to prevent or decrease cell proliferation and scar formation. The contact Nd:YAG laser use was accompanied by minimal complications. The intraocular pressure was lowered for a longer period in the contact Nd:YAG group compared with the other (knife) group. External sclerostomy with an Nd:YAG laser may offer an alternative in the surgical management of recurrent or intractable glaucoma.Supported in part by Public Health Service grant EY02377, from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.     

Diaphanoskopie bei der Zyklophotokoagulation

Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is not usually considered as the first line surgical therapy for glaucoma. However, it still remains an important tool for lowering intraocular pressure in certain patients. It is quick and easy to perform and acts through an alternative physiological approach compared to filtration surgery. As the ciliary body is not directly visible, an empirical distance from the limbus is often used for placement of the laser probe; however, the anatomical structures can be highly variable. Diaphanoscopy provides a very simple and effective way to visualize the ciliary body before or parallel to the cyclophotocoagulation. It helps to direct the laser beam more precisely to the ciliary body and to prevent a false anterior placement of the beams, that carries a great risk of side effects. This article provides an overview on the concept of diaphanoscopy for cyclophotocoagulation.     

Internal pars plana sclerotomy with the contact Nd:YAG laser: An experimental study

Transvitreal pars plana sclerotomy using the contact Nd:YAG laser with a sapphire probe was performed on a group of rabbit eyes and compared with a similar procedure performed with a Ziegler knife. Although the intraocular pressure (IOP) was lowered in both groups of animals, the reduction was greater and more lasting in the group on which the Nd:YAG laser with sapphire probe was used. This technique may have application in cases with extensive peripheral anterior synechiae or where a vitrectomy as a combination procedure to clear ocular media is performed.Supported in part by Public Health Service grant EYO 2377, from the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.     

Cyclocryocoagulation in treatment of therapy refractory glaucoma: a retrospective analysis of 185 cryocoagulation procedures]

BACKGROUND: For several years it has been discussed whether cyclocryotherapy is still an up-to-date treatment of resistant inadequately controlled glaucoma. This retrospective study investigates the clinical aspects of 185 cyclocryotherapies between 1988 and 1997. PATIENTS AND METHODS: At the University Eye Clinic of Tübingen, 114 patients received in 119 eyes (64.3%) one cyclocryotherapy, and in 66 eyes (35.7%) multiple cyclocryotherapies. The standard surgical techniques for cyclocryotherapy can be summarized as followed: probe placements per eye, 4 to 6; location of probe placement, inferior circumference (63.9%); distance of the applicator from limbus, 3 mm (50.7%); temperature of the probe tip, -70 degrees C (34.2%); and time of the treatment, 60 seconds (89.9%). RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was on average 33.8 mm Hg before treatment. In all analysed glaucoma types intraocular pressure was lowered to 10.2 mm Hg (30%). The most frequent type of glaucoma was the neovascular glaucoma (55%). One year after treatment, this type showed on average, relative to all other types of glaucoma, the highest intraocular pressure (28.1 mm Hg) and a lowering of intraocular pressure by 8.3 mm Hg (22.7%). Half a year after cyclocryotherapy, a highly significant (p < 0.002) reduction of antiglaucomatous medication was achieved in comparison to the preoperative medication. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that cyclocryotherapy is not always effective, it is an ambulant surgical technique easy to apply, non-invasive, cost-effective and can be repeated to lower intraocular pressure in resistant chronic glaucoma. We conclude that cyclocryotherapy will remain useful until new techniques, like the diode laser cyclophototherapy (especially ultrasonic controlled), are developed as alternative therapies.     

Inadvertent sclerostomy with encysted bleb following trans-scleral contact diode laser cyclophotocoagulation

A 22-year-old woman underwent 360 degrees trans-scleral contact diode laser cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma. Conjunctival burns and scleral thinning were noticed inferonasally at the last laser application. Intraocular pressure in the first week was normal. Six months later the patient presented with encysted filtering bleb and high intraocular pressure. Ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed a full thickness sclerostomy. This report suggests that inadvertent sclerostomy may present with encysted bleb months after trans-scleral contact diode laser cyclophotocoagulation.     

Acute primary angle-closure: long-term intraocular pressure outcome in Asian eyes

PURPOSE: To report the long-term outcome of intraocular pressure after laser peripheral iridotomy in Asian eyes with acute primary angle-closure. METHODS: Retrospective study of 111 eyes of 96 consecutive patients with acute primary angle-closure, presenting at the National University Hospital, Singapore, from 1990 to 1994. The presenting features of the affected eye and the treatment instituted were recorded. The subsequent long-term intraocular pressure outcome was analyzed. An increase in intraocular pressure on follow-up was defined as increase in intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg and requiring treatment by medication or surgery. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 50.3 months (range, 9 to 107 months). The mean presenting intraocular pressure was 52.8 mm Hg (range, 28 to 80 mm Hg). One hundred ten eyes were treated with laser peripheral iridotomy, with resolution of the acute episode and intraocular pressure less than 21 mm Hg in all eyes after laser peripheral iridotomy. Of these, only 46 eyes (41.8%) were successfully treated with laser peripheral iridotomy alone in the long term. Sixty-four eyes (58.1%) developed an increase in intraocular pressure (requiring treatment) on follow-up, of which 49 eyes developed an increase in intraocular pressure within the first 6 months after acute primary angle-closure. Thirty-six eyes (32.7%) eventually underwent trabeculectomy because of uncontrolled intraocular pressure despite laser and medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of Asian eyes, a high proportion (58.1%) of eyes with acute primary angle-closure developed an increase in intraocular pressure on long-term follow-up after resolution of the acute attack, despite the presence of a patent laser peripheral iridotomy. These results suggest a racial difference in the outcome of laser peripheral iridotomy after acute primary angle-closure in Asians, compared with Caucasians. Because a majority of eyes that develop an increase in intraocular pressure do so within the first 6 months of presentation, close monitoring of intraocular pressure is advised in the follow-up of patients with acute primary angle-closure.     

Transscleral contact krypton laser cyclophotocoagulation for treatment of glaucoma in children and young adults

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of the krypton laser for transscleral contact cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) in the treatment of glaucoma in young patients. DESIGN: Retrospective noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Transscleral contact krypton laser CPC was performed in 27 glaucomatous eyes of 22 young patients (mean age, 10.5 +/- 5.6 years; range, 11 months-19.4 years). METHODS: The treatment was delivered by means of a fiberoptic probe with compression of the sclera by the probe. The power used was 300 to 500 W per application at the tip of the probe with an exposure time of 10 seconds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure is a change in intraocular pressure (IOP). RESULTS: Of the patients who received CPC in both eyes, one eye was randomly chosen for statistical analysis. The mean overall follow-up time was 43.3 +/- 25.3 (median, 36.5; range, 1-82) months after the initial CPC. Preoperatively, the mean intraocular pressure was 35.0 +/- 7.9 mmHg (n = 22). After one or more CPCs, the mean IOP was decreased to 21.5 +/- 8.7 mmHg (n = 22) at 1 month (P < 0.001), to 23.4 +/- 8.6 mmHg (n = 18) at 3 months (P < 0.001), to 25.0 +/- 12.1 mmHg (n = 19) at 6 months (P < 0.01), to 22.1 +/- 9.1 mmHg (n = 16) at 1 year (P < 0.01), and to 22.6 +/- 10.3 (n = 11) at 2 years (P < 0.01). After one or more krypton CPCs, but no other glaucoma procedures, an IOP level of 8 to 21 mmHg or a decrease in IOP of more than 30% was obtained in 14 of 22 (64%) eyes at the last follow-up. No permanent hypotonia, phthisis bulbi, or devastating CPC-related complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Krypton laser CPC is a well-tolerated means of lowering IOP in young patients with glaucoma, but repeated treatments may be needed.     

Oculopression tonometry after argon laser trabeculoplasty]

A group of 26 patients (14 female and 12 male ranging in age from 49 to 84 years) who had primary open angle glaucoma underwent argon laser trabeculoplasty in one eye each. Shortly before the laser treatment, and one and twelve (7-14) weeks after the treatment suction cup oculopression tonometry was performed with an increase of intraocular pressure according to 1.8 x actual intraocular pressure. A therapeutically significant decrease of intraocular pressure was observed already one week thereafter, but findings become more significant after a longer follow up. The decrease of intraocular pressure and results of oculopression tonometry indicate that the measured resistance to aqueous outflow decreased significantly after argon laser trabeculotomy.     

Continuous intraocular pressure measurement over several days with the Codman Microsensor--a case report]

BACKGROUND: In eyes with irregular corneal surface (e.g. following bullous keratopathy, irregular astigmatism, edema or scars and following perforating keratoplasty), applanation tonometry often cannot be performed or results do not correlate with the clinical findings. In these cases, intraocular measurement of intraocular pressure is necessary. By puncturing of the anterior chamber, single measurements can be done for a short time period. Data of the course of intraocular pressure for a long period of time can not be assessed by this method. We report on two patients whom we implanted a continuously measuring probe into the anterior chamber for up to 96 hours instead of puncturing the anterior chamber. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A neurosurgical micro sensor (CODMAN, Norderstedt) was placed into the anterior chamber via a 1.2 mm wide and 4 mm long scleral tunnel. The data were transmitted to the ICP Express Display Monitor (CODMAN, Norderstedt) and displayed. From there, the data were transmitted to the multifunctional monitor DINAMAP Plus 8720 (CRITIKON, Norderstedt). After analog-digital transformation, the data were recorded on a personal computer with Pentium processor for analysis (patient #1: one measurement per minute, patient #2: one measurement per 10 seconds). In the first patient, implantation of the probe was indicated by enormous deviation of applanation tonometric measurements (12 to 20 mmHg) from the measurement results with the finger tips (25 to 30 mmHg). Clinical findings correlated to the higher intraocular pressure. Due to a decompensation of the corneal transplant, a re-keratoplasty was necessary. Within this operation, the micor sensor for continuous measurement of the intraocular pressure was implanted. The probe was explanted the next day. In the second patient, an primary chronical open-angle glaucoma in both eyes was known. In 1997, corneal transplantation has been performed in both eyes due to corneal dystrophy. Postoperatively, intraocular pressure stayed high. Applanation tonometry gave measurements of 16 to 20 mmHg although the measurement results with the finger tips exceeded 30 mmHg. To find out the real intraocular pressure and to have a basis for a rational therapy, we implanted the intraocular measurement probe for five days to determine the intraocular pressure at night and day. After measuring the baseline values, the efficiency of several antiglaucomatous drugs was tested to find out the drugs with the highest effect to prescribe it to the patient after the removal of measuring probe. RESULTS: The intraocular measurement with the CODMAN micro sensor could confirm in both patients that the measurements by applanation tonometry were wrongly too low. The measurement results with finger tips were confirmed by the intraocular measuring. The data had essential implications for the patients. Meanwhile, in both patients pressure lowering surgery was performed. The probe did not cause intraocular problems (1 day respectively 5 days). An irritation of the anterior chamber did not appear. In the first patient, the measuring probe moved from its position with following external filtration. So the probe was explanted only the next day. A movement of the probe tip can be avoided be appropriate subconjunctival suture fixation. CONCLUSION: Continuous measuring and recording of the intraocular pressure may be indicated, if applanation tonometry gives unreliable or even wrong results. Via a long scleral tunnel, a water-proof implantation into the anterior chamber is possible. Because a postoperative irritation could not be seen, we think that the probe only causes a minor falsification of the intraocular pressure. The described pressure measuring system allows measuring intraocular pressure continuously and assessing the individual effect of different antiglaucomatous drugs. Before using the probe as routine procedure, some improvements are necessary, e.g. smaller tip of the probe. The transmission wire to the