内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法对内镜发现的19例消化道SMT(食管6例,胃6例,十二指肠1例,乙状结肠1例,直肠5例)进行超声内镜检查(18例病变位于黏膜下层,1例位于固有肌层),应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗。黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变,使病变与肌层相分离,预切开病变周围黏膜,剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织,完整切除病变。结果病变最大直径0.5～3.0cm(平均1.6cm)。18例成功完成ESD治疗,手术时间15～105min(平均45min)。2例ESD术中出现内镜难以控制的大出血,1例成功保守治疗(三腔管食管囊压迫),1例转开腹手术。无术后出血。ESD穿孔3例:2例术中消化道穿孔(十二指肠球部和胃底),应用金属夹缝合成功,未转开腹手术;1例直肠类癌剥离深至肌层,术后出现皮下气肿,保守治疗气肿减退。所有ESD剥离病变包膜完整,基底和切缘未见病变累及。结论ESD治疗消化道SMT安全、有效,可以完整切除消化道黏膜下层病变,提供完整的病理诊断资料。对于来源于固有肌层的SMT,应慎行ESD。     

内镜下黏膜剥离术治疗早期上消化道肿瘤的护理配合

目的 总结内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)治疗上消化道肿瘤的护理配合方法.方法 对62例上消化道肿瘤患者行ESD治疗,术中护士按标记、黏膜下注射、边缘切开、剥离、创面处理5个步骤配合术者完成手术过程,并加强术前、术中及术后护理,观察随访治疗效果及患者预后情况.结果 62例患者经治疗和密切的护理配合,59例成功,3例未成功,成功率为95.1％;平均住院日6.2d.1例于术后2周出现迟发性出血经转外科手术治疗,均无其他严重并发症发生.结论ESD术前做好患者心理护理及完善术前准备,术中与术者密切配合、加强患者病情监护,术后加强病情观察及健康教育等有效的护理配合,有助于顺利完成本中操作,减少并发症,促进患者术后康复.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道囊肿的应用评价

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗消化道囊肿的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年2月间在复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心接受ESD治疗的40例消化道囊肿患者的临床资料,观察完整切除率、并发症发生及术后复发情况。结果40例消化道囊肿病变位于食管8例,胃11例,十二指肠5例,结直肠16例。37例（92．5％）病灶获完整剥除。术中结肠穿孔1例,予金属夹夹闭,保守治疗后好转;食管大出血1例,三腔管压迫后成功止血。术后病理显示,37例完整剥除标本囊壁完整,侧切缘和基底切缘均无病变累及。36例患者获得了6-12月的术后随访,随访期间未见复发。结论ESD是治疗消化道囊肿一种安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下黏膜切开剥离术治疗消化道包裹性异物的护理配合

对5例消化道包裹性异物患者采用黏膜切开术，剥离后再行异物取出术，结果5例患者包裹性异物均一次取出成功，未发生出血、穿孔等并发症。提示采取内镜黏膜切开剥离后再取异物效果好，术后予绝对卧床休息、饮食护理、密切观察病情、保持大便通畅等护理措施可提高治疗效果。     

内镜下黏膜切开剥离术治疗消化道包裹性异物的护理配合

对5例消化道包裹性异物患者采用黏膜切开术,剥离后再行异物取出术,结果5例患者包裹性异物均一次取出成功,未发生出血、穿孔等并发症.提示采取内镜黏膜切开剥离后再取异物效果好,术后予绝对卧床休息、饮食护理、密切观察病情、保持大便通畅等护理措施可提高治疗效果.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗平滑肌瘤的术后护理

在食管病变中,平滑肌瘤是最常见的良性肿瘤,约占所有食管肿瘤的1.2％,食管平滑肌瘤好发于食管中下段,多来自食管壁内的粘膜肌层,肿瘤较大时出现吞咽,由于内镜治疗的微创性,已经引起人们的高度重视[1].     

经黏膜下隧道内镜剥离术治疗食管浅表肿瘤的临床研究

目的评价经黏膜下隧道内镜剥离术(ESTD)治疗食管浅表性肿瘤的效率及安全性。方法 74例食管浅表性肿瘤患者按病灶周径(1/3周,1/3~2/3周,2/3周)分层随机分为内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)组(36例)和ESTD组(38例),分别行ESD及ESTD治疗,比较各组的剥离面积、手术时间、剥离速度、整块切除率、治愈性切除率和出血、穿孔及术后狭窄等并发症情况。结果各组剥离面积无差异(P0.05)。在病灶周径1/3周时,两组的手术时间、剥离速度、整块切除率及治愈性切除率均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在病灶周径1/3~2/3周及2/3周时,ESTD组的手术时间[(50.7±21.3)min及(61.7±29.8)min]明显短于ESD组[(79.8±19.5)min及(119.8±35.4)min](P0.05)、剥离速度[(21.1±5.6)mm~2/min及(28.8±6.1)mm~2/min]明显快于ESD组[(14.5±3.7)mm~2/min及(15.2±5.1)mm2/min](P0.05)。在病灶周径1/3~2/3周时,两组整块切除率及治愈性切除率均无差异(P0.05),在周径2/3周时,ESTD组整块切除率及治愈性切除率均高于ESD组(P0.05)。ESD组中,术中出血6例,术后迟发性穿孔2例,术后狭窄10例;ESTD组中,术中出血5例,术后狭窄13例,无穿孔发生。结论 ESTD能安全有效地切除食管浅表肿瘤,大面积食管肿瘤同传统ESD相比,具有手术时间短、剥离速度快、治愈性切除率高的优势。     

消化道黏膜下肿瘤内镜微创切除新技术的开展及评价

消化道黏膜下肿瘤（submucosal tumor,SMT）泛指一类来源于黏膜以下的消化道病变。内镜和超声内镜检查均无法定性诊断．长期随访会造成患者的巨大负担。我国学者在内镜黏膜下剥离术发展的基础上,大胆尝试内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤．既能得到正确的诊断,又能起到治疗的目的．本文就各种内镜下切除消化道SMT的指征、方法以及疗效等作出评价。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在中低位直肠肿瘤中的应用

早期直肠癌的内镜下切除存在一定的争议,文章就内镜下切除技术的发展、适应证、操作方法及在中低位直肠肿瘤中的应用做一综述。重点介绍了内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）的器械、技术要点、术后处理和疗效评价。     

内镜下黏膜剥离术后舒适护理的效果

目的观察内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)术后舒适护理的效果。方法选取2016-02—2018-02间在郑州大学第二附属医院接受ESD的110例患者。将2016-02—2017-01间住院的患者作为对照组,给予常规护理;将2017-02—2018-02间住院的患者作为观察组,给予舒适护理。比较2组患者的SAS、SDS、睡眠质量评分及护理满意度。结果观察组SAS、SDS、睡眠质量评分低于对照组,总满意率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ESD术后给予舒适护理,可改善患者的负性情绪和睡眠质量,提高护理满意度。     

胆道造影导管用于黏膜下注射在内镜黏膜下剥离术中的应用

目的探讨利用胆道造影导管进行黏膜下注射减少内镜黏膜下剥离（endoscopicsubmucosaldissection,ESD）术中出血的应用价值。方法将上消化道早期癌或黏膜重度不典型增生而接受ESD术的50例患者随机分两组,术中分别采用传统黏膜注射针和胆道造影导管进行黏膜下注射,统计患者黏膜下注射后引起的出血次数／黏膜下注射次数的比值以及单位面积病灶剥离时间,分析两组间差异是否有统计学意义。结果使用胆道造影管行黏膜下注射的患者注射后出血几率和单位面积黏膜切开所需时间均小于采用传统黏膜注射针组。结论利用胆道造影管进行黏膜下注射有助减少ESD术中出血,缩短ESD手术时间,是值得探索的一种改良方法。     

内镜黏膜剥离结合圈套器治疗大型浅表结直肠肿瘤

目的探讨采用内镜黏膜剥离结合圈套器治疗大型浅表结直肠肿瘤的价值。方法前瞻性研究36例大型浅表结直肠肿瘤（直径／〉2．0cm）,非随机分为2组,采用黏膜剥离结合圈套器治疗21例（A组）,黏膜剥离术治疗15例（B组）,比较两组手术的临床指标及术后结肠镜随访情况。结果两组患者的一般资料相似,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,具有可比性。A组在手术时间和术中出血量方面优于B组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而两组在肿瘤直径、术后出血量、术后复发等方面,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论内镜黏膜剥离结合圈套器治疗大型浅表结直肠肿瘤,可缩短手术时间,减少术中出血,安全可行。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection with double band ligation versus endoscopic submucosal dissection for small rectal neuroendocrine tumors

BACKGROUND Endoscopic resection remains an effective method for the treatment of small rectal neuroendocrine tumors(NETs)(≤ 10 mm). Moreover, endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) with double band ligation(EMR-dB), a simplified modification of EMR with band ligation, is an alternative strategy to remove small rectal NETs.AIM To evaluate the feasibility and safety of EMR-dB for the treatment of small rectal NETs(≤ 10 mm).METHODS A total of 50 patients with small rectal NETs, without regional lymph no...     

2015年日本消化器内视镜学会《早期胃癌内镜黏膜切除术和黏膜下剥离术治疗指南》解读

随着早期胃癌检出率的逐年提高,内镜治疗已成为胃癌诊治中的重要组成部分。最近,日本消化器内视镜学会联合日本胃癌学会共同发布了最新版《早期胃癌内镜黏膜切除术和黏膜下剥离术治疗指南》,包含了内镜治疗的适应证、术前诊断、操作技术、治愈性评估、并发症、术后长期监测和组织病理学检测共7个方面的内容,为规范内镜治疗在早期胃癌中的应用提供了指导意见。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗大肠巨大平坦息肉18例分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗大肠巨大平坦息肉的应用价值。方法对2006年8月至2007年3月复旦大学附属中山医院应用肠镜检查发现的18例长径>2cm大肠平坦息肉进行染色、放大内镜观察和微探头超声检查,应用头端弯曲的针形切开刀进行ESD治疗。(1)黏膜下注射生理盐水抬高病变,使病变与肌层相分离;(2)预切开病变周围黏膜;(3)剥离病变下方黏膜下层结缔组织,完整切除病变。结果18例大肠巨大平坦息肉,直肠11例,乙状结肠3例,降结肠1例,结肠肝曲1例,升结肠1例,盲肠1例。病变长径2.0~5.2cm(平均3.1cm)。所有病例术后全部得到病理证实。所有病变全部一次大块、完整剥离成功,ESD成功率100%。ESD手术时间(自黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变)55~115min,平均75min。ESD术中未出现肠镜下无法控制的大出血,术后无一例出现须再次肠镜下治疗的出血。ESD治疗中1例剥离深至肌层,出现阴囊气肿和颈部皮下气肿,保守治疗后气肿减退。1例剥离病变后见肠壁外脂肪,应用金属夹成功缝合创面。ESD穿孔发生率11.1%(2/18)。术后随访12例,平均随访期4.2个月,无一例病变残留和复发。结论ESD治疗大肠巨大平坦息肉安全、有效,可以完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料。     

内镜下切除技术对食管胃连接部胃肠间质瘤的治疗价值

目的评价以内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）为基础的内镜下切除术在食管胃连接部（EGJ）胃肠间质瘤（GIST）治疗中的安全性及有效性。方法收集复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心所有接受ESD治疗的患者资料．筛选出2007年11月至2011年6月间经病理证实的EGJ处GIST患者20例．总结并分析其临床病理及术后随访资料。结果20例EGJ处GIST均起源于固有肌层,其中男性11例,女性9例,年龄29～67（平均54．1）岁,病灶直径8-20（平均14．8）mm。所有病例均成功完成内镜切除手术．其中15例接受了内镜黏膜下挖除术．4例接受了无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术。1例接受了内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术。手术时间15-90（平均47．8）min,术中出血量5-200ml,病灶的完整切除率为100％。术中穿孔4例,气腹3例,气胸1例,贲门黏膜撕裂1例,均通过内镜下处理及保守治疗恢复。20例患者术后均接受了3-36（平均13-2）个月的随访,无局部复发和远处转移病例。结论在EGJ处GIST的治疗中,以ESD为基础的内镜下切除技术是一种安全和有效的治疗手段。     

Predictors of difficult endoscopic resection of submucosal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer at the esophagogastric junction

BACKGROUNDEndoscopic resection approaches, including endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), have been widely used for the treatment of submucosal tumors (SMTs) located in the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, compared to SMTs located in the esophagus or stomach, endoscopic resection of SMTs from the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is much more difficult because of the sharp angle and narrow lumen of the EGJ. SMTs originating from the muscularis propria (MP) in the EGJ, especially those that grow extraluminally and adhere closely to the serosa, make endoscopic resection even more difficult.AIMTo investigate the predictors of difficult endoscopic resection for SMTs from the MP layer at the EGJ.METHODSA total of 90 patients with SMTs from the MP layer at the EGJ were included in the present study. The difficulty of endoscopic resection was defined as a long procedure time, failure of en bloc resection and intraoperative bleeding. Clinicopathological, endoscopic and follow-up data were collected and analyzed. Statistical analysis of independent risks for piecemeal resection, long operative time, and intraoperative bleeding were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTSAccording to the location and growth pattern of the tumor, 44 patients underwent STER, 14 patients underwent EFTR, and the remaining 32 patients received a standard ESD procedure. The tumor size was 20.0 mm (range 5.0–100.0 mm). Fourty-seven out of 90 lesions (52.2%) were regularly shaped. The overall en bloc resection rate was 84.4%. The operation time was 43 min (range 16–126 min). The intraoperative bleeding rate was 18.9%. There were no adverse events that required therapeutic intervention during or after the procedures. The surgical approach had no significant correlation with en bloc resection, long operative time or intraoperative bleeding. Large tumor size (≥ 30 mm) and irregular tumor shape were independent predictors for piecemeal resection (OR: 7.346, P = 0.032 and OR: 18.004, P = 0.029, respectively), long operative time (≥ 60 min) (OR: 47.330, P = 0.000 and OR: 6.863, P = 0.034, respectively) and intraoperative bleeding (OR: 20.631, P = 0.002 and OR: 19.020, P = 0.021, respectively).CONCLUSIONEndoscopic resection is an effective treatment for SMTs in the MP layer at the EGJ. Tumors with large size and irregular shape were independent predictors for difficult endoscopic resection.     

Physical effect of various submucosal elevation solutions for colorectal endoscopic procedure: Measuring the vertical‐to‐horizontal ratio

Aim: Submucosal elevation solution is an essential element used in endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for colorectal lesions. Therefore, it is important to select a suitable solution for the endoscopic procedure. The aim of the present study was to examine the real time vertical‐to‐horizontal (V–H) ratio physical effect of submucosal elevation solution during colorectal EMR. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study carried out at an endoscopy centre in a Hong Kong hospital. A total of 10 patients with 15 colorectal adenoma requiring EMR were recruited. The studied submucosal elevation solutions included normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic acid. Before EMR, 3 mL of these solutions were injected in the submucosal space, one solution at a time. The vertical and horizontal length of the elevated submucosal space was measured by miniprobe ultrasound. V–H ratios of different solutions were calculated and compared. Vertical distance, horizontal distance and V–H ratio of the submucosal space after injection of the submucosal elevation agents were measured. Results: The mean size of lesions was 14 mm (range 10–20). Glycerol and hyaluronic acid had a significant higher V–H ratio than normal saline; the V–H ratio of normal saline, glycerol and hyaluronic Acid were 0.29, 0.53 and 0.50, respectively. Limitations: The exact volume of the injection was not certain, and the time between the injection and endoscopic ultrasound assessment was variable. These limitations were overcome by calculating the V–H ratio. Conclusion: Glycerol and hyaluronic acid have a higher V–H ratio, which makes them good submucosal elevation solutions.